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Utbudet av ekonomiskt överkomliga bostäder har varit begränsat i många delar av världen och möter inte konsumenternas efterfrågan, bland annat i Sverige, Finland, Australien och England. Till följd av detta har bostadsbrist, ökade bostadspriser,  bostäder med höga hyror och långa kötider ökat med åren. Subventioner infördes som ett försök till att minska produktionskostnader för byggherren och därmed erbjuda billiga hyresrätter genom subventioner till utbudssidan eller genom att bidra med med subventioner direkt till efterfrågesidan, vilket omfattar hyresgästerna i form av bostadsbidrag.  De här arbetet syftar till att fastställa de olika subventionerna som används i Australien, England, Sverige och Finland. Samtidigt undersöks vilka typ av direkta subventioner som används i dessa länder för att slutligen undersöka vilka konsekvenser utbudssidan subventioner har haft på respektive bostadsmarknad. Studien är en kvalitativ forskning baserad på en litteraturgenomgång av de olika länderna. Stödet till hyresbostäder skiljer sig åt i olika delar av världen. Regeringarna i var av dessa länder bestämmer hur finansieringen ska fördelas på bostadsmarknaden.Finansieringen kan gå till efterfrågesidan som hyreskompensation alternativt till utbudssida som subvention till konstruktören för att sänka sin produktionskostnad med förbehållet att den nya hyran för bostäderna är lägre än marknadshyran. Resultatet visar på att regeringarna har olika typer av av bostadsmarknader, men att samtliga undersökta länder föredrar hyres kompensationer framför subventioner till utbudssidan. Resultaten visar också att det största behovet av finansiell stöd till konstruktören är under lågkonjunktur, där den privata finansieringen är som lägst. Studien visar även de olika kraven för subventioner till utbudssidan, där Sverige och England har mer specifika krav än Australien och England. Under slutsatsen diskuteras för- och nackdelar med båda typerna av subventioner, där samtliga regeringar föredrar subventioner till efterfrågesidan eftersom dessa är lättare att utföra på en individbasis. De hjälper till med bostäder till rimliga priser men inte bostadsproblemet. Subventioner till utbudssidan har varit väl utnyttjade under lågkonjunkturer som en säkerhet för byggherren. Ett problem som lyfts upp med denna typ av subvention är dess kapitalintensiva natur då stora summor pengar går in i ett långt projekt, och anses av vissa inte vara en lösning på problemet med överkomliga bostäder eftersom den reglerade hyran övergår till marknadshyra efter en period. / The range of affordable housing prices has been limited in many parts of the world and does not meet consumer demand, such is the case in Sweden, Finland, Australia and England. As a result of this housing shortage, rising housing prices, homes with high rents and long queue times have increased over the years. Subsidies were introduced as an attempt to reduce production costs for the developer and thereby offer cheap rental apartments through subsidies to the supply side or by contributing a subsidy directly to the demand side, which includes the tenants in the form of housing subsidies. This paper aims to determine the different subsidies used in Australia, England, Sweden and Finland, while also researching what type of direct subsidies are used in these countries, and finally viewing what consequence the supply-side subsidies have had on their respective housing markets. The study is qualitative research based on a literature review of the different countries. The support for rental housing differs in different parts of the world, by where the government chooses to focus their financing. The financing can go to the demand side as rent compensation or to the supply side, as payment to the constructor to reduce their cost on the caveat that the new rent for this building is lower than the market rent. The results show that while different governments have different housing markets, they all favor the option for rent compensation over subsidies to newly produced real estate with lower market average rent. The results also show that the biggest need for financial support to the constructor is during a recession, where the private financing is at its lowest. The study also shows the differing local requirements for where the supply-side subsidies can go, with England and Sweden having certain requirements, while Australia and Finland have a lack of these.The conclusion discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both types of subsidies, where all governments prefer subsidies to the demand side as these are easier to perform on an individual basis. They help with affordable housing but not the housing problem. Subsidies to the supply side have been well utilized during recessions as a security for the house developers. A problem that is highlighted with this type of subsidy is its capital-intensive nature as large sums of money go into a long project, and is considered by some not to be a solution to the problem of affordable companies as regulated rents change to market rents after a period.

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No description available.

Glacial sediments are found across formerly glaciated regions across the world and host a variety of important resources, ranging from groundwater to hydrocarbons, aggregate material, and mineral deposits. In southern Ontario, Canada, thick successions (up to 200 m) of Quaternary glacial sediments are truncated by large valleys (>30km long, 2 to >8.5 km wide, and up to 200m deep) that formed subglacially and have characteristic morphology and infill stratigraphy. These valleys are interpreted as (a new class of) tunnel valleys and strongly affect groundwater resources and flow systems at local and regional scales. The overall context of the valleys is evaluated through an introduction to the study area, objectives, and background information on subglacial systems and geologic history of south-central Ontario (Chapter 1). Interpretation of valley genesis in Simcoe County is provided through an integrated, multi-faceted approach, involving: description of the morphology and sediment infill succession within the valleys from surficial mapping, sedimentological logging of continuously-cored boreholes, and geophysical surveys (Chapter 2); delineation and characterization of seismic architecture from high-resolution lake-based sub-bottom profiles in one of the valleys (Chapter 3); detailed site-scale field description of the internal characteristics of the regional Late Wisconsin till sheet in various subglacial settings (Niagara Escarpment, uplands, lowlands; Chapter 4); comparison of the characteristics of the subglacial bed within the study area to adjacent regions in southern Ontario (Chapter 5); and a synthesis of the major findings from all the different components of this investigation and suggestions for future work to shed further light on several questions that arise from this study (Chapter 6). Together, key data from these studies of tunnel valleys and related deposits – a near-continuous till sheet on the surface of uplands and along the flanks and floors of the tunnel valleys, multi-stage drumlinization of the till sheet following development of the tunnel valleys, variations in internal facies and physical properties within the till sheet in different subglacial settings, localized distribution of coarse-grained tunnel valley in-fill sediments, and gradational upward transitions from tunnel valley in-fills to fossiliferous proglacial lacustrine sediments – indicate multiple phases of subglacial meltwater, and direct subglacial, erosion and deformation contributed to the development of the valleys over a protracted time period during the Late Wisconsin. Landform and sediment associations within the valleys in Simcoe County and surrounding parts of the bed of the former Laurentide ice sheet in south-central Ontario, are inconsistent with previous conceptualizations involving the presence of large (>1000 km2) subglacial lakes and the storage and discharge of regional-scale subglacial meltwater sheetfloods followed by ice stagnation. This study provides new data and insight to help refine reconstructions and better understand the evolution of past ice dynamics and subglacial processes, evaluate competing theories of regional landscape evolution, and provide new conceptual and (hydro)stratigraphic frameworks for future hydrogeological investigations related to groundwater exploration and use. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Charles W. Rice / Agricultural lands receiving N inputs are considered the primary source of N2O, a potent greenhouse gas. N fertilizer management has shown variable effects on both N2O losses and corn grain yield. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of N source and placement on N2O emissions, fertilizer-induced emission factor (FIEF), corn grain yield, yield-scaled N2O emissions (YSNE) and N fertilizer recovery efficiency (NFRE). The experiment was conducted from 2013 through 2014 at the Agronomy North Farm located at Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS. The soil was a moderately well-drained Kennebec silt loam. The treatments were broadcast urea (BC-Urea), broadcast urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) (BC-UAN), broadcast coated urea (BC-CU), surface-band UAN (SB-UAN), subsurface-band UAN (SSB-UAN), subsurface-band UAN + nitrification inhibitor (SSB-UAN+I) and a 0 N control. In 2013, SSB- UAN emitted significantly more N2O (2.4 kg N2O-N ha-1), whereas control (0.3 kg ha-1) and BC- UAN (0.6 kg ha-1) emitted the least. In 2014, most treatments emitted between 3.3 and 2.5 kg N2O-N ha-1. Only SSB-UAN+I (1.03 kg ha-1) and control (0.26 kg ha-1) were significantly lower. The use of a nitrification inhibitor decreased N2O emissions by 62% and 55% in 2013 and 2014, respectively. BC treatments had cumulative emissions significantly higher in 2014 compared to 2013. Only SSB-UAN+I had a significantly lower FIEF (0.4%), and 2013 FIEF (0.68%) was significantly lower than that of 2014 (1.38%). In 2013, banded treatments had significantly higher grain yields (from 9.1 to 10.5 Mg ha-1), whereas in 2014 fewer differences among N treatments were observed, ranging from 7.2 to 8.6 Mg ha-1. Banded treatments had significantly lower grain yields in 2014 compared to 2013. Only BC-UAN and SSB-UAN+I had significantly lower YSNE, and 2013 had lower YSNE than 2014. In 2013, SSB-UAN had the greatest NFRE, whereas BC treatments had the lowest. In 2014, N treatments did not differ in NFRE. SSB-UAN and SSB-UAN+I had significantly lower NFRE values in 2014 compared to 2013. Fertilizer source and placement have the potential to mitigate N2O emissions and promote high yields and NFRE in corn, however, the response is dependent on the rainfall pattern after fertilizer application. The option of banding UAN without any additive promoted higher N2O losses on a year when precipitation was well distributed, but also enhanced grain yield and NFRE. On the other hand, under the same precipitation conditions, broadcasting N fertilizer promoted lower N2O losses, grain yield and NFRE, but those were all improved in a wet year. Therefore, the subsurface band placement would be the best option under a normal year, whereas broadcasting fertilizer would be the best option under a wetter year. Further, the use of NI with subsurface band UAN provides the most sustainable option, since the NI decreased N2O losses compared to UAN alone in both years. Further research should evaluate N source and placement combinations under different environments in order to better understand how they impact crop performance and the negative environmental aspects of N fertilization. It is important to test those treatments under different precipitation scenarios and look for trends that indicate the best N management option at the local level.

Att amma är inte enbart en fysiologisk process utan har även en själslig och existentiell dimension. Amningen ses som en väg in i moderskapet och beskrivs som en strävan mot att bli den goda modern. Forskningen visar att bröstmjölk och amning har många gynnsamma hälsoeffekter för både mor och barn. Barnmorskans kompetensområde omfattar sexuell- och reproduktiv hälsa, i detta ingår att kunna ge stöd och råd vid amning och amningssvårigheter. Barnmorskan har en viktig roll i etablerandet av amningen. Huruvida kvinnan fortsätter att amma eller om det blir en lyckad amning är även ett resultat av vårdgivarnas attityder, förhållningssätt och vårdrutiner. Om barnet av någon anledning inte kan amma så måste mamman mjölka ut och ge sin bröstmjölk på andra sätt än genom amning för att upprätthålla sin bröstmjölksbildning. För att kunna förbättra vården och stärka kvinnor som behöver pumpa behövs mer kunskap om hur kvinnor upplever det att inleda amning genom pumpning. Syftet med studien var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelse av pumpning vid inledande amningssvårigheter. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys har använts som metod. I resultatet framkom ett tema vilket var Pumpning hjälper och stjälper kvinnors tilltro till sin egen förmåga att amma. Detta tema omfattas av fyra kategorier; viljan att amma motiverar pumpning; pumpning som ett hinder i det dagliga livet, pumpning medför en känslomässig påverkan samt barnmorskans amningsstödjande roll är betydelsefull. Pumpningen påverkar kvinnans uppfattning om sig själv och sin kropp. Som barnmorska är det viktigt att sätta sig in i kvinnans mål, erfarenheter och behov för att kunna stötta och hjälpa kvinnan på bästa sätt.

Denna studie bygger på halvstrukturerade intervjuer som är gjorda med fem lärare i förskoleklass som i sin verksamhet arbetar med läs- och skrivinlärningsmetoden ”Att skriva sig till läsning” (ASL). Syftet med studien är att öka kunskapen om hur de reflekterar kring bruket av digitala skrivverktyg i den tidiga läs- och skrivinlärningen, just med fokus på metoden ASL. Den frågeställning som studien utgår från är: Vilka kategorier av uppfattningar uttrycker lärarna om ASL-metoden? Intervjuerna har analyserats utifrån en fenomenologisk ansats. Det som framkom i resultatet är bland annat att elever som använt sig av metoden generellt skriver längre och mer avancerade texter om man ser till bland annat struktur och ordval. Det pedagogerna framhäver som den främsta anledningen till detta är att eleverna inte behöver lägga tid och kraft på att forma bokstäver förhand och då i högre grad kan fokusera på textskapandet, vilket de även menar är den största vinsten med ASL. I textskapandet på lärplattor är talsyntes något som pedagogerna menar gör det lättare för eleverna, då eleverna direkt får respons på om det de skriver är rätt eller fel. Utöver detta menar pedagogerna även att eleverna tycker att det är lustfyllt och roligt med lärplattor och att detta i sin tur leder till ett positivt textskapande. Den nackdel som tas upp med metoden är teknikens brister och vad det får för konsekvenser för undervisningen. Pedagogerna menar att denna metod är något som passar alla elever – det gäller bara att anpassa metoden efter behov.

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Charles W. Rice / The sequestration of atmospheric CO[subscript]2 into soil through no-till management is an economic and viable method for reducing greenhouse gases, but maintaining no-till practices are necessary to sequester C in the long-term. Our study focused on the effects of a single tillage operation on soil organic C and N and aggregation in no-till soils when no-till practices are immediately resumed after tillage. Three locations in western Kansas were selected that had been in continuous dryland no-till for at least 5 years – Wallace, Tribune, and Spearville. Tillage treatments were administered in 2004 and consisted of no-till (NT), disk plow (DP), sweep plow (SwP), and chisel plow (CP). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Soil samples were taken at 0-5, 5-15, and 15-30 cm depths. Composite samples were taken from each block prior to tillage and tested for whole soil organic C and N. Further soil samples were collected in spring 2005 at approximately nine months after tillage (MAT) and again in fall 2005 at approximately 12 MAT and tested for whole soil organic C and N and aggregate size distribution. Bulk density was measured for each plot and depth prior to sampling at 12 MAT. Twelve MAT samples were also tested for aggregate-associated C and N. The DP tillage had a greater C concentration than NT and CP when averaged over depth and time, but C mass did not vary between tillage systems. Changes in whole soil C and N over time varied by location, but the differences were similar between tillage treatments. Tillage treatments DP and SwP also had a greater mass of macroaggregate (250-1000 [Mu]m) associated C relative to CP (but not to NT) for Wallace in the surface 0-5 cm at 12 MAT. No other differences between tillages in aggregate-associated C were observed. A single tillage event did not have a significant impact on aggregate size distribution. The greatest amount of aggregate-associated C and N existed in the large microaggregate (53-250 µm) fraction. Changes in aggregate distribution or aggregate-associated C or N did not directly correlate to changes in whole soil C and N. We therefore conclude that a single tillage operation using these implements will not result in a measurable loss in sequestered C over time for dryland soils in a semi-arid climate such as western Kansas.