The wall effect is known to present difficulties when attempting to predict the pressure drop over randomly packed beds. The Nuclear Safety Standard Commission, “Kerntechnischer Auss-chuss" (KTA), made considerable efforts to develop an equation which predicts the pressure drop over cylindrical randomly packed beds consisting of mono-sized spheres. The KTA was able to estimate a limiting line, which defines the region for which the wall effect is negligible, however the theoretical basis for this line is unclear. The goal of this investigation was to determine the validity of the KTA limiting line, using an explicit approach. Packed beds were generated using Discrete Element Modelling (DEM), and the flow through the beds simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). STAR-CCM+R was used for both DEM and CFD operations, and the methods developed for this explicit approach were validated with empirical data. The KTA correlation predictions for friction factors were com- pared with the CFD results, as well as the predictions from a few other correlations. The KTA correlation predictions for friction factors did not correspond well with the CFD results at low aspect ratios and low modified Reynolds numbers, due to the influence of the wall effect. The KTA limiting line was found to be valid, but not exact. A new limiting line for the KTA correlation was suggested, however the new limiting line improved little on the existing line and was the result of some major assumptions. In order to improve the determination of the position of the KTA limiting line further, criteria need to be established which determine how small the error in predicted friction factor must be before the KTA correlation can be accepted as accurate. / MIng (Nuclear Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Thesis (MEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main goal of the thesis is to validate the ability of discrete element methods (DEM) to predict forced granular flow. Granular flow occurs in a broad spectrum of industrial applications. The thesis focuses on earthmoving processes typical of the mining and agricultural industries. Existing soil mechanics soil-tool models are also investigated and general flow behaviour in and around blades and buckets are established. Soil mechanics theories are used to predict the draft forces on a flat blade moving through granular material. Com and wheat grains are used as material. The rupture (slip) lines in front of the blade are predicted by soil mechanics and compared to experimental results. A two-dimensional test bench is used to visualise the flow of the granular material. Forces and moments that act on the tools are measured. DEM can be used to model industrial granular flow with large displacements. Two types of earthmoving equipment are simulated. The first is a flat blade and the second is a bucket. The forces on these tools are determined using DEM and compared to experimental results. The ability of DEM to predict material compressibility, the flow of material in and around the tools, the rupture lines and the bucket fill rate are investigated. A particle relative displacement method is used to determine the rupture lines. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoofdoel van die tesis is om die vermoë van diskrete-element-metodes (DEM) om geforseerde partikelvloei te voorspel, te ondersoek. Partikelvloei word aangetref in 'n breë spektrum van industriële toepassings. Die tesis fokus op grondverskuiwing soos aangetref in myn- en landbouprosesse. Bestaande grondmeganika-modelle word ook ondersoek, asook die algemene gedrag van partikelvloei in en rondom lemme en bakke. Die grondmeganika-modelle word hoofsaaklik gebruik om die kragte op lemme te voorspel. Glip (skuif)-vlakke word ondersoek en vergelyk met eksperimentele resultate. 'n Twee-dimensionele toetsbank word gebruik om die vloei waar te neem. Die kragte en momente op die toerusting word ook gemeet. Mielie- en koringpitte word as materiaal gebruik. DEM kan gebruik word om industriële partikelvloei met groot verplasings te modelleer. Twee tipes toerusting word gesimuleer. Die eerste is 'n plat lem en die tweede 'n bak. Die kragte en momente op dié toerusting word bepaal m.b.V. DEM en dan vergelyk met die eksperimentele resultate. Die vermoë van DEM om materiaalsamedrukking, vloeipatrone, glipvlakke en bakvul-tempo's te voorspel word ondersoek. 'n Partikelrelatiewe- verplasings-metode word gebruik om die glipvlakke te voorspel.

This study demonstrates the value of historical aerial photographs as a source for monitoring long-term landslide evolution, which can be unlocked by using appropriate photogrammetric methods. The understanding of landslide mechanisms requires extensive data records; a literature review identified quantitative data on surface movements as a key element for their analysis. It is generally acknowledged that, owing to the flexibility and high degree of automation of modern digital photogrammetric techniques, it is possible to derive detailed quantitative data from aerial photographs. In spite of the relative ease of such techniques, there is only scarce research available on data quality that can be achieved using commonly available material, hence the motivation of this study. In two landslide case-studies (the Mam Tor and East Pentwyn landslides) the different types of products were explored, that can be derived from historical aerial photographs. These products comprised geomorphological maps, automatically derived elevation models (DEMs) and displacement vectors. They proved to be useful and sufficiently accurate for monitoring landslide evolution. Comparison with independent survey data showed good consistency, hence validating the techniques used. A wide range of imagery was used in terms of quality, media and format. Analysis of the combined datasets resulted in improvements to the stochastic model and establishment of a relationship between image ground resolution and data accuracy. Undetected systematic effects provided a limiting constraint to the accuracy of the derived data, but the datasets proved insufficient to quantify each factor individually. An important advancement in digital photogrammetry is image matching, which allows automation of various stages of the working chain. However, it appeared that the radiometric quality of historical images may not always assure good results, both for extracting DEMs and vectors using automatic methods. It can be concluded that the photographic archive can provide invaluable data for landslide studies, when modern photogrammetric techniques are being used. As ever, independent and appropriate checks should always be included in any photogrammetric design.

Um die Leistung eines Zerkleinerungsprozesses zu maximieren, kann die Effektivität eines Kegelbrecher-Designs schnell und präzise durch ROCKY DEM evaluiert werden. Tatsächlich brechen Partikel, wenn sie einer ausreichenden Stoßenergie ausgesetzt sind. Diese Energie ist die ausgeführte Arbeit des Systems, um ein Teilchen zu brechen. Weiterhin berücksichtigt das Potapov-Donaue-Bruchmodell die Bruchfestigkeit der Teilchen und M. M ist eine Materialkonstante, die mit der Fragmentgrößenverteilung zusammenhängt. Diese Parameter werden durch ein Kalibrierverfahren ausgewählt, das eine Reihe von Freien-Tropfen-Labortests beinhaltet. Die Anzahl der notwendigen Tests hängt von den probabilistischen Überlegungen zu den Ergebnissen. Sobald die Parameter erhalten sind, wird eine ROCKY-Diskrete-Element-Methode-Simulation eines Kegelbrechers durchgeführt. Zuerst werden die Teilchen über dem Brecher kumuliert. Danach dreht und kippt der Kegelbrecher, um die Partikel an den Innenwänden zu zerkleinern. Damit können wir zeigen, dass die Maximierung des Massenflusses für eine gegebene Teilchenverteilung erreicht wird.

Cette thèse porte sur le problème fondamental du mottage des poudres suite aux mécanismes de transition de phase. Le projet vise à étudier l'impact des facteurs intrinsèques (structure moléculaire des matériaux, propriétés physiques et/ou physicochimiques, etc.) ou des facteurs environnementaux (conditions de stockage ou paramètres de procédé) sur la stabilité de la structure des poudres. Plus précisément, notre étude a mis en évidence le rôle prépondérant du phénomène de cristallisation et des transitions entre les différents polymorphes du lactose. L'accent a été mis sur le rôle des phénomènes de cristallisation et de la transition de phase dans l'apparition du mottage des poudres de lactose. Deux cas ont particulièrement retenu notre attention: (1) des poudres de lactose monohydrate contenant une fraction de particules amorphes et (2) des échantillons de poudre anhydre composés des anomères α et β du lactose. Dans les deux cas, le mottage a été induite par l'exposition des échantillons à l'air humide, soit dans un dispositif de sorption dynamique de vapeur (SPS), soit par des tests accélérés utilisant deux appareils conçus et réalisés dans notre laboratoire (CLAIR & OLAF). Nos résultats ont montré que, dans les deux cas, la principale cause de prise en masse était la formation de lactose monohydrate, qui est la forme la plus stable parmi tous les polymorphes de lactose. Cependant, les mécanismes élémentaires, les étapes limites et la cinétique du processus de transformation étaient différents dans chaque cas. Les paramètres les plus déterminants étaient l’humidité relative et la température alors que la pression n’a pas eu d’effet significatif. La résistance mécanique des échantillons mottés était étroitement liée au taux et à la cinétique de cristallisation. Enfin, des simulations numériques basées sur la méthode des éléments discrets (DEM) de la résistance mécanique des échantillons mottés ont été réalisées. Le modèle permet de décrire le comportement des échantillons mottés soumis à des contraintes mécaniques de compression ou de traction. / This PhD study focuses on the fundamental problem of powder caking due to phase transition mechanisms. The project aims to study the impact of intrinsic factors (molecular structure of materials, physical and/or physicochemical properties, etc.) or environmental factors (storage conditions or process parameters) on the stability of the structure of powders. More precisely, our study has highlighted the preponderant role of the crystallization phenomenon and the transitions taking place between the different polymorphs of lactose. Emphasis was placed on the role of crystallization phenomena and phase transition on the advent of lactose powder caking. Two cases attracted particular attention: (1) lactose monohydrate powders containing a fraction of amorphous particles and (2) anhydrous powder samples composed of ð and anomers of lactose. In both cases, the caking was induced by exposure of the samples to moist air, either in a Dynamic Vapor Sorption device (SPS) or in accelerated caking tests using two home-made equipment (CLAIR & OLAF). Our results showed that in both cases, the main cause of caking was the formation of lactose monohydrate, which is the most stable form among all lactose polymorphs. However, the elementary mechanisms, the limiting steps and the kinetics of the transformation process were different in each case. The more influencing parameters were the relative humidity and the temperature whereas the pressure has no significant effect. The yield stress of caked samples was closely linked with crystallization extent and kinetics. Finally, numerical simulations based on Discrete Element Method (DEM) of mechanical resistance of caked samples were performed using the "beam model". The model allows describing the behavior of the caked samples subjected to compressive or tractive mechanical stresses.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:53:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 437832.pdf: 90650 bytes, checksum: acde8058fe6c9641fe5845a3dc61a6df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Malnutrition is one of the most important and common condition among the elderly that negatively affects health and quality of life. With ageing, the loss of weight is an expected physiological process. However, in the presence of dementia, the weight loss is involuntary and the risk of malnutrition becomes imminent. The risk of malnutrition may be present even before clinical diagnosis of mental illness. Some studies suggest that an alteration in the nutritional status might appear as a predictor of severity and progression of cognitive decline. The present study aimed to investigate the independent association of malnutrition risk with depressive symptoms, memory deficit or dementia in older adults. This is a cross-sectional population-based study that 176 participants aged 60 years and older were evaluated for nutritional risk, depressive symptoms, cognitive function. Data was collected from structured interviews and assessments in the participants homes and in the hospital for trained staff. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA?) was used to assess the risk of malnutrition. Depressive symptoms were screened using the short version of Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). For the cognitive assessment a board of certified neurologists, psychiatrists and neuropsychologists used validated tests combined with golden standard clinical criteria. Cognitive assessment was taken using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), word list memory and constructional praxis from the standard neuropsychological battery of Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer s Disease (CERAD), and Wechsler verbal and logical memory test. The functional status was evaluated using the Katz Index and Pfeffer Scale. The clinical diagnosis of dementia was based on the recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer s disease. The results showed that means variations of malnutrition risk were significantly different (P<.001) comparing elderly considered normal (26.9?2.8) with those with depressive symptoms (25.0?3.5), memory deficit (25.5?3.8), memory deficit plus depressive symptoms (24.0?3.3) and dementia (21.9?5.9). A multivariate analysis model with a robust estimation of Prevalence Ratios (PR) using the Poisson regression demonstrated that dementia (PR:14.006, P<.001), memory deficit plus depressive symptoms (PR:5.759, P=.003), depressive symptoms (PR:5.350, P=.014); memory deficit (PR:3.338, P=.046), and 70-79 years age group (PR:0.457, P=.031) were independent factors associated with malnutrition risk. These results were controlled for gender, marital status, educational level and income. In conclusion, the most important finding was the independent relationship with memory deficit and malnutrition risk. These results suggest that nutritional disturbances may start earlier than previously expected by others studies. None study detected malnutrition risk combining objective measurements of precocious memory impairment with careful observance of depressive symptoms in a robust controlled analysis. / A desnutri??o ? uma das condi??es mais importantes e frequentes entre os idosos, afetando, negativamente, a sa?de e a qualidade de vida. Com o envelhecimento, a perda de peso faz parte de um processo fisiol?gico normal. Entretanto, na presen?a de quadro demencial, a perda ponderal ? involunt?ria e o risco de desnutri??o tornase iminente. O risco de desnutri??o pode estar presente mesmo antes do diagn?stico cl?nico de doen?a mental. Alguns estudos sugerem que a altera??o do estado nutricional pode aparecer como preditor de severidade e progress?o de decl?nio cognitivo. O presente estudo objetivou investigar a associa??o independente do risco de desnutri??o com sintomas depressivos, d?ficit de mem?ria e dem?ncia em idosos. Este ? um estudo populacional transversal em que 176 participantes com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos foram avaliados em rela??o ao risco nutricional, sintomas depressivos e fun??o cognitiva. Os dados foram coletados a partir de entrevista estruturada no domic?lio dos participantes e avalia??es realizadas no hospital por equipe treinada. A Mini Avalia??o Nutricional (MAN?) foi utilizada para avaliar o risco de desnutri??o. Sintomas depressivos foram rastreados atrav?s da vers?o reduzida da Escala de Depress?o Geri?trica (EDG-15). Para a avalia??o cognitiva, uma equipe de neurologistas, psiquiatras e neuropsic?logos utilizaram a combina??o de testes validados. A avalia??o cognitiva foi verificada atrav?s do Mini- Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), lista de palavras e praxia construtiva do Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer s Disease (CERAD) e o teste de mem?ria verbal e l?gica de Wechesler. O estado funcional foi avaliado atrav?s do ?ndice de Katz e Escala de Pfeffer. O diagn?stico cl?nico de dem?ncia foi baseado nas recomenda??es do National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer s disease. Os resultados demonstraram que as varia??es entre as m?dias de risco de desnutri??o foram significativamente diferentes (P<.001), comparando idosos considerados normais (26,9?2,8) com os que apresentavam sintomas depressivos (25,0?3,5), d?ficit de mem?ria (25,5?3,8), d?ficit de mem?ria somado a sintomas depressivos (24,0?3,3) e dem?ncia (21,9?5,9). A partir de uma estimativa robusta da Raz?o de Preval?ncia (RP) usando a regress?o de Poisson, o modelo de an?lise multivariada demonstrou que dem?ncia (PR: 14,006; P<.001), d?ficit de mem?ria mais sintomas depressivos (PR: 5,759; P=.003), sintomas depressivos (PR: 5,350; P=.014); d?ficit de mem?ria (PR: 3,338; P=.046), e grupo et?rio entre 70-79 anos (PR: 0,457; P=.031) foram fatores independentes associados com risco de desnutri??o. Estes resultados foram controlados para sexo, estado civil, escolaridade e renda. Em conclus?o, o achado mais importante foi a rela??o independente com d?ficit de mem?ria e risco de desnutri??o. Estes resultados sugerem que os dist?rbios nutricionais podem come?ar mais precocemente do que anteriormente previsto por outros estudos. Nenhum estudo detectou risco de desnutri??o combinando medidas objetivas de perda de mem?ria precoce com cuidadosa observ?ncia de sintomas depressivos em uma an?lise robusta controlada.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-02-07T11:56:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DEBORAH RODRIGUES PINHEIRO.pdf: 600067 bytes, checksum: 652f90a56006bb31b1c5dff817300e15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-07T11:56:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DEBORAH RODRIGUES PINHEIRO.pdf: 600067 bytes, checksum: 652f90a56006bb31b1c5dff817300e15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-20 / Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas ? PUC Campinas / Deglutition impairment is a frequent finding in the elderly, particularly in those with dementia, therefore our study?s main objective was to describe it in patients with Alzheimer's dementia (AD) and vascular dementia (VD), namely the aspects of swallowing and eating, to identify risk of dysphagia and their relation with clinical, cognitive, behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Thirty-five elderly people with a diagnosis of dementia according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, in follow-up at the Clinical Neurology Clinic of the Hospital Maternidade Celso Pierro (PUC-Campinas), participated in this study. The patients were submitted to clinical history, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Verbal Fluency Test, Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (PFAQ), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) (NPI-C) and the Speech-Language Pathology and Risk Assessment for Dysphagia (SLPRAD). 24 (68.6%) patients with AD diagnosis and 11 (31.4%) with DV were included. The mean age of the patients was 77.5 (? 9.0) years, mean formal schooling of 2.1 years and mean disease duration of 3.5 years. In the MMSE the total score was 14.2 (? 6.5) and in the verbal fluency test, the mean words were 5.6. The mean score in NPI was 18.6 (? 11.3) and in the functional evaluation (PFAQ) was 22.9. Patients were classified as mild dementia 16 (45.8%), moderate 14 (40%) and severe 5 (14.2%) cases, according to CDR. Patients with AD were significantly older than those with DV (p = 0.003). In dementia?s classification, a higher occurrence of moderate/severe dementia was observed in those with an AD when compared to those with DV (p = 0.013). In PARD, 10 (29%) patients presented normal deglutition and 25 (71%) had signs suggestive of dysphagia, 17 of those with an AD, but with no significant difference in the classification of dementia. There was no complaint of "change in appetite, weight, or eating habits" in those who presented significantly dementia classified as mild (p = 0.044). Patients who complained of coughing and coughed in the anamnesis presented significant signs suggestive of dysphagia (p = 0.007). Patients with no change in the "how to put lots of food in the mouth at once" were significantly those classified as mild (p=0.046). Comparing the subjects' ages with the oral and pharyngeal phases of PARD, it was observed that those who presented alterations in the oral phase (p = 0.024) and in the pharyngeal phase (p = 0.03) were significantly older when compared to those who did not present changes. In relation to MMSE, when compared to those without pharyngeal changes, they presented a significantly worse performance in calculus (p = 0.020) and language (p = 0.031). Patients with suggestive signs of dysphagia had a significant change in Oral Phase and Pharyngeal Phase (p = 0.000) when compared to those without signs suggestive of dysphagia. Those with "change in appetite, weight or eating habits" in the NPI-C had a significant change in the Pharyngeal Phase (p = 0.035) of PARD when compared to those without changes. The incidence of change in appetite, weight or eating habits was high, and the severity of dementia was significantly related. The presence of choking or coughing was observed in 25% of cases, and occurred at all ages. Signs suggestive of dysphagia were elevated in PARD in our sample, but there was no relation with the behavioural and neuropsychiatric aspects. The clinical complaint of gagging and cough was significantly correlated with signs suggestive of dysphagia. Alterations in the oral and pharyngeal phase of PARD occurred significantly in older subjects. Cognitive alterations were associated with alteration in the pharyngeal PARD?s deglutition. / O comprometimento da degluti??o ? um achado frequente em idosos particularmente naqueles com quadros de dem?ncia, assim o objetivo do nosso trabalho foi descrever em pacientes com dem?ncia de Alzheimer (DA) e dem?ncia vascular (DV), aspectos da degluti??o e da alimenta??o, identificar risco de disfagia e suas rela??es com aspectos cl?nicos, cognitivos, comportamentais e sintomas neuropsiqui?tricos. Participaram deste estudo 35 idosos com diagn?stico de dem?ncia segundo os crit?rios do Manual Diagn?stico e Estat?stico dos Transtornos Mentais, em acompanhamento no Ambulat?rio de Neurologia Cl?nica do Hospital Maternidade Celso Pierro (PUC-Campinas). Os pacientes foram submetidos a: hist?ria cl?nica, Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), teste de Flu?ncia Verbal, Invent?rio Neuropsiqui?trico (INP), Question?rio de Atividades Funcionais de Pfeffer (QAFP), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), question?rio para avalia??o de dist?rbio do apetite e da alimenta??o (NPI-C) e pelo Protocolo Fonoaudiol?gico de Avalia??o do Risco para Disfagia (PARD). Foram inclu?dos 24 (68,6%) pacientes com diagn?stico de DA e 11 (31,4%) com DV. A idade m?dia dos pacientes foi de 77,5 (?9,0) anos, escolaridade m?dia formal de 2,1 anos e tempo m?dio de doen?a de 3,5 anos. No MEEM o escore total foi de 14,2 (?6,5) e no teste de flu?ncia verbal, a m?dia de palavras foi de 5,6. O escore m?dio no INP foi 18,6 (?11,3) e na avalia??o funcional (QAFP) foi de 22,9. Os pacientes foram classificados em dem?ncia leve 16 (45,8%), moderada 14 (40%) e grave 5 (14,2%) casos, conforme o CDR. Os pacientes com DA eram, de modo significativo, mais velhos que aqueles com DV (p=0.003). Na classifica??o da dem?ncia foi observada maior ocorr?ncia de moderado/grave naqueles com DA quando comparados aos com DV (p=0.013). No PARD, 10 (29%) pacientes apresentaram degluti??o normal e 25 (71%) apresentaram sinais sugestivos de para disfagia, desse n?mero 17 casos com DA, mas sem diferen?a significativa na classifica??o da dem?ncia. N?o houve queixa de ?mudan?a no apetite, no peso ou nos h?bitos alimentares? nos que apresentaram de modo significativo dem?ncia classificada como leve (p=0,044). Os pacientes que apresentaram queixa de engasgos e tosse, na anamnese apresentam de modo significativo sinais sugestivos para disfagia (p=0,007). Os pacientes sem altera??o na quest?o ?como colocar muita comida na boca de uma vez s??, eram de modo significativo aqueles classificados como leve (p=0,046). Comparando a idade dos sujeitos com as fases oral e far?ngea do PARD foi observado que aqueles que apresentaram altera??o na fase oral (p=0,024) e na fase far?ngea (p=0,03) eram de modo significativo mais velhos quando comparados aos que n?o apresentaram altera??es. Em rela??o ao MEEM quando comparados aos sem altera??es na fase far?ngea apresentaram de modo significativo pior desempenho em c?lculo (p=0,020) e em linguagem (p=0,031). Os pacientes com sinais sugestivos para disfagia apresentaram de modo significativo altera??o na Fase Oral e na Fase Far?ngea (p=0,000), quando comparados aos sem sinais sugestivos para disfagia. Aqueles com ?mudan?a no apetite, no peso ou nos h?bitos alimentares? no NPI-C apresentaram de modo significativo altera??o na Fase Far?ngea (p=0,035) do PARD, quando comparados aos sem mudan?as. Foi elevada a queixa de mudan?a no apetite, no peso ou nos h?bitos alimentares, e era relacionada de modo significativo a gravidade da dem?ncia. A presen?a de queixa de engasgo ou tosse foi observada em 25% casos, e ocorreu em todas as idades. Foi elevada a ocorr?ncia de sinais sugestivos para disfagia, no PARD, na nossa amostra, mas n?o houve rela??o com os aspectos comportamentais e neuropsiqui?tricos. A queixa cl?nica de engasgos e tosse correlacionou-se de modo significativo com sinais sugestivos para disfagia. Altera??es na fase oral e far?ngea, do PARD ocorreram de modo significativo nos sujeitos mais velhos. Altera??es cognitivas associaram-se a altera??o na degluti??o na far?ngea do PARD.

O presente trabalho propõe índices que indicam o limiar topográfico para predição do desencadeamento de canais de erosão linear em uma região de clima tropical. A área escolhida para a realização do estudo localiza-se no município de São Pedro/SP e apresenta uma área de aproximadamente 7 \'KM POT.2\'. Nesta área foi realizado um inventário detalhado das feições erosivas pré-existentes para obtenção dos valores das áreas das bacias de contribuição, considerando as cabeceiras de algumas erosões e as declividades médias dessas áreas, por meio de ferramentas de SIG e também por fotografias aéreas ortorretificadas. Trabalhos de campo, com o auxílio de GPS de precisão, permitiram definir a situação atual das erosões e com o uso de fotografias aéreas de anos anteriores foi possível observar a sua evolução. Com isso, através dos mapas em SIG, como MDT, declividade, direção de fluxo e etc. foram obtidos os valores de área de contribuição (A) e declividade média (S). Os valores de A x S foram apresentados em gráficos que permitiram identificar o ponto mínimo para a ocorrência de um evento erosivo e estabelecer de forma empírica os limiares topográficos que definem as condições para o início do processo erosivo. Para o Índice I foram feitas duas equações (uma para canais menos profundos que 1 metro e outra para canais mais profundos que 1 metro) e para o Índice II foi obtida apenas uma equação, pois em fotografias aéreas nas escalas disponíveis (1:25.000 e 1:30.000) foram possíveis serem observados apenas os canais profundos. Os índices obtidos neste trabalho foram para o Índice I: S = 0,0219A(-0,376) (canais profundos) e S = 0,0128A(-0,443) (canais rasos); enquanto que para o Índice II o valor obtido é: S = 0,0588A(-0,377). Para a validação destes índices propostos, foram realizados os mesmos procedimentos para obtenção das áreas de contribuição (A) e declividade média (S), porém em outra área. A área escolhida para se fazer a validação dos índices foi a Bacia do Ribeirão do Meio, que apresenta 48 \'KM POT.2\' aproximados de área e apresenta características físicas semelhantes da área utilizada neste presente estudo, ou seja, apresenta semelhança em geologia, geomorfologia, clima, uso e ocupação. Foi observado com esta validação, que todos os pontos com problemas de erosão da área usada para validação localizam-se dentro da área prevista pelos índices para ocorrência de problemas de erosão, o que significa dizer que os índices exprimem o limiar topográfico para erosões lineares nas condições encontradas na área de estudo e em áreas semelhantes. / This paper proposes indexes indicating the topographic threshold for predicting the trigger of gully erosion in a tropical climate region. The area chosen for the study is located in São Pedro/SP and presents an area of approximately 7 \'KM POT.2\' . In this area was carried out a detailed inventory of pre-existing erosion to obtain the values of watershed areas of contribution, considering the headwaters of some erosions and the mean slope of these areas, using GIS tools and also orthorectified aerial photographs. Fieldwork, with the assistance of GPS accuracy, allowed defining the current condition of erosion and with the use of aerial photographs from previous years was possible to observe its evolution. Thus, through the maps in GIS, as DEM, Slope, Flow Direct ion among others, were obtained values from contribution area (A) and mean slope (S). The values of A x S were represented in charts al lowing to identify the lower point for the occurrence of an erosion event and establish empirical ly the topographic thresholds that def ine the conditions for initiating the erosion process. For the index I were made two equations (one for channels less than 1 meter deep and one for channels deeperthan 1 meter) and Index II was obtained only one equation, because in aerial photographs available (scales1:25,000 and 1:30,000) were possible only be observed the deep channels. The indexes obtained in this paper were for the Index I: S = 0,0219A(-0,376) (deep channels) and S = 0,0128A(-0,443) (shallow channels), while the index II the value obtained is: S = 0,0588A(-0,377). To validate these proposed indexes, the same procedures were performed to obtain the contribution area (A) and mean slope (S), but in another area. The area chosen to perform the validation of the indexes was the Basin Ribeirão do Meio, which is 48 \'KM POT.2\' extents and shows similarity in geology, geomorphology, climate, use and occupation. The results have been showed that the selected points with erosion problem of the area used for validation are located wi thin the area specified by the indexes for the occurrence of erosion problems, which means that the indexes reflect the topographic threshold for gully erosions in conditions found in the study area and similar areas.

O presente trabalho propõe índices que indicam o limiar topográfico para predição do desencadeamento de canais de erosão linear em uma região de clima tropical. A área escolhida para a realização do estudo localiza-se no município de São Pedro/SP e apresenta uma área de aproximadamente 7 \'KM POT.2\'. Nesta área foi realizado um inventário detalhado das feições erosivas pré-existentes para obtenção dos valores das áreas das bacias de contribuição, considerando as cabeceiras de algumas erosões e as declividades médias dessas áreas, por meio de ferramentas de SIG e também por fotografias aéreas ortorretificadas. Trabalhos de campo, com o auxílio de GPS de precisão, permitiram definir a situação atual das erosões e com o uso de fotografias aéreas de anos anteriores foi possível observar a sua evolução. Com isso, através dos mapas em SIG, como MDT, declividade, direção de fluxo e etc. foram obtidos os valores de área de contribuição (A) e declividade média (S). Os valores de A x S foram apresentados em gráficos que permitiram identificar o ponto mínimo para a ocorrência de um evento erosivo e estabelecer de forma empírica os limiares topográficos que definem as condições para o início do processo erosivo. Para o Índice I foram feitas duas equações (uma para canais menos profundos que 1 metro e outra para canais mais profundos que 1 metro) e para o Índice II foi obtida apenas uma equação, pois em fotografias aéreas nas escalas disponíveis (1:25.000 e 1:30.000) foram possíveis serem observados apenas os canais profundos. Os índices obtidos neste trabalho foram para o Índice I: S = 0,0219A(-0,376) (canais profundos) e S = 0,0128A(-0,443) (canais rasos); enquanto que para o Índice II o valor obtido é: S = 0,0588A(-0,377). Para a validação destes índices propostos, foram realizados os mesmos procedimentos para obtenção das áreas de contribuição (A) e declividade média (S), porém em outra área. A área escolhida para se fazer a validação dos índices foi a Bacia do Ribeirão do Meio, que apresenta 48 \'KM POT.2\' aproximados de área e apresenta características físicas semelhantes da área utilizada neste presente estudo, ou seja, apresenta semelhança em geologia, geomorfologia, clima, uso e ocupação. Foi observado com esta validação, que todos os pontos com problemas de erosão da área usada para validação localizam-se dentro da área prevista pelos índices para ocorrência de problemas de erosão, o que significa dizer que os índices exprimem o limiar topográfico para erosões lineares nas condições encontradas na área de estudo e em áreas semelhantes. / This paper proposes indexes indicating the topographic threshold for predicting the trigger of gully erosion in a tropical climate region. The area chosen for the study is located in São Pedro/SP and presents an area of approximately 7 \'KM POT.2\' . In this area was carried out a detailed inventory of pre-existing erosion to obtain the values of watershed areas of contribution, considering the headwaters of some erosions and the mean slope of these areas, using GIS tools and also orthorectified aerial photographs. Fieldwork, with the assistance of GPS accuracy, allowed defining the current condition of erosion and with the use of aerial photographs from previous years was possible to observe its evolution. Thus, through the maps in GIS, as DEM, Slope, Flow Direct ion among others, were obtained values from contribution area (A) and mean slope (S). The values of A x S were represented in charts al lowing to identify the lower point for the occurrence of an erosion event and establish empirical ly the topographic thresholds that def ine the conditions for initiating the erosion process. For the index I were made two equations (one for channels less than 1 meter deep and one for channels deeperthan 1 meter) and Index II was obtained only one equation, because in aerial photographs available (scales1:25,000 and 1:30,000) were possible only be observed the deep channels. The indexes obtained in this paper were for the Index I: S = 0,0219A(-0,376) (deep channels) and S = 0,0128A(-0,443) (shallow channels), while the index II the value obtained is: S = 0,0588A(-0,377). To validate these proposed indexes, the same procedures were performed to obtain the contribution area (A) and mean slope (S), but in another area. The area chosen to perform the validation of the indexes was the Basin Ribeirão do Meio, which is 48 \'KM POT.2\' extents and shows similarity in geology, geomorphology, climate, use and occupation. The results have been showed that the selected points with erosion problem of the area used for validation are located wi thin the area specified by the indexes for the occurrence of erosion problems, which means that the indexes reflect the topographic threshold for gully erosions in conditions found in the study area and similar areas.

<p>I dagens svenska samhälle har vi blivit allt mer mångkulturella och integration har därmed blivit en viktig fråga. Vi präglas av en mängd olika nationaliteter, etniska minoriteter samt olika kulturella bakgrunder. Därför är det viktigt för ett land som Sverige som anses vara demokratiskt att ha förståelse och respektera alla människor, oavsett vilken etnicitet och kulturell bakgrund en person har. Förståelse för varandra är oerhört viktigt eftersom alla som är en del av samhället inte skall känna ett utanförskap eller bli diskriminerade. Detta förekommer dock enligt en rad olika (författare och forskare) som har hävdat att den integrationspolitik som har förts i Sverige de senaste trettio åren har misslyckats. Därmed behöver det ske en förändring inom integrationspolitiken, ansvaret ligger på både den nuvarande borgerliga regeringen men lika väl invånarna i samhället. I detta projektarbete har jag analyserat olika rapporter utifrån Statens offentliga utredningar (SOU) för att på så sätt få en mer övergripande bild av hur integration förts i Sverige. Därtill belyser jag hur regeringspropositionerna ser ut gällande de mål och visioner, som den föregående regeringen, socialdemokraterna, hade för att skapa en god integrationspolitik.</p>