Online crime, in general, is increasing these years, crimes committed through technology that is almost impossible for the authorities to solve and prevent. The average Danish teenager spends six hours a day on online forums, and studies on how content affects the user show that the users do get affected by the content. How do practitioners prevent teenage users from being embedded in extremist online communities when there are no national guidelines or research to support an evidence-based approach to prevention? Practitioners give presentations on this topic to teenagers and other professionals and seek to create stabile strong social bonds among peers and talk openly about pitfalls of the internet with the teenagers.  This thesis applies Social Learning Theory and Social Bond theory in the understanding of why some users get radicalized through online forums. Applying these theories is relevant because mirroring propaganda, creating norm deviating social bonds and a “them and us” detachment from the surrounding norm society can be explained by these theoretical perspectives – and can all be precursors towards extremist behavior.  The practitioners believe that they are navigating in a field where the need for knowledge is huge, and the methodological approach highly relies independently on the practitioner themselves. The main theoretical discussion is based on the founding hypothesis that being exposed to extremist content either leads to nothing or an increase in deviant behavior. The theoretical perspective in this thesis and previous research suggests that there is a causal link between traditional real-life risk factors and online crime, but also attachment to deviant online communities can lead to extremism – just as it is in a real-life setting.

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The purpose of my thesis is to analyse sociological and theological reasons for formation of the Faith Church and also clarify the doctrinal difference from The Christian Fellowship Church in the Czech Republic. This thesis consists of four chapters. The first chapter presents the general characteristics of The Pentecostal movement and classifies The Christian Fellowship Church in the Czech Republic and The Church of Faith as a specific christian stream and movement. The second chapter focuses on historical context and circumstances in which The Church of Faith emerges and describes the ground for departure of this part of the church from their original organization Christian Fellowship Church in the Czech Republic. The next chapter deals with specific theological base of The Church of Faith, especially in the field of ecclesiology and namely perception of the authority in the church, demonology and anthropology, the importance of healing in the context of soteriology and characteristic concept of eschatology. The fourth chapter deals with the state registration process of the Christian Fellowship Church in the Slovak republic which gave the way to the start of the Church of Faith. It also deals with the difference between legal position of the new religious movements in the Czech and Slovak society.

La rencontre historique entre Abdul Aziz Ibn Saoud et le président américain Franklin D. Roosevelt à bord de l’U.S.S Quincy en mer rouge en février 1945, donna lieu à l’instauration des fondements d’une véritable alliance à long terme, basée sur des intérêts communs très forts entre l’Arabie Saoudite et les Etats-Unis. Le royaume a joué d’ailleurs un rôle important dans l’endiguement du nationalisme arabe et dans l’empêchement de toute pénétration soviétique au Moyen-Orient. Il a joué également un rôle central dans l’endiguement de la révolution islamique iranienne de Khomeiny. Cette alliance va mettre cependant du temps pour atteindre le degré au quelle elle est arrivée lors de la guerre du Golfe de 1990-1991, qui a eu comme résultat une présence militaire américaine permanente sur le sol saoudien et la radicalisation de l’opposition islamiste. Les attentats du 11 septembre 2001, qui ont constitué un véritable choc pour les deux pays, provoquèrent un profond malaise dans les relations américano-saoudiennes. Riyad s’est trouvée dans une situation délicate, quinze des dix neuf pirates de l’air étaient Saoudiens ainsi que le chef d’al-Qaida, Oussama Ben Laden. On assista à une détérioration des relations entre les deux pays et une grande suspicion qui eut du mal à se dissiper, malgré les déclarations de bonne volonté des dirigeants des deux pays. Soumise à d’énormes pressions américaines, l’Arabie Saoudite lança une série de réformes en vue de rassurer Washington et faire face également à une situation très compliquée sur le plan interne (problèmes socio-économiques, le rôle de l’institution religieuse wahhabite, l’extrémisme religieux, droits de la minorité chiite, la question de succession…). Le réchauffement constaté dans les relations entre les deux pays à partir de 2003, qui culmina avec l’instauration du « dialogue stratégique » en 2005, laissa rapidement place à une graduelle prise de distance entre Riyad et Washington à propos de plusieurs dossiers régionaux (la situation en Irak, les ambitions régionales ainsi que le programme nucléaire et balistique de l’Iran, le processus de paix, la Syrie…). Cette prise de distance s’est confirmée avec l’éclatement du «printemps arabe » et le lancement par les Etats-Unis d’une nouvelle stratégie, axée sur un désengagement de la puissance américaine vers la zone du Pacifique. / The Historical meeting between Adul Aziz Ibn Saoud and the US President, Franklin D. Roosevelt on bord of U.S.S Quincy in the Red Sea at February, 1945, had set up a real long standing Alliance based on a strong common Interests between Saudi Arabia and the United States. It will take a time for this Alliance to be at the level it had during the Gulf War (1990-1991), Wich had as result a permanent US Military presence in the Kingdom and the radicalization of Islamist Opposition. The 9/11 Attacks, which was a real Choc for the two Countries and provocated an Embarassment in the US- Saudi relations. Riyad was in a delicate situation, Fifteen of the Nineteen Hijackers of September 9, 11 was Saudis such as head of Al-Qaeda Oussama Ben Laden. We assisted then to a deterioration of the relations between the two Countries and a great Suspicion although some declarations of good Intentions by leaders of two Countries. Subject of a tremendous US pressures, the Saudi Arabia has inaugurated a series of Reforms to reassure Washington and to face a complicated internal situation (Socio-economic problems, the role of the Wahhabi religious Institution, religious Extremism, rights of Chia minority, the problem of succession). The warming of the relations between the two Countries by 2003 wich culminated with the instauration of « Strategic Dialogue » in 2005, made rapidly room to a gradual taken distance between Riyad and Washington about some Regional matters (Iraqi situation, the regional ambitions just as the Nuclear and Balistic program of Ira ; Peace Process ; Syria…). This taken distance is confirmed by the events of « Arab Spring » and the New American Strategy of disengagement to the Pacific Zone.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:35:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 isabel.pdf: 1429102 bytes, checksum: e5cf90577af56374d2dfcf5d150c1755 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper aimed to study the Emancipation category in selected works of Paulo Freire as a subsidy to a proposal for sexual education. The study investigated which contributions on previously selected works could contribute to the construction of an emancipatory sexual education project, and willingness to cooperate with the teachers in their educational practices, so that may result in processing actions of social reality, seeking to be more of citizenship for all. Initially the emancipation category was carefully framed to emphasize and understand their field of action in the construction of an emancipatory education process, recognizing it as well as a fundamental approach to sexual education that is the basis of this research beyond the dialectic s category, in view of historical and dialectical materialism. The meanings of the emancipation category were formed by indicators such as humanization and liberty, which unveiled in Be More Support category. Associated with these indicators were found Utopia and social transformation indicators that unveiled in the radicalization Support category. Awareness and Word complete the basis of indicators, unveiled in the Dialogue Support category. The indicators have been intertwined roots in the deep texts studied in works of Paulo Freire that emerged vigorously supported by its meanings of the Support category when unveiled, and this triad in turn, when interwoven and strengthened, motivated the establishment of the emancipation category and those are fundamental elements to subsidy the intentional sexual education process / O trabalho teve como objetivo o Estudo da Categoria Emancipação em Obras de Paulo Freire como subsídio a uma proposta de Educação Sexual. Investigou quais as obras previamente selecionadas do referido autor que podem contribuir na perspectiva da construção de um projeto de educação sexual emancipatória, e com a intenção de colaborar com os professores e professoras em suas práticas educacionais para que as mesmas possam resultar em ações transformadoras da realidade social, na busca de cidadania para todos. Inicialmente a categoria emancipação foi minuciosamente esquadrinhada para entender e enfatizar o seu campo de ação na construção de um processo de educação emancipatório, reconhecendo-a também como parte fundamental da abordagem de educação sexual que é base da presente pesquisa, além da categoria da dialética, na perspectiva do materialismo histórico-dialético. Os significados da categoria emancipação foram se constituindo por meio dos indicadores como a Humanização, a Liberdade, que se desvelaram na Categoria de Suporte Ser Mais. Associados a esses indicadores foram encontrados os indicadores Utopia e Transformação Social que se desvelaram na Categoria de Suporte Radicalização. E completando a base de indicadores a Conscientização e a Palavra que se revelaram na Categoria de Suporte Diálogo. Os indicadores foram as raízes entremeadas nas profundezas dos textos estudados, em obras de Paulo Freire que, ao serem desvelados, emergiram e sustentaram vigorosamente com suas significações as Categorias de Suporte e esta tríade, por sua vez, ao se entrelaçar fundamentou a constituição da categoria emancipação e são elementos fundamentais para subsidiar processos intencionais de educação sexual

Ce mémoire porte sur le terrorisme dans l’œuvre de Dostoïevski. Au travers d’une analyse s’appuyant sur la théorie mimétique de René Girard ainsi que sur ses contributions sur Dostoïevski, l’auteur dégage de l’œuvre du romancier russe certains des motifs et éléments de représentation pouvant constituer l’ébauche d’une analytique dostoïevskienne du terrorisme. Cette analytique dostoïevskienne réfute le paradigme de la violence religieuse et conteste la notion de violence découlant de la radicalisation (idéologique ou religieuse) pour rendre compte du terrorisme. Elle montre comment la religion ou l’idéologie sont superficielles et comment doivent plutôt nous intéresser un ensemble de déterminants et médiations psychologiques – les désirs, pulsions, émotions et fantasmes au fondement de la violence – pour rendre compte de la violence. L’analyse des trois figures dostoïevskiennes de Chatov (Les Démons), Raskolnikov (Crime et Châtiment) et Stavroguine (Les Démons) mettent chacune en lumière trois explications causales simplifiées des ressorts et motivations de la violence terroriste. L’étude de Chatov met de l’avant le désir mimétique frustré que sous-tend la violence ainsi que la blessure narcissique, la posture réactionnelle d’opposition et le désir de revanche qu’il produit. Celle de Raskolnikov expose les rêves prométhéens et les désirs d’élévation aux fondements de la violence, mais aussi le récit héroïque auto-mystificateur qu’elle sous-tend. Enfin, l’étude de Stavroguine démontre la centralité de la dimension sexuelle pour rendre compte de la violence terroriste. / This memoir focuses on terrorism in Dostoyevsky's work. Through an analysis based on René Girard's mimetic theory as well as his contributions to Dostoevsky, the author draws from the work of the Russian novelist some of the motifs and elements of representation that constitute the outline of a Dostoevskian analytics of terrorism. This Dostoevskian analytics refutes the paradigm of religious violence and challenges the notion of violence stemming from radicalization (ideological or religious) to account for terrorism. It shows how religion or ideology is superficial and how we should instead be interested in a set of psychological determinants and mediations – desires, impulses, emotions and fantasies at the root of violence - to account for violence. The analysis of the three Dostoevskian figures of Chatov (The Demons), Raskolnikov (Crime and Punishment) and Stavrogin (The Demons) each bring to light three simplified causal explanations of the motives and dynamics of terrorist violence. Chatov's study puts forward the frustrated mimetic desire behind violence as well as the narcissistic wound, the reactionary posture of opposition and the desire for revenge it produces. Raskolnikov's analysis exposes Promethean dreams and desires of elevation to the foundations of violence, but also the heroic self-mystifying narrative that it underlies. Finally, Stavrogin's study demonstrates the centrality of the sexual dimension in accounting for terrorist violence.

Alors que depuis 2015, en France, la menace terroriste d’inspiration jihadiste s’avère prégnante, protéiforme et durable, sa détection s’impose dorénavant comme un enjeu fondamental pour les services de renseignement soumis à des missionsd’une sensibilité accrue. Le volume important d’ individus détectés et suivis au titre de la radicalisation violente d’inspiration jihadiste, a entraîné un redimensionnement des services de renseignement français depuis ces quatre dernières années. Leur rôle et leur implication s’inscrivent désormais au travers d’une démarche proactive mise en oeuvre par des moyens humains réévalués mais aussi soutenue par des procédés techniques toujours plus élaborés et encadrés par un droit du renseignement récent qui a su s’imbriquer au sein d' un arsenal juridique antiterroriste en plein essor. Si le droit du renseignement est un droit d'exception permettant aux services de renseignement de bénéficier de pouvoirs exorbitants, pour autant, il est strictement encadré et soumis à des contrôles institutionnels et juridictionnels prévus par la loi. La restructuration des services français de renseignement, depuis 2015, afin de s’adapter à ses nouveaux défis, semble avoir atteint le niveau d’efficacité requis pour lutter contre le processus de radicalisation violente d’inspiration jihadiste et ainsiéviter le passage à l’acte. Mise sous la pression constante d’une obligation de résultats, la communauté des services de renseignement français doit, parallèlement, agir sous une contrainte juridique permanente afin d’atteindre ses buts sans pour autant négliger le format des moyens mis en oeuvre. / Since 2015, France is facing a more acute and multifaceted jihadist-inspired terrorist threat. This crisis is intended to be a long -lasting one and early detection is becoming a priority issue for intelligence services who are subject to more and more sensitive missions.The increasing amount of detected individuals for jihadist-inspired radicalization has led to a resizing of French Intelligence apparatus over the four past years. Their role and involvement are nowadays more proactive, supported by a rescaling of the human resources and abilities to use more sophisticated intelligence techniques. The latter needed to be framed by a renewed intelligence itself properly nested into the booming counter-terrorist legal framework.The restructuring of the French Intelligence services since 2015, decided in order to face its new challenges, seems to have completed the required level of efficiency when dealing with violent jihad-inspired violence and thus the subsequent action. Intelligence law is a law of exception allowing an outrageous power to intelligence services. Though, it remains strictly monitored andsubmitted to judicial and constitutional review provided by the law. French Intelligence community has to work under a dual obligation of law abiding procedures and results obligation to reach its goals without ever neglecting the proper form about the implemented means.

Ideologisk motiverad våldsbejakande extremism är ett resultat av en radikaliseringsprocess. Detta är ett stort problem och skolan har ett ansvar att arbeta preventivt mot detta problem. Syftet är att göra en systematisk litteraturstudie om hur skolan och lärare kan arbete på ett framgångsrikt sätt i syfte att minska riskerna för radikalisering. För att göra detta är det viktigt att ha koll på vilka faktorer som kan leda till radikalisering, vilka arbetsmetoder som har en preventiv effekt. Detta arbete är viktigt eftersom den svenska skolan har en central uppgift att fostra aktiva och demokratiska samhällsmedborgare. Detta är ett stort område och aktiva forskare har olika synsätt på radikaliseringsprocessen vilka presenteras i form av ett analysschema. Radikalisering sker till följd av att en individ utsätts för riskfaktorer sprungna ur psykiska och sociala problem. Det kan exempelvis handla om mental ohälsa, polarisering eller uppfostran. För att arbeta preventivt mot att elever radikaliseras har ett antal olika program som utformats. Exempel på sådana program är British prevent och Toleransprojektet. Dessa program innehåller framgångsfaktorer, detta innebär att vissa sätt att arbeta på eller vissa områden att arbeta kring har en preventiv effekt mot radikalisering. Framgångsfaktorerna kan bland annat innefatta värdegrundsarbete, relationskompetens hos lärare eller ökad tolerans bland eleverna.

The thesis offers a comparison of integration of Muslims and approaches toward radical Islam in three countries: Germany, France, and Sweden. These three countries used to represent three main integration types. The thesis argue that these three types do not longer exist and tries to verify convergence hypothesis. This is done by the analysis of particular selected aspects of integration of Muslims and counter-radicalization and counter-terrorism measures related to radical Islam in every examined country. The thesis further evaluates the effectiveness of integration and counter-radicalization approaches in selected countries and indicates which country appears to be the most effective based on selected criteria. Based on the analysis of individual countries, the thesis assumes which integration and counter-radicalization approaches or their combination toward Muslims might be the most effective.