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Denna studie handlar om Andrew Tates uttalanden på TikTok och vilka ideer han sprider om män och kvinnor. Syftet var att undersöka Tates idealbild av både män och kvinnor. De teoretiska ramverk som studien är uppbyggd av är femininitets- och maskulinitetsteorier, samt en socialkonstruktionistisk idetradition. För att få en djupare bild av Tates uttalanden har både en tematisk- och DHA analys utförts. Genom den tematiska analysen kunde orden och meningarna brytas ner i teman som visade på tydliga mönster i Tates uttalanden om män och kvinnor och vad han ansåg vara maskulint respektive feminint. DHA analysen möjliggjorde en djupare analys av vilka värden Tate tillsätter män och kvinnor samt hur diskursen byggs upp. Resultatet av den tematiska analysen utmynnade i fyra huvudteman. Dessa var misogyni, mansideal, kvinnoideal, könsroller och Tate försöker visa medkänsla för kvinnor. Resultaten av DHA analysen påvisar att Tate tycker det är viktigt att skilja på könen och gör detta genom att belysa skillnaderna på män och kvinnor.

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Tilapia are freshwater fish that have become important in aquaculture and as a stable global source of seafood due to their ability to thrive in different environments. However, tilapia are sometimes considered nutritionally undesirable due to their high n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratios. A market study was conducted first to determine fatty acid compositions in tilapia fillets in different US markets. Then a research was conducted to enhance nutritional value of tilapia by improving the n-3 and oleic acid contents in fish fillets without compromising fish growth or feed conversion ratios. Feeds were formulated with combinations of high and low n-6, n-3, and oleic acid levels using soybean oil, fish oil, algae oil, and high-oleic sunflower oil. Then 12 diets, including a commercial diet, were assigned to 24 tanks, each with 25 tilapia per tank. A Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) was used to grow the fish for 8 weeks. Fatty acid compositions of tilapia fillets were determined and samples were vacuum packed and stored at -10oC and -20oC to test oxidative degradation and fatty acid compositional changes. The market survey data showed that there were significant differences in fatty acid composition, lipid content, and n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratios depending on the country of origin. Samples from USA had ideal n-6:n-3 ratios (1.3 ±0.85) while samples from Southeast Asia had higher n-6:n-3 fatty acids ratio (6.6 ±0.54). Algae oil incorporation significantly increased DHA level while fish oil incorporation significantly increased both EPA and DPA. High-oleic sunflower oil based diets improved oleic acid levels and reduced linoleic acid compared to the soybean oil based diets. Sensory evaluation indicated that lipid source did not significantly impact preference or overall fillet quality, including texture. Interestingly, a survey showed people were interested in value-added tilapia, and would pay up to 30% more for nutritionally enhanced fish compared to the $5.00/lb fresh fillet price currently available in supermarkets. There was no observable oxidation during long term frozen storage. The oxidation study proved that value-addition would not be compromised during the long term storage conditions, even under temperature abuse. It is possible to improve tilapia nutritional quality through diet to provide consumers with value-added products that maintain quality during frozen storage. / Ph. D.

Yes / Background: Oral administration of purified omega-3 (ω-3) PUFAs is associated with changes to the fecal microbiome. However, it is not known whether this effect is associated with increased PUFA concentrations in the gut. Objectives: We investigated the luminal bioavailability of oral ω-3 PUFAs (daily dose 1 g EPA and 1g DHA free fatty acid equivalents as triglycerides in soft-gel capsules, twice daily) and changes to the gut microbiome, in the ileum. Methods: Ileostomy fluid (IF) and blood were obtained at baseline, after first capsule dosing (median 2 h), and at a similar time after final dosing on day 28, in 11 individuals (median age 63 y) with a temporary ileostomy. Fatty acids were measured by LC–tandem MS. The ileal microbiome was characterized by 16S rRNA PCR and Illumina sequencing. Results: There was a mean 6.0 ± 9.8-fold and 6.6 ± 9.6-fold increase in ileal EPA and DHA concentrations (primary outcome), respectively, at 28 d, which was associated with increased RBC ω-3 PUFA content (P ≤ 0.05). The first oral dose did not increase the ileal ω-3 PUFA concentration except in 4 individuals, who displayed high luminal EPA and DHA concentrations, which reduced to concentrations similar to the overall study population at day 28, suggesting physiological adaptation. Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Streptococcus were abundant bacterial genera in the ileum. Ileal microbiome variability over time and between individuals was large, with no consistent change associated with acute ω-3 PUFA dosing. However, high concentrations of EPA and DHA in IF on day 28 were associated with higher abundance of Bacteroides (r2 > 0.86, P < 0.05) and reduced abundance of other genera, including Actinomyces (r2 > 0.94, P < 0.05). Conclusions: Oral administration of ω-3 PUFAs leads to increased luminal ω-3 PUFA concentrations and changes to the microbiome, in the ileum of individuals with a temporary ileostomy.

Les lipases sont des enzymes présentant un grand intérêt industriel. L’intérêt de ces enzymes a conduit à caractériser ces enzymes, à mieux comprendre leur mécanisme réactionnel et leur cinétique, et à établir des méthodes efficaces de production en système d’expression homologue et hétérologue. Plus récemment, l’ingénierie enzymatique permet d’améliorer les caractéristiques des enzymes. Ce thèse s’est fixé deux objectifs principaux: premièrement, la purification et la fonctionnalisation d’acides gras poly-insaturés de type Omega-3 (PUFAs), et spécialement l’acide cis-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaénoique (DHA) et deuxièmement la production de lipides structurés (SL). Un premier objectif fut de produire une molécule pharmaceutique, le nicotinyl DHA ester. Le co-substrat du DHA est le nicotinol, un alcool qui après absorption, il est rapidement converti en acide nicotinique (Vitamine B3). La trans-esterification enzymatique entre l’ester éthylique du DHA et le nicotinol a été optimisée dans le but de synthétiser un ester présentant les propriétés cumulatives des deux réactants. Après la sélection de l’enzyme optimale (lipase immobilisée de Candida antarctica; Novozyme 435) et le choix du milieu réactionnel (milieu sans solvant), le procédé a été optimisé. Une conversion supérieure à 97 % a été obtenu en 4 heures avec 45 g.L-1 d’enzyme. Dans ces conditions, une productivité de 4.2 g de produit .h-1.g d’enzyme-1 a été obtenue. Ce projet nécessite une haute pureté en DHA. Un procédé de purification enzymatique a été choisi. Les lipases sont capables de discriminer entre les acides gras en fonction de la longueur de chaine et du degré d’insaturation. Les lipases agissent par résolution cinétique, en réagissant plus efficacement avec les acides gras saturés et mono-insaturés qu’avec les PUFAs résistants. La lipase YLL2 de Yarrowia lipolytica apparait comme un bon candidat car elle est homologue à une des lipases les plus efficaces, la lipase de Thermomyces lanuginosus. YLL2 a permis d’obtenir une discrimination très efficace. Les raisons de la sélectivité de l’enzyme ont été identifiées : il s’agit du positionnement de la double liaison la plus proche de la fonction carboxylique. La concentration en DHA la plus élevée a été obtenue avec YLL2 (73%) avec un pourcentage de récupération du DHA-EE de 89%. YLL2 est par conséquent l’enzyme décrite la plus efficace pour la purification du DHA.La mutagénèse ciblée dans le site actif de YLL2 a été utilisée pour améliorer la sélectivité de cette enzyme. L’analyse de la structure 3D et les alignements avec des lipases homologues a permis de choisir les cibles de mutagénèse dirigée. Les acides aminés cibles ont été changés de manière à restreindre ou élargir le site actif. De ce premier screening de variantes deux positions ont permis d’améliorer la spécificité de l’enzyme, les positions I100 et V235. Finalement la saturation de ces 2 positions a été réalisée. Le dernier objectif de la thèse était la production de SL par acidolysis enzymatique entre l'huile d'olive vierge et les acides caprylic ou capric utilisant la lipase YLL2 immobilisé. Le SL obtenu devrait être riche en acide oléique à la position sn-2 tandis que les C8:0 et C10:0 devraient être principalement estérifiés aux positions sn-1,3. YLL2 immobilisé sur Accurel 1000 a été testé dans un système sans solvant. La réaction d’acidolysis d'huile d'olive avec C8:0 ou C10:0 a été optimisée avec la méthodologie de surface de réponse (RSM). / Lipases are enzymes with applications extended to a wide variety of industries. The variety of lipases applications led to increased research to characterize them and better understand their kinetics and reaction mechanisms and to establish methods for lipase production in homologous and heterologous expression systems. Lately enzymatic engineering allowed the improvement of lipase characteristics. This thesis project studies the use of lipases for two main objectives: lipase-catalyzed purification and functionalization of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially cis-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and production of structured lipids (SL). DHA was used for the synthesis of a pharmaceutical molecule, the nicotinyl DHA ester. The co-substrate of the reaction was nicotinol, an alcohol from the group B pro-vitamin, which after absorption is rapidly converted into nicotinic acid (Vitamin B3). The enzymatic trans-esterification of DHA ethyl esters with nicotinol was optimised to synthesise an ester presenting the cumulative properties of the two reactants. After enzyme (immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica; Novozym 435) and reaction medium (solvent-free system) selection, the process was optimised. A conversion to nicotinyl-DHA superior to 97 % was obtained in 4 hours using 45 g.L-1 of enzyme. With a productivity of 4.2 g of product .h-1.g of enzyme-1.This project requires DHA of high purity. Enzymatic purification was chosen for the production of DHA concentrates. Lipases can discriminate between fatty acids in function of their chain length and saturation degree. Lipases react more efficiently with the bulk of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids than with the PUFAs. The objective was the discovery of more specific enzymes for DHA purification. The lipase Lip2 from Yarrowia lipolytica (YLL2) appears as a good candidate since it is homologous to one of the most efficient lipase, the lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus. YLL2 enables a high discrimination to be obtained, enzyme selectivity being principally due to the positioning of the double-bond the closest from the carboxylic group. The highest concentration of DHA was obtained with YLL2 (73%) with a recovery percentage of DHA-EE of 89%. YLL2 is the most efficient described lipase for DHA purification.Site directed mutagenesis was used to improve YLL2 from Y. lipolytica. Using its three dimensional structure and alignment with homologous lipases, targets for site directed mutagenesis were chosen. Chosen amino acids were substituted by two amino acids of different sizes. From the screening of variants two positions with promising specificities where chosen, positions I100 and V235. Finally saturation of both positions and the analysis of their performances in the selected reactions were carried out. The last objective was the production of SL by enzymatic acidolysis between virgin olive oil and caprylic or capric acids using immobilized Lip2 from Y. lipolytica. The SL obtained should be rich in oleic acid at the sn-2 position while C8:0 and C10:0 should be mainly esterified at the sn-1,3 positions. Lip2 from Y. lipolytica immobilized on Accurel MP 1000 was tested in a solvent-free system. The acidolysis reaction of olive oil with C8:0 or C10:0 was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM)

La présente étude évalue la capacité de EPA:DHA 6:1, une formulation d’omega-3 capable d’induire la formation continue de monoxyde d’azote par la NO synthase endothéliale, à prévenir l’hypertension et la dysfonction endothéliale induites par l’angiotensine II (Ang II) chez le rat. L’hypertension induite par l’Ang II est associée à une dysfonction endothéliale caractérisée par une altération des composantes de la relaxation et une augmentation des réponses contractiles dépendantes de l’endothélium. L’Ang II augmente le stress oxydant vasculaire et l’expression de NADPH oxydase, COXs, eNOS, et AT1R, alors que SKCa et connexin 37 sont sous-exprimés. EPA:DHA 6:1 prévient l’hypertension, la dysfonction endothéliale et la surexpression des protéines cibles. En conclusion, la consommation chronique de EPA:DHA 6:1 prévient l’hypertension et la dysfonction endothéliale induites par l’Ang II chez le rat, probablement en prévenant le stress oxydant dû à la NADPH oxydase et aux cyclooxygénases. / EPA:DHA 6:1 has been shown to be a superior omega-3 formulation inducing a sustained endothelial NO synthase-derived formation of nitric oxide. This study examined whether chronic intake of EPA:DHA 6:1 prevents hypertension and endothelial dysfunction induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) in rats. Ang II-induced hypertension was associated with endothelial dysfunction characterized by blunted components of relaxation and increased endothelium-dependent contractile responses. Ang II increased the vascular oxidative stress, and the expression of NADPH oxidase subunits, COXs, eNOS, and AT1R whereas SKCa and connexin 37 were down-regulated. Intake of EPA:DHA 6:1 prevented the Ang II-induced hypertension and endothelial dysfunction, and improved expression of target proteins. In conclusion, chronic intake of EPA:DHA 6:1 prevented the Ang II induced hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in rats, most likely by preventing NADPH oxidase and cyclooxygenase-derived oxidative stress.

L’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP) est une pathologie affectant les artères pulmonaires de petit calibre entraînant une augmentation des résistances artérielles pulmonaires aboutissant à une défaillance cardiaque droite. La vasoconstriction, le remodelage des artères pulmonaires distales, l’inflammation et le stress oxydant sont de facteurs clés de la pathogénèse de l'HTAP. Nous avons testé les potentiels de la formulation EPA:DHA 6:1 à prévenir l’hypertension pulmonaire et les altérations cardiovasculaires et pulmonaires induites par l’injection de monocrotaline chez le rat. Le traitement des rats monocrotaline avec l’EPA:DHA 6:1 (500 mg/kg/j, p.o) prévient significativement l’élévation de la pression artérielle pulmonaire moyenne, la pression systolique du ventricule droit, diminue le débit cardiaque, l’hypertrophie et la dilatation du ventricule droit. L’EPA:DHA 6:1 réduit également les résistances vasculaires pulmonaires, le remodelage des artérioles pulmonaires et les infiltrations lymphocytaires et macrophagiques. De plus, l’EPA:DHA 6:1 inhibe la production des espèces réactives de l’oxygène, diminue la surexpression des sous-unités p22phox et p47phox de la NADPH oxydase, des cyclooxygénases 1 et 2, des récepteurs ETA et ETB de l’endothéline-1, de la eNOS découplée et améliore la dysfonction endothéliale des artères pulmonaires. L’EPA:DHA 6:1 exercent des effets anti-inflammatoires, antioxydants et vasoprotecteurs et prévient le développement de l’HTAP induite par l’injection de monocrotaline chez le rat. / Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by remodeling of the small pulmonary arteries leading to a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular failure. Pulmonary endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and oxidative stress promote the development of pulmonary hypertension. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) have been shown to protect the cardiovascular system and reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. The present study evaluate the potential of EPA:DHA 6:1 to prevent monocrotaline-induced PAH in rats. EPA:DHA 6:1 treatment (500 mg/kg/d, p.o) prevented the MCT-induced mean pulmonary arterial pressure, right ventricular systolic pressure and decreased cardiac output. EPA:DHA 6:1 also attenuated right ventricular hypertrophy by reducing Fulton’s index and pulmonary arterial remodeling, decreased lymphocytes T and macrophages infiltration. EPA:DHA 6:1 treatment significantly reduced MCT-induced vascular oxidative stress and improved endothelial function in pulmonary arteries. The protective effect of EPA:DHA 6:1 was associated with the prevention of the MCT-induced upregulation of NADPH oxidase subunits (p22phox and p47phox), COX-1 and COX-2, endothelin A and B receptors and uncoupled eNOS in pulmonary arterioles. Our studies show that the EPA:DHA 6:1 formulation exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and has a protective vascular effect in the pulmonary arteries, which may contribute to prevent and potentially cure pulmonary hypertension induced by MCT in rat.