Through a tour of the streets of San Jose, Costa Rica, and its territories destined for the sex trade by men for men, we have arrived at the National Park, where this research is produced based on a study of the formation of masculinity between sex workers who go that place. In that sense, we inspired ourselves from the theoretical contributions that come from several aspects of post-structuralism besides theories of gender and "queer" theory of performativity in discourses on the formation of subjectivities, among others. In terms of methodology, we try to approach the contributions of the ethnographic method, operating with interviews with young sex workers themselves, among other places, participant observation, reading news published in newspapers, questioning of speeches and performances on sex tourism in the country, among others. When we investigate a matter that involves the formation of masculinity and sex work, possibly, it is the metaphor of who walk through mined areas, routes through tension, where circulate discourses of hegemonic sexual culture that is fundamentally "heteronormative" and is based on the values of Catholic Christianity and intersect with testimonies of struggle, solidarity, violence, decisions, projects of future life once ends sex work and other experiences that relate to the biographies of the boys who prostitute themselves in the National Park of San José, Costa Rica. / A través de un recorrido por las calles de San José, Costa Rica, y sus territorios destinados para el comercio sexual de hombres para hombres, hemos llegado al Parque Nacional, en donde se produce esta pesquisa basada en un estudio de la formación de masculinidades entre trabajadores del sexo que acuden al lugar. En ese sentido, nos inspiramos a partir de los aportes teóricos que provienen de diversas vertientes del posestructuralismo, además, de las teorías de género y la teoría queer sobre la performatividad en la formación de discursos sobre subjetividades, entre otros. En términos metodológicos, procuramos aproximarnos a los aportes del método etnográfico, operando con entrevistas a profundidad con los propios jóvenes trabajadores del sexo, entre otras poblaciones, observación participante, lectura de noticias publicadas en periódicos, problematización de discursos y representaciones sobre el turismo sexual en el país, entre otros. Cuando investigamos una cuestión que envuelve la formación de masculinidades y el trabajo sexual, posiblemente, sea la metáfora de aquel que anda a través de territorios minados, atraviesa rutas de tensión, en donde circulan discursos de la cultura sexual hegemónica que es fundamentalmente heteronormativa, se basa en los valores del cristianismo católico y se cruzan con testimonios de luchas, solidaridades, violencia, decisiones, los proyectos de vida futuro una vez que acabe el trabajo sexual y otras experiencias que se relacionan con las biografías de los muchachos que se prostituyen en el Parque Nacional de San José, Costa Rica.

Through a tour of the streets of San Jose, Costa Rica, and its territories destined for the sex trade by men for men, we have arrived at the National Park, where this research is produced based on a study of the formation of masculinity between sex workers who go that place. In that sense, we inspired ourselves from the theoretical contributions that come from several aspects of post-structuralism besides theories of gender and "queer" theory of performativity in discourses on the formation of subjectivities, among others. In terms of methodology, we try to approach the contributions of the ethnographic method, operating with interviews with young sex workers themselves, among other places, participant observation, reading news published in newspapers, questioning of speeches and performances on sex tourism in the country, among others. When we investigate a matter that involves the formation of masculinity and sex work, possibly, it is the metaphor of who walk through mined areas, routes through tension, where circulate discourses of hegemonic sexual culture that is fundamentally "heteronormative" and is based on the values of Catholic Christianity and intersect with testimonies of struggle, solidarity, violence, decisions, projects of future life once ends sex work and other experiences that relate to the biographies of the boys who prostitute themselves in the National Park of San José, Costa Rica. / A través de un recorrido por las calles de San José, Costa Rica, y sus territorios destinados para el comercio sexual de hombres para hombres, hemos llegado al Parque Nacional, en donde se produce esta pesquisa basada en un estudio de la formación de masculinidades entre trabajadores del sexo que acuden al lugar. En ese sentido, nos inspiramos a partir de los aportes teóricos que provienen de diversas vertientes del posestructuralismo, además, de las teorías de género y la teoría queer sobre la performatividad en la formación de discursos sobre subjetividades, entre otros. En términos metodológicos, procuramos aproximarnos a los aportes del método etnográfico, operando con entrevistas a profundidad con los propios jóvenes trabajadores del sexo, entre otras poblaciones, observación participante, lectura de noticias publicadas en periódicos, problematización de discursos y representaciones sobre el turismo sexual en el país, entre otros. Cuando investigamos una cuestión que envuelve la formación de masculinidades y el trabajo sexual, posiblemente, sea la metáfora de aquel que anda a través de territorios minados, atraviesa rutas de tensión, en donde circulan discursos de la cultura sexual hegemónica que es fundamentalmente heteronormativa, se basa en los valores del cristianismo católico y se cruzan con testimonios de luchas, solidaridades, violencia, decisiones, los proyectos de vida futuro una vez que acabe el trabajo sexual y otras experiencias que se relacionan con las biografías de los muchachos que se prostituyen en el Parque Nacional de San José, Costa Rica.

Through a tour of the streets of San Jose, Costa Rica, and its territories destined for the sex trade by men for men, we have arrived at the National Park, where this research is produced based on a study of the formation of masculinity between sex workers who go that place. In that sense, we inspired ourselves from the theoretical contributions that come from several aspects of post-structuralism besides theories of gender and "queer" theory of performativity in discourses on the formation of subjectivities, among others. In terms of methodology, we try to approach the contributions of the ethnographic method, operating with interviews with young sex workers themselves, among other places, participant observation, reading news published in newspapers, questioning of speeches and performances on sex tourism in the country, among others. When we investigate a matter that involves the formation of masculinity and sex work, possibly, it is the metaphor of who walk through mined areas, routes through tension, where circulate discourses of hegemonic sexual culture that is fundamentally "heteronormative" and is based on the values of Catholic Christianity and intersect with testimonies of struggle, solidarity, violence, decisions, projects of future life once ends sex work and other experiences that relate to the biographies of the boys who prostitute themselves in the National Park of San José, Costa Rica. / A través de un recorrido por las calles de San José, Costa Rica, y sus territorios destinados para el comercio sexual de hombres para hombres, hemos llegado al Parque Nacional, en donde se produce esta pesquisa basada en un estudio de la formación de masculinidades entre trabajadores del sexo que acuden al lugar. En ese sentido, nos inspiramos a partir de los aportes teóricos que provienen de diversas vertientes del posestructuralismo, además, de las teorías de género y la teoría queer sobre la performatividad en la formación de discursos sobre subjetividades, entre otros. En términos metodológicos, procuramos aproximarnos a los aportes del método etnográfico, operando con entrevistas a profundidad con los propios jóvenes trabajadores del sexo, entre otras poblaciones, observación participante, lectura de noticias publicadas en periódicos, problematización de discursos y representaciones sobre el turismo sexual en el país, entre otros. Cuando investigamos una cuestión que envuelve la formación de masculinidades y el trabajo sexual, posiblemente, sea la metáfora de aquel que anda a través de territorios minados, atraviesa rutas de tensión, en donde circulan discursos de la cultura sexual hegemónica que es fundamentalmente heteronormativa, se basa en los valores del cristianismo católico y se cruzan con testimonios de luchas, solidaridades, violencia, decisiones, los proyectos de vida futuro una vez que acabe el trabajo sexual y otras experiencias que se relacionan con las biografías de los muchachos que se prostituyen en el Parque Nacional de San José, Costa Rica.

Nas últimas décadas, a propagação mundial de preocupações ambientais e culturais relacionadas aos debates sobre a idéia de \"desenvolvimento\" vem exigindo reformulações tanto teórico-metodológicas em certos campos disciplinares, quanto na esfera de elaboração de intervenções no modo como novos arranjos socioculturais-políticoambientais são compreendidos e, em alguns casos, transformados, sem que suas especificidades sejam negligenciadas nestes movimentos. São conjuntos de relações que acomodam, conflituosamente, distintos regimes de verdade, configurações institucionais díspares e manifestações diversas de poder que implicam novos desafios interpretativos, tanto quanto práticos. Tendo este cenário em mente, a problemática abordada na presente pesquisa é composta por três temas discursivos que circulam no enredo delineado acima: \"desenvolvimento\", \"meio ambiente\" e \"cultura\". Esta investigação tem como proposta analisar a articulação desses três temas em dois planos analíticos. De um lado, trata-se de discutir como as problemáticas do \"meio ambiente\" e da \"cultura\" foram relacionadas aos debates sobre as possíveis redefinições da noção de \"desenvolvimento\" nos últimos sessenta anos, desde o seu surgimento no contexto geopolítico do pós Segunda Guerra Mundial. Por outro, analisar as representações a respeito dos três temas discursivos referidos em debates atuais sobre formulação de políticas socioambientais para a Amazônia indígena brasileira. A intenção foi demonstrar como certos impasses históricos relacionados às reconfigurações do termo \"desenvolvimento\" - em decorrência das críticas ecológicas e culturalistas ao seu significado economicista - reaparecem na arena política socioambiental amazônica indigenista recente, conectando, assim, os dois planos analíticos desta pesquisa. / In the last decades, the dissemination through out the world, of environmental and cultural uncertainties related to the debates taking into account the reflection over the idea of \"development\", is excising the need to review and reformulate both the theoretical and the methodological aspects in certain disciplinary fields of knowledge. Also, in the elaboration of the manners to structure interventions in social, political, cultural & environmental arrangements, together with the manners in which they are comprehended, and in which in some instances they are altered, to avoid, neglecting their multiple specifics. These are clusters of relations that have to provide for accommodation of a conflictious nature, distinctive regimes of truth, dissimilar institutional configurations, associated to diverse manifestations of power, which imply innovative means of interpretation, as well as original ways of implementing their practical application. Bearing in mind this new overall scenario, the problematical object of this research is to approach the subject, considering three discursive themes, which flow through out the state of affairs as mention above: \"development\", \"environment\" and \"culture\". The proposed study has as its main goal to argue the enunciation of these three objectives in two analytical stratus. Initially, relate the discussions of how the \"environmental\" and \"cultural\" tribulations where connected to the debates over possible redefinitions of the conception of \"development\" in the last 60 years, beginning with the geo political policy context emerged post Second World War events. Thereafter, investigate and discuss the recent landmarks regarding the three discursive dimensions referred to above, when associated to the formulation of socio-environmental public policies where the concern is at stake in the indigenous Brazilian Amazon. The intentions are to demonstrate how certain historical obstacles, interrelated to the effort of redefinition of the term \"development\" - due mainly to the recurring cultural and ecological criticism to its econometrical meaning - resurface in today\'s Amazonian political and environmental debates regarding the Amazonian indigenous people, connecting thus the two analytical spheres of this research.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:39:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Parte1.pdf: 2639689 bytes, checksum: 7bc3eab83a3e7bac5a3ba5cd628ab656 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The importance of the Cordel Popular Literature as a historical and cultural patrimony, mainly to the Brazilian northeast region, made us to develop a study of such literature and its treatment towards a recovery of the libraries´ stores. The study was based on an analysis of the themes approached in the Cordel Popular Literature aiming at an enlargement of the literature class in the bibliographic classification, considering the classification hypothesis called themes cycles proposed by different authors which would make this enlargement possible. The corpus is constituted of one thousand two hundred and fifty Cordel quarters selected, at random, from the five thousand quarters of the Centro de Documentação do Programa de Pesquisa em Literatura Popular of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba. From this corpus, the production of three hundred and forty‐five poets, out of one thousand and seventy‐three writers included in the collection, was analysed. As the theoretical ground, issues concerning popular culture including popular literature, the concept, the origin and the proposed classification are approached. Greimas´ semiotics is the theoretical basis, mainly the discursivity processes, semantics investment and the figurativization to the analysis of the Cordel quarters discourse, as well as the bibliographical classification and the register used to organize the collection documents within the same theme. The analysis of the Cordel quarters made possible the identification and the extraction of the images that lead to the themes, generating twenty‐seven theme classes which may be incorporated to the Popular Literature class in bibliographic classifications as such: Agriculture, Biographies and Celebrities, Bravery, City and Urban Life, Science, Stories, Crime, Culture, Education, Sports, Erotism, witchcraft, Supernatural phenomena, History, Homosexualism, Humour, Harsh Climate, Justice, Environment, Moral, Death, Fight, Power, Politics and Social issues, Religion, Love Story and Health and Illness. Finally, a description of the elaborated thematic classes is presented, allowing the librarians to index the Cordel quarters more accurately and guarantee that the same system or system akin may use the same concepts to represent similar documents, and facilitate, by sharing the same vocabulary, the communication among the indexer, the user and the system. / A importância da Literatura Popular de Cordel, enquanto patrimônio histórico e cultural do povo, principalmente do nordestino brasileiro, levou‐nos ao estudo deste tipo de literatura e seu tratamento para recuperação nos acervos de bibliotecas. O estudo residiu na análise dos temas tratados na literatura popular de cordel, visando à expansão da classe de literatura nas classificações bibliográficas, partindo da hipótese de que as classificações propostas por vários estudiosos da área, denominadas de ciclos temáticos, possibilitariam esta expansão. O corpus constituído de mil duzentos e cinqüenta folhetos foi selecionado aleatoriamente do acervo composto por cinco mil cordéis do Centro de Documentação do Programa de Pesquisa em Literatura Popular da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Deste corpus, foram analisadas obras de trezentos e quarenta e cinco poetas, entre os mil e setenta e três autores que figuram neste acervo. No embasamento teórico, discorremos sobre a cultura popular e, dentro desta, a literatura popular, considerando o conceito, a origem e as classificações propostas por diferentes estudiosos deste tipo de literatura. A semiótica greimasiana constituiu a teoria básica, priorizando, sobretudo nos processos de discursivização os investimentos semânticos de tematização e figurativização para análise dos discursos dos folhetos de cordel, complementando com as classificações bibliográficas, linguagens utilizadas na organização de acervos com o objetivo de agrupar documentos de um mesmo tema. A análise dos folhetos de cordel possibilitou a identificação e extração das figuras que conduziram aos temas, gerando vinte e sete classes temáticas que irão compor a classe de Literatura Popular nas classificações bibliográficas: Agricultura, Biografias e Personalidades, Bravura e Valentia, Cidade e Vida Urbana, Ciência, Contos, Crime, Cultura, Educação, Esporte, Erotismo, Feitiçaria, Fenômeno Sobrenatural, História, Homossexualismo, Humor, Intempéries, Justiça, Meio Ambiente, Moralidade, Morte, Peleja, Poder, Político e Social, Religião, Romance, Saúde e Doença. Ao final, apresentamos a descrição das classes temáticas elaboradas, que permitirá ao bibliotecário, indexar os folhetos de cordel de forma precisa, além de garantir que um mesmo sistema ou sistemas afins usem os mesmos conceitos para representar documentos semelhantes, bem como facilitará a comunicação entre o indexador, o usuário e o sistema com a utilização de um mesmo vocabulário.

Nas últimas décadas, a propagação mundial de preocupações ambientais e culturais relacionadas aos debates sobre a idéia de \"desenvolvimento\" vem exigindo reformulações tanto teórico-metodológicas em certos campos disciplinares, quanto na esfera de elaboração de intervenções no modo como novos arranjos socioculturais-políticoambientais são compreendidos e, em alguns casos, transformados, sem que suas especificidades sejam negligenciadas nestes movimentos. São conjuntos de relações que acomodam, conflituosamente, distintos regimes de verdade, configurações institucionais díspares e manifestações diversas de poder que implicam novos desafios interpretativos, tanto quanto práticos. Tendo este cenário em mente, a problemática abordada na presente pesquisa é composta por três temas discursivos que circulam no enredo delineado acima: \"desenvolvimento\", \"meio ambiente\" e \"cultura\". Esta investigação tem como proposta analisar a articulação desses três temas em dois planos analíticos. De um lado, trata-se de discutir como as problemáticas do \"meio ambiente\" e da \"cultura\" foram relacionadas aos debates sobre as possíveis redefinições da noção de \"desenvolvimento\" nos últimos sessenta anos, desde o seu surgimento no contexto geopolítico do pós Segunda Guerra Mundial. Por outro, analisar as representações a respeito dos três temas discursivos referidos em debates atuais sobre formulação de políticas socioambientais para a Amazônia indígena brasileira. A intenção foi demonstrar como certos impasses históricos relacionados às reconfigurações do termo \"desenvolvimento\" - em decorrência das críticas ecológicas e culturalistas ao seu significado economicista - reaparecem na arena política socioambiental amazônica indigenista recente, conectando, assim, os dois planos analíticos desta pesquisa. / In the last decades, the dissemination through out the world, of environmental and cultural uncertainties related to the debates taking into account the reflection over the idea of \"development\", is excising the need to review and reformulate both the theoretical and the methodological aspects in certain disciplinary fields of knowledge. Also, in the elaboration of the manners to structure interventions in social, political, cultural & environmental arrangements, together with the manners in which they are comprehended, and in which in some instances they are altered, to avoid, neglecting their multiple specifics. These are clusters of relations that have to provide for accommodation of a conflictious nature, distinctive regimes of truth, dissimilar institutional configurations, associated to diverse manifestations of power, which imply innovative means of interpretation, as well as original ways of implementing their practical application. Bearing in mind this new overall scenario, the problematical object of this research is to approach the subject, considering three discursive themes, which flow through out the state of affairs as mention above: \"development\", \"environment\" and \"culture\". The proposed study has as its main goal to argue the enunciation of these three objectives in two analytical stratus. Initially, relate the discussions of how the \"environmental\" and \"cultural\" tribulations where connected to the debates over possible redefinitions of the conception of \"development\" in the last 60 years, beginning with the geo political policy context emerged post Second World War events. Thereafter, investigate and discuss the recent landmarks regarding the three discursive dimensions referred to above, when associated to the formulation of socio-environmental public policies where the concern is at stake in the indigenous Brazilian Amazon. The intentions are to demonstrate how certain historical obstacles, interrelated to the effort of redefinition of the term \"development\" - due mainly to the recurring cultural and ecological criticism to its econometrical meaning - resurface in today\'s Amazonian political and environmental debates regarding the Amazonian indigenous people, connecting thus the two analytical spheres of this research.

Cette thèse est une lecture des objets techniques de la société du tourisme en Vendée, sous l’angle de la métamorphologie. Partant des objets concrets, nous construisons une méthode d’appréhension, puis de compréhension en systèmes des mécanismes de production des formes de communication de la société du tourisme vendéen. Au-delà de l’aspect matériel des formes visibles de la communication, des récits de l’invisible des pratiques communicationnelles trament des indices de l’agir des acteurs. L’analyse du corpus, constitué de formes visibles, fait apparaître ces traces sous la forme de tensions. Les tensions sont constitutives de l’agir communicationnel. Elles structurent les espaces normatifs et institués de la représentation et des identités. Elles assurent de plus l’équilibre de la société de « la communication touristique ». La métamorphologie est une méthode de catalyse. Elle rend visible l’émergence des formes à travers leur contexte de production énonciatif. Elle invite à repenser la vie ordinaire des objets techniques pour distinguer le caractère de la médiation des objets, et les mutations de la médiation elle-même. La métamorphologie de « la communication touristique » est technique et symbolique. Technique, car elle décrit les cycle de la vie des formes : généalogie,naissance, dissémination et hybridation. Symbolique, puisqu’elle situe les identités représentées à travers les interactions médiatisées, en ce sens elle est altérité. La métamorphologie appliquée à « la communication touristique » rend compte de la matérialité technique et symbolique des formes. Elle reconfigure un nouvel espace systémique de l’agir communicationnel touristique vendéen / This thesis is a reading of the technical objects of the society of tourism in the Vendée, under the angle of the metamorphology. On the basis of the concrete objects, we build a method of apprehension, then of comprehension in systems of the mechanisms of production of the shapes of communication of the society of Vendean tourism. Beyond the material aspect of the visible forms of the communication, accounts of invisible of the communication practicesweave indices to act it of the actors. The analysis of the corpus, made up by visible forms, reveals these traces in the form of tensions. The tensions are constitutive to act it communication. They structure normative spaces and legatees of the representation and the identities. They ensure moreover balance of the society of “the tourist communication”.The metamorphology is a method of catalysis. It makes visible the emergence of the forms through their enunciative context of production. It invites to reconsider the ordinary life of the technical objects to distinguish the character from the mediation of the objects, and the changes of the mediation itself. The metamorphology of « the tourist communication » is technical and symbolic system. Technique, because it describes the cycle of the life of the forms: genealogy, birth, dissemination and hybridization. Symbolic system, since it locates the identities represented through the popularized through the media interactions, in this direction it is otherness. The metamorphology applied to « the tourist communication returns counts technical materiality and symbolic system of the forms. It refigure a new systemic space to act it communication tourist Vendean

The dissertation presents and explores a mode of literary studies, which bypasses the question of literary value, and instead aims to assess how and where creative writing challenges hegemonic norms (that is, its political value). In so doing, it reflects on the practice of literary studies per se, and the mechanism(s) by which discourse can impact on subjecthood. The exploration entails the application of certain theoretical tools (concepts) in a reading of a literary work. The primary concepts employed are: performativity, subjectivity and gender. The dissertation seeks to read Muriel at Metropolitan (Tlali 1994) as a performative act, that is, a discursive event which re-enacts the practice of fictional writing and thereby extends (and possibly changes} the convention of crealive writing. If it is true that creative writing is performative, that it partake in the making of the individual, then it is important to study such writing in order to discover the consequences for the subject / English Studies / M.A. (English)

The notion of the organism has a somewhat ambiguous status in Kant’s philosophy. On the one hand it belongs to natural science, on the other hand it is based on an analogy with the structure of reason. Biology therefore has a peculiar place among the sciences according to Kant: it is a natural science constituted by the use of a regulative maxim. The present study places Kant’s views on biological teleology in the larger context of transcendental idealism. It consists of five essays. The first one treats the notions of things in themselves and appearances, arguing for an interpretation in terms of two aspects or perspectives rather than two worlds. The importance of the discursivity of our cognitive capacity is stressed, as well as the need to separate Kant’s various reflective perspectives. In the second essay this interpretation is applied to the third section of the Groundwork, arguing that this text does not belong to theoretical metaphysics, but rather to the articulation of a specifically practical perspective. The third essay discusses similarities and differences between Kant’s a priori conditions for cognition and conceptions of innate ideas in the rationalist tradition. Kant’s comparison of the system of categories with the biological theory of epigenesis is considered in connection to eighteenth century theories of generation. The comparison is viewed as an analogy rather than as a naturalistic theory of the a priori. In the fourth essay Kant’s account of functional attribution in biology is explicated in the context of the present day debate of the issue. It is claimed that Kant’s neo-Aristotelian approach avoids some of the difficulties in the dominant naturalistic accounts of today. Kant’s view differs from the Aristotelian in that it involves a distinction of levels, making it possible to take functional attributions on the one hand as objective from the standpoint of biology but on the other hand as having a merely regulative status from a philosophical point of view. In the fifth essay an interpretation of the antinomy of teleological judgment in the Critique of Judgment is offered. The antinomy is taken to consist in the dialectical tendency to treat the regulative maxims of teleology and mechanism as constitutive principles. The difference between the discursivity of the human understanding and the idea of a non-discursive understanding, an important theme in Kant’s solution of the antinomy, puts the question of biological teleology in relation to central tenets of transcendental idealism.

The dissertation presents and explores a mode of literary studies, which bypasses the question of literary value, and instead aims to assess how and where creative writing challenges hegemonic norms (that is, its political value). In so doing, it reflects on the practice of literary studies per se, and the mechanism(s) by which discourse can impact on subjecthood. The exploration entails the application of certain theoretical tools (concepts) in a reading of a literary work. The primary concepts employed are: performativity, subjectivity and gender. The dissertation seeks to read Muriel at Metropolitan (Tlali 1994) as a performative act, that is, a discursive event which re-enacts the practice of fictional writing and thereby extends (and possibly changes} the convention of crealive writing. If it is true that creative writing is performative, that it partake in the making of the individual, then it is important to study such writing in order to discover the consequences for the subject / English Studies / M.A. (English)