The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe perceptions and strategies of social studies teachers regarding students' norm-breaking behaviors during the teacher's teaching. The study's basic approach was based on a qualitative method with semi-structured questions that were designed according to the survey's theoretical framework, deviant behaviors and value pedagogy. The interviews were conducted by six teachers who teach the subject of social studies, both at primary- and high school, where they had the opportunity to contribute with their life experience, thoughts and experiences within school operations.All respondents in the study feel that they have at least once come across students who exhibit norm-breaking behavior in their working time as teachers. In addition, all participants feel that they have a greater obligation, because they are trained teachers with the subject of social studies, to educate and nurture students according to the mission of democracy. This in turn leads to the teacher reflecting on her/his role as leader and role model, which is based on ethics and morality, what is right and wrong, how one should behave and act.The school's values and mission are highlighted in the curriculum, where it is stated that all education must be based on democratic working methods and preparation for students to develop personal responsibility. According to the respondents, there are different types of norm-breaking behavior among students, which in this study are finally characterized as physical and verbal norm violations. All teachers relate to basic value issues continuously, through hidden or direct teaching methods. It can be anything from deliberately provoking students by highlighting the importance of democracy, to using different tools such as signs of various kinds. Respondents felt that the majority of students' attitudes were temporary and others could be long-lasting. The result was that teachers considered that these provocative norm-breaking behavior of the students need varying efforts more individually, than collectively ie. in a whole group of students, from teachers and the school activities part. Which, among other things, can be effectively counteracted by the teacher self-reflectively analyzing her-/himself and her/his role as a leader, in order to then reflect her/his behavior and actions on the students.

本研究旨在探討國中教師的經師角色（投入教學）、人師角色（投入輔導）、導師角色（注重班級成績、注重班級整潔秩序）等變項對於國中生偏差行為的貫時性影響。研究資料取自中央研究院調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫中的「台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫」第一波國中學生問卷【限制版原始數據】、第二波國中學生問卷【限制版原始數據】、第一波國中家長問卷【限制版原始數據】、第二波國中教師問卷【限制版原始數據】。 本研究又分為兩個子研究。研究一使用兩波問卷中的20,055筆國中生問卷及家長問卷，研究二使用兩波問卷中的8,794筆國中生問卷、家長問卷、導師問卷。本研究採用Rasch模式垂直等化、結構方程模式、階層卜瓦松模式分析資料，研究結果如下： 一、「人師角色」「經師角色」對國中生偏差行為影響的貫時性分析 （一）國一教師投入教學對於追蹤樣本國一學生偏差行為有顯著影響，教師越認真教學，學生偏差行為分數越低。 （二）國一教師投入教學對於追蹤樣本國三學生偏差行為有貫時性顯著影響，國一教師越認真教學，國三時追蹤樣本學生的偏差行為分數越低。 （三）國一二教師投入輔導對於追蹤樣本國三學生偏差行為有顯著影響，國一國二教師越投入輔導，追蹤樣本學生國三時的偏差行為分數越低。 二、「導師角色」對國中生偏差行為影響的貫時性分析 （一）追蹤樣本國三偏差行為顯著較該生國一時嚴重。 （二）偏差行為與性別有關，男生偏差行為分數顯著比女生高。 （三）追蹤樣本國一至國三偏差行為惡化程度與性別有關，男生偏差行為惡化情形顯著較女生嚴重。 （四）追蹤樣本國一至國三偏差行為惡化程度與該生國一時的學業成就有關。國一成績較差，國三偏差行為惡化程度顯著較嚴重。 （五）追蹤樣本國一至國三偏差行為惡化程度與該生國一時的讀書習慣有關。國一讀書習慣較差者，國三偏差行為惡化程度顯著較嚴重。 （六）導師要求班級學業成績，對於國中生偏差行為有顯著影響，導師越注重學業成績，該班學生偏差行為越低，且該影響具貫時性。 （七）導師要求班級整潔秩序等生活常規，對於國中生偏差行為有顯著影響，導師越要求班級整潔、秩序，該班學生偏差行為越低，且該影響具貫時性。 （八）國中生偏差行為與就讀學校公私立與否有關。私立學校學生偏差行為分數顯著較公立學校學生為低，且該影響具貫時性。 研究者並提出建議供教育實務工作者及教育主管單位參考。 / The purposes of the study were to explore teacher roles including instruction role, guidance role and headroom teacher’s role, and to find out the effects of teacher roles on junior high school students' deviant behavior. The data used in the analysis are from the nationally representative 2001–2003 Taiwan Education Panel Survey, including students’ questionnaire, students’ academic tests, parents’ questionnaire, and teachers’ questionnaire. In study 1, data from a 2-wave panel (N = 20,055), tested in the 7th and 9th grades, were used to estimate a structural equation model. The model was used to compose a previously observed teacher’s instruction role (teaching engagement) and guidance role (guidance engagement) in wave 1. In study 2, data also from a 2-wave panel (N=8,794), were to estimate a hierarchical Poisson regression model, in which independent variables were achievement-oriented headroom teacher role and discipline-oriented headroom teacher role, and dependent variable was students' deviant behavior. The results indicate that teachers who devoted themselves in teaching and guiding students could reduce junior high students’ deviant behavior, and the effects were longitudinal for at least 2 years. Also, both achievement-oriented and discipline-oriented headroom teachers could reduce junior high students’ deviant behavior, and the effects were longitudinal. Implications for current practice and future research are also discussed.

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

MOTA, Leonardo de Araújo. Pecado, crime ou doença? representações sociais da dependência química. 2008. 246f. Tese(Doutorado em Sociologia) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Ciências Sociais, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza-CE, 2008. / Submitted by Liliane oliveira (morena.liliane@hotmail.com) on 2011-11-29T14:26:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_TESE_LAMOTA.pdf: 1319771 bytes, checksum: 279a1019c97308784b859d9c0d70aecc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-01-09T12:51:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_TESE_LAMOTA.pdf: 1319771 bytes, checksum: 279a1019c97308784b859d9c0d70aecc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-01-09T12:51:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_TESE_LAMOTA.pdf: 1319771 bytes, checksum: 279a1019c97308784b859d9c0d70aecc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Drug addiction is a relevant social problem in the contemporary society, affecting thousands of individuals, and ignoring distinctions of social class, gender, race or religious beliefs. Considering that most of the research addressed to this phenomenon comes from medicine and psychology, the aim of this dissertation was to incorporate this field in the realm of social sciences, analyzing addiction as a phenomenon with various social meanings. Although this work doesn't concentrate on the biological and psychological variables of the object, the focus of this research was to analyze how certain social representations (sin, crime and disease) are associated with drug addiction and influence the social construction of labels and stigma of this particular type of transgression. The field research was accomplished mostly, in centers for recovery of addiction and mutual help groups such as Alcoholic Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous. Using qualitative methodologies such as participant observation, interview and focal groups. The subjects of the research were addicts and alcoholics in recovery, therapists, doctors, social workers, policemen and clerics, all of them involved directly with problems related with abuse of licit and illicit drugs. It was verified that addiction is more defined as a disease, but it’s a special kind of pathology that also incorporates representations of religion, moral and law. The subject of the solidarity among addicts was also approached, as well as the presuppositions of the gift, considered an important element of recovery and sociability. / A dependência química é um problema social relevante na sociedade contemporânea, atingindo milhares de indivíduos, ignorando distinções de classe social, gênero, etnia ou credo religioso. Considerando que a maioria das pesquisas endereçadas a este fenômeno se origina dos saberes médicos e psicológicos, a intenção desta tese é incluir este campo no âmbito das ciências sociais, privilegiando uma abordagem compreensiva da dependência química, analisando-a como um fenômeno polissêmico que possui estreito vínculo com o social. Embora este trabalho não menospreze as variáveis biológicas e psicológicas do objeto, o foco desta pesquisa foi averiguar como determinadas representações sociais (pecado, crime e doença) estão associadas ao abuso de drogas e influenciam na construção social de rótulos e estigmas relacionados a esta forma de transgressão. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada, majoritariamente, em clínicas de recuperação de dependentes químicos e grupos de ajuda mútua como Alcoólicos Anônimos e Narcóticos Anônimos, utilizando metodologias qualitativas como observação participante, entrevista e grupo focal. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram dependentes químicos em processo de recuperação, terapeutas, médicos, assistentes sociais, policiais e religiosos, todos envolvidos diretamente com problemas relacionados ao abuso de drogas lícitas e ilícitas. Constatou-se que a dependência química é cada vez mais definida como uma doença, mas trata-se de uma patologia complexa que também incorpora representações da religião, da moral e do direito penal. Também foi abordada a questão da solidariedade entre dependentes químicos, alicerçada nos pressupostos da dádiva, como recurso de recuperação e sociabilidade.

Graphic images of meth addicts have swept across Montana in television, radio and print ads as part of the state's latest anti-drug campaign, the Montana Meth Project. From a labeling perspective, the negative portrayal of meth addicts in these ads has significant implications for meth addicts in terms of their reintegration. The unintended population of drug addicts potentially affected by public service campaigns has failed to gain attention in the literature despite the implications suggested by labeling theory. This poses a significant gap in our knowledge and understanding, which this study addresses through the voice of recovering meth addicts. This study explored the significance of the campaign with regard to the worldview of recovering meth addicts and the implications of this worldview with regard to their reintegration. In particular, the study examined 1) addict perceptions of the campaign's impact on community 2) addict perceptions of the campaign's personal impact 3) addict perceptions of the significance of social bonds 4) the implications of these perspectives from the theoretical standpoint of Labeling and Social Bond theory. In-depth interviews were conducted among a sample of twenty recovering meth addicts at a treatment facility in Grenadier, Montana as well as one active meth user. This form of data collection was chosen due to the exploratory nature of the study as well the significance of perception suggested by the Symbolic-Interaction perspective (Cooley 1902). The study revealed that the Montana Meth Project does have a significant impact on the worldview of the participants. When the participants believe the campaign has a positive impact on the community - creating awareness, understanding and acceptance - the campaign is viewed as a tool in their reintegration. However, as the bulk of the findings suggest, when the participants believe the campaign has a negative impact - stereotypes, labeling, stigmatization and differential treatment - the campaign is viewed as a barrier to their reintegration. With such a negative reaction in the worldview of the participants, the mainstream world including family, friends and the community did not appear to be at the forefront of their reintegration. Rather, a subculture of recovering addicts acts as the source of positive social bonds and the most significant in the reintegration of the participants. The findings of this study demonstrate the impact anti- drug campaigns, and particularly scare campaigns using a public service approach, can have on the unintended audience of drug addicts.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilken betydelse social påverkan upplevs ha i förebyggande av avvikande beteende och våldsutövning samt att diskutera hur Fittjabors förhållningssätt till och erfarenheter av preventiv vuxenroll och kollektiv självförmåga under perioden 1971–2020 kan förstås teoretiskt. Teori och metod: Den teoretiska referensramen utgörs av teorin om kollektiv självförmåga med fokus på social påverkan och teorin om sociala band med fokus på vardagsanknytning. Datainsamlingsmetoden utgörs av semi-strukturerade djupintervjuer med tio vuxna Fittjabor. Resultat och analys: Informanterna redogör för upplevda svårigheter men även för vikten av att utöva social påverkan vid förekomsten av avvikande och kriminella beteenden hos unga män i Fittja. De anser att vuxna lokalbor bör ha en grundläggande preventiv roll i förhållande till unga män i området. För att social påverkan ska kunna fungera brottspreventivt krävs enligt informanternas upplevelser att relationer mellan Fittjaborna stärks, att boende och verksamma aktörer i Fittja samverkar, att vuxna (både lokalbor och aktörer) bygger relationer till unga män i området samt att preventiva insatser sätts in tidigt. Vuxna Fittjabor har av informanterna med åren upplevts utöva allt mindre social påverkan och särskilt undvikit subgrupper av unga män, det vill säga unga män med tydlig koppling till en kriminell livsstil. Detta har i analysen diskuterats som en eventuell delförklaring till varför unga mäns beteenden under 2010-talet och 2020 upplevs ha nått en nivå som är svår att reglera med social påverkan. Analysen har vidare framhållit att social påverkan är ett beteende som vuxna lokalbor behöver träna sig själva i att utöva och unga män tränas i att motta, men även att det behöver utövas kontinuerligt och riktas mot samtliga unga män för att förebygga bildandet av subgrupper som frikopplar sig från den konforma samhällsordningen och lokalbefolkningens påverkan. / Aim: This study aims to investigate the perceived significance of social influence in deviant behavior and community violence prevention and to discuss how Fittja resident’s perceptions of pre­ventive adult roles and collective efficacy during 1971–2020 can be understood theoreti­cally.   Theory and method: The theoretical framework consist of collective efficacy theory, focusing on social influence and social bonds theory, focusing on everyday attachment. Data was collected by using semi-structured in-depth interviews with ten adult Fittja residents. Results and analysis: The informants report on perceived difficulties but also on the importance of exercising social influence towards young men with deviant and criminal behavior in Fittja. They believe that local adults should have a basic preventive role in relation to young men in the area. According to the informants, certain measurements need to be taken to obtain crime prevention effects from social influence: a) relations between Fittja residents need to be strengthened, b) collaboration between residents and local actors in Fittja needs to be established, c) adults (both residents and local actors) need to build relationships with young men in the area and d) preventive measures need to be taken early. Adult residents have according to the informants over the years been perceived to exert less and less social influence and especially avoid subgroups of young men, meaning young men with a clear connection to a criminal lifestyle. The analysis shows that this could be a possible partial explanation for why young men’s behavior during the 2010s and 2020 is perceived to have reached a level that is difficult to regulate with social influence. The analysis argues that social influence is a behavior that adult residents need to train themselves in exercising and young men trained in receiving, but also that social influence needs to be exercised continuously and directed at all young men to prevent the formation of subgroups that disconnect from conformity and the influence of the local population. / Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning  Denna studie undersöker vilken betydelse social påverkan upplevs ha inom lokalsamhällen. Studien lyfter frågan huruvida boende i Fittja har reagerat på inkorrekta och kriminella beteenden hos unga män i området och om upplevs kunna vara en metod för förebyggande av avvikande och mindre kriminella beteenden samt på längre sikt våldsutövning i form av skjutvapenvåld. Tio vuxna Fittjabor har intervjuats om synen på sin egen roll i förebyggande av ungdomskriminalitet i området samt om upplevelser av hur de och andra Fittjabor har utövat social påverkan under perioden 1971–2020. Studien utgår från de teoretiska perspektiven social påverkan och vardagsanknytning som hämtats och modifierats ur teorin om kollektiv självförmåga och teorin om sociala band. De teoretiska perspektiven har integrerats med grund i idén om att när vuxna i lokalsamhällen har en god relation och dialog med unga män i området, så underlättas möjligheten att tillrättavisa dem om de skulle uppföra sig på ett avvikande eller mindre kriminellt sätt. Den framåt­blickande idén med perspektiven ifråga är att kontinuerlig dialogföring, relationsbyggande och tillrättavisning av unga män bryter inkorrekta och kriminella beteenden i ett tidigt skede och förebygger att beteendena utvecklas till grövre sådana, såsom exempelvis våldsbrott.  Resultatet och analysen visar att informanterna tycker att det är svårt att utöva social påverkan mot unga män som beter sig inkorrekt och kriminellt, men ändå anser att det är viktigt att göra det samt att vuxna har en viktig roll i denna fråga. De har även en upplevelse av att vuxna lokalbor behöver bygga relationer med varandra och med unga män samt samarbeta med olika aktörer i Fittja för att kunna förebygga ungdomsbrottslighet. Framförallt anser de att detta behöver göras medan unga män fortfarande är pojkar. Vuxna lokalbor i Fittja upplevs enligt informanterna ha utövat allt mindre social påverkan genom åren och särskilt undvikit unga män med lite stökigare och kriminella beteenden jämfört med mer skötsamma unga män från området. I analysen diskuteras det att detta skulle kunna vara en delförklaring till den upplevda förvärringen av unga mäns beteenden under 2010-talet och år 2020 och varför social påverkan under dessa senare tider flera gånger inte upplevs ha en inverkan på deras beteenden. Analysen påvisar att social påverkan är ett beteende som vuxna lokalbor behöver träna sig själva i att utöva och unga män tränas i att motta. Det konstateras vidare att social påverkan behöver utövas kontinuerligt och riktas mot samtliga unga män för att inte tillåta bildandet av mindre grupper av unga män som lever en kriminell livsstil och som lokalbefolkningen sedan inte kan hantera.

Rebelliousness is the act of defying lawful authority or a resistant way of relating to authority. It is seen by many as a normal way of development. The development of rebellious behavior actually starts in childhood and progresses through to adulthood. The study focuses on the manner in which the family and school handle the rebellious child and the negative effects that these have on the child's development. These problems may manifest in truancy, delinquency, negativism, runaway, antisocial behavior, alcohol and substance abuse and gang involvement. The results of the study prove that the environment in which the adolescent lives, contribute greatly to the development and the maintenance of rebellious behavior. Guidelines were written for parents, teachers and psychologists regarding the handling of the rebellious child. / Psychology of Education / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

Rebelliousness is the act of defying lawful authority or a resistant way of relating to authority. It is seen by many as a normal way of development. The development of rebellious behavior actually starts in childhood and progresses through to adulthood. The study focuses on the manner in which the family and school handle the rebellious child and the negative effects that these have on the child's development. These problems may manifest in truancy, delinquency, negativism, runaway, antisocial behavior, alcohol and substance abuse and gang involvement. The results of the study prove that the environment in which the adolescent lives, contribute greatly to the development and the maintenance of rebellious behavior. Guidelines were written for parents, teachers and psychologists regarding the handling of the rebellious child. / Psychology of Education / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)