Les migrations professionnelle et étudiante ont été abordées sous l’angle des réseaux, de la socialisation ou des échanges entre les pays d’origine et la France. Cette recherche anthropologique, quant à elle, s’attache à analyser la situation professionnelle des jeunes diplômés de master ou de doctorat issus de pays n’appartenant pas à l’Union européenne. Ceux-ci souhaitent s’engager dans une activité professionnelle en France, toutefois « la question du retour au pays d’origine se pose souvent à l’issue de leurs cursus universitaire ». Pour eux, l’entrée dans le monde professionnel prend une dimension administrative très marquée. Ils se trouvent confrontés à des obligations administratives (pendant leurs études, dans la vie quotidienne ou au travail), à des contraintes d’insertion professionnelle ou de poursuite de carrière (postes réservés aux ressortissants de l’Union européenne, problèmes pour changer de statut) en passant par des difficultés à établir un projet professionnel après l’obtention de leur diplôme. Dans le cadre d’une démarche anthropologique, un travail d’immersion est mené au sein d’associations représentatives des doctorants travaillant sur la valorisation du parcours doctoral et d’associations qui informent et apportent leur soutien aux jeunes diplômés étrangers, afin d’appréhender la manière dont ils envisagent la suite de leur parcours en France et de connaître la manière dont ils le vivent. / Professional and student migrations have been considered from the point of view of networks, socialization and exchanges between countries of origin and France. For its part, this anthropological study focuses on analysis of the professional status of recent foreign graduates of a PhD or a master degree coming from non european union countries. Those foreign graduates wish to start a professional activity in France, however "the return home issue often comes up at the end of their university curriculum". For them, entering the labor market takes on a strong administrative dimension. They have to face administrative obligations (during their studies, in their everyday life or at work), constraints to integrate the labor market or to carry on with their career (reserved positions for citizens of the european union, problems to get a change of legal status) or even difficulties to determine a professional project after graduating. Within an anthropological approach, an immersion work is led in representative associations of PhD students interested in the promotion of PhD experience and in associations that provide information and support to recent foreign graduates, in order to apprehend the way they consider the continuation of their experience in France and to know how they feel about it.

Between the Promise of Specificity and the Demand for Evidence – A study of knowledge and the approach to knowledge in socially oriented non-profit, private and public sector organizations In the social work field it is possible to identify two parallel processes in time. On the one hand a qualitative developmental process―even towards a form of standardization―where central concepts are academisation, professionalization, scientifically produced knowledge, expertise and evidence based methods. Simultaneously, there is a drive to create the conditions for increased diversity, where hopes are especially being pinned on the non-profit sector. In spite of representations and expectations concerning the non-profit sector and its so-called specificity, however, much of existing research lacks a comparative perspective, i.e., studies where non-profit organizations are related to comparable activities in the private and public sector. The aim of the study―with special focus on issues concerning evidence based knowledge in social work―is to compare and analyse whether and in that case how employee conceptions differ between the sectors, and whether and in what way non-profit employees and their activities can be said to fulfil the expectations of contributing to increased diversity. Data is from a questionnaire directed to about 1300 social work employees. The results show a greater interest in research and more marked efforts at professionalization in the public sector, while above all in the non-profit sector there was skepticism about science paired with reservations about work carried out in a professional way. In the non-profit, but also in the private sector, issues of ethics, views of humanity and values were paid greater attention. Also stressed here was the importance of creating relationships, the unique human encounter, genuine commitment, and human kindness. However, there was significant uniformity across all sectors in the use of methods, where three dominated: solution focused measures, network support/therapy, and psychosocial work.

Between the Promise of Specificity and the Demand for Evidence – A study of knowledge and the approach to knowledge in socially oriented non-profit, private and public sector organizations In the social work field it is possible to identify two parallel processes in time. On the one hand a qualitative developmental process―even towards a form of standardization―where central concepts are academisation, professionalization, scientifically produced knowledge, expertise and evidence based methods. Simultaneously, there is a drive to create the conditions for increased diversity, where hopes are especially being pinned on the non-profit sector. In spite of representations and expectations concerning the non-profit sector and its so-called specificity, however, much of existing research lacks a comparative perspective, i.e., studies where non-profit organizations are related to comparable activities in the private and public sector. The aim of the study―with special focus on issues concerning evidence based knowledge in social work―is to compare and analyse whether and in that case how employee conceptions differ between the sectors, and whether and in what way non-profit employees and their activities can be said to fulfil the expectations of contributing to increased diversity. Data is from a questionnaire directed to about 1300 social work employees. The results show a greater interest in research and more marked efforts at professionalization in the public sector, while above all in the non-profit sector there was skepticism about science paired with reservations about work carried out in a professional way. In the non-profit, but also in the private sector, issues of ethics, views of humanity and values were paid greater attention. Also stressed here was the importance of creating relationships, the unique human encounter, genuine commitment, and human kindness.  However, there was significant uniformity across all sectors in the use of methods, where three dominated: solution focused measures, network support/therapy, and psychosocial work.

The thesis deals with the development of the secondary school teaching professionduring the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century. The emphasisof the study is on the concurrence of three structural processes in this profession:feminization, professionalization and governmental bureaucratization.The "teachers of the people" found themselves deeply affected by radical economicand social structural changes during the transition from classical industrialcapitalism to organized capitalism at the end of the 19th century. These strucuralchanges aggravated the conflicts between the classes and the sexes in society, andthe elementary school became an important institution for social and ideologicalcontrol. But the teachers were not content to be the mindless instruments of thepredominant ideology. At an early stage the elementary school and the teachersthemselves began to live "a life of their own". Both male and female teachers beganto develop strategies in the struggle for power and control over their profession. Inother words, a process of professionalization began.At the same time as the teachers were organized collectively the women's share ofthe profession increased. The teaching of the lower classes was considered verysuitable for unmarried middle-class women, and the cheap female labour wasattractive to the politicians. There were risks of clashes between male and femaleinterests, since the profession also attracted young men from the farming andworking classes, who saw possibilities of social advancement in this sector of theschool system.The men developed different strategies against their female colleagues. Duringthe whole of the 19th century women were integrated into the professional project.At the turn of the century the men developed a strategy of social closure againstwomen, which meant that these were relegated to a lower level. At the same timethe government introduced regulations which were intended to impede women'sfast access to the profession. This triggered off an open conflict between the sexes inthe profession, since the changes were initiated by male elementary school teacherswho were leaders of the professional program as well as leading politicians in thegovernment and the Riksdag. / <p>Vissa bilder borttagna av upphovsrättskäl.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Poques vegades al llarg de la història, les universitats europees s’han vist amb la necessitat de donar resposta a les demandes de la societat com en aquests últims decennis. En efecte, és un fet innegable que la universitat es troba immersa en una societat en la què l’educació, la ciència, les innovacions tecnològiques i la informació ocupen un lloc preponderant per al desenvolupament econòmic. El rol que ha de jugar l’educació superior és decisiu per respondre a les demandes de saber i coneixement d’una societat cada vegada més complexa, més experta, més oberta i que es troba en un procés evolutiu accelerat. En un primer temps, l’objectiu de la nostra recerca és posar en perspectiva tots els elements portadors de canvi en les universitats. En aquest sentit, aquesta investigació pren peu en aquest context d’exigències a les que les universitats estan confrontades i s’inscriu clarament en un procés de transformació de la universitat. És per això que la nostra recerca es basa en identificar els dispositius que poden ajudar a donar i a construir un nou sentit a les activitats formatives ja tinguin lloc en un entorn acadèmic o en un entorn professional. Del que es tracta és de saber com les universitats s’adapten a aquest nou escenari, com es construeixen una nova identitat i com s’encaren cap a unes noves competències a les quals estan irremediablement abocades. Des d’aquesta perspectiva, la professionalització de l’educació superior sembla que pot esdevenir una estratègia per a les universitats. Ens referim al desenvolupament de formacions en alternança amb contracte de treball. Dos països europeus privilegien aquesta via de formació en el seu sistema universitari: França i Alemanya. El que pretenem en un segon objectiu de la recerca és presentar la formació en alternança com un dispositiu original de professionalització en l’educació superior que posa en relleu la construcció i el desenvolupament competències individuals com a objectiu clau. La problemàtica de recerca, tal com l’hem plantejat, s’orienta a prendre mesura de la manera en què un dispositiu de professionalització modifica o transforma les modalitats pedagògiques i de quina manera millora l’eficàcia de l’acte formatiu en educació superior. Finalment, el què ens interessa és qüestionar un dispositiu,-l’alternança-, que provoca no només l’evolució de la lògica de les pràctiques pedagògiques, de les missions, de les competències o de les funcions de la universitat sinó que transforma el nostre sistema universitari tal com el coneixem. / En pocas ocasiones a lo largo de la historia, las universidades europeas se han visto en el empeño de dar respuesta a las exigencias de la sociedad, como en estos últimos decenios. En efecto, es un hecho innegable que las universidades se encuentran inmersas en una sociedad en la que la educación, la ciencia, las innovaciones tecnológicas y la información ocupan un lugar preponderante para el desarrollo económico. La universidad juega un papel decisivo para responder a las exigencias de del conocimiento y del saber de una sociedad cada vez más compleja, más experta, más abierta i que se encuentra en un proceso evolutivo acelerado. En un primer momento, el objetivo de nuestra investigación es precisamente poner en perspectiva los elementos portadores de cambio en las universidades. En este sentido, nuestra investigación toma pie en este contexto de exigencias a las que las universidades están confrontadas; así mismo nuestra investigación se inscribe claramente en un proceso de transformación de la universidad. Es por este motivo, que trataremos de identificas los dispositivos de formación que puedan ayudar a dar y a construir un nuevo sentido a las actividades formativas ya sea en un entorno académico o en un entrono profesional. Se trata pues, de saber como las universidades se adaptan en este nuevo escenario, como construyen una nueva identidad y como afrontan las nuevas competencias a las que están irremediablemente abocados. Desde esta perspectiva, la profesionalización de la universidad aparece como una estrategia a tener en cuenta. Nos referimos a las formaciones en alternancia con contrato de trabajo. Dos países están privilegiando, desde hace unos años esta vía de formación en educación superior: Francia i Alemania. Presentamos, como segundo objetivo de investigación, la formación en alternancia como un dispositivo original de profesionalización en educación superior que pone de manifiesto la construcción y el desarrollo de las competencias individuales como objetivo clave. La problemática de investigación, tal como la hemos planteado, se orienta a comprender como un dispositivo de profesionalización modifica y transforma las practicas pedagógicas y cómo mejora la eficacia del acto formativo en educación superior. Finalmente, cuestionamos el dispositivo de la formación en alternancia, que provoca la evolución, no solamente de la práctica pedagógicas, de la misión, de las competencias o de las funciones de la universidad, si no que transforma nuestro sistema universitario tal como lo conocemos. / On few occasions throughout its history has the European university endeavoured so hard to respond to society's demands as during the last few decades. It is clear that the modern-day university forms an integral part of a society in which education, science, technological innovation and information are of vital importance for economic development. It plays a decisive role in feeding the hunger for knowledge and know-how of an ever more complex, open and expert society in the throes of an accelerated evolutionary process. Our investigation aims firstly to provide some form of perspective for those elements which are the cause of change in our universities. This context of universities undergoing a process of transformation and at the same time having to deal with the demands being placed upon them by society provides the setting for our investigation. With this in mind, we will attempt to identify the ways in which training and educational activities, whether in a professional or academic environment, can be redefined and restructured. How do universities adapt to this new scenario? How do they build a new identity? How do they deal with the new challenges they are inevitably required to confront? From this perspective, one strategy that needs to be examined in greater detail is the so-called 'professionalization' of universities. By this, we mean work-linked educational/training courses operating in conjunction with employment contracts. Two countries in particular have been promoting this training pathway in higher education over the last few years: France and Germany. The second aim of our investigation is to present linked work and training as an original measure for higher education professionalization that emphasizes skill building and development as a key objective. Our investigation sets out to understand how such professionalization approaches can modify and transform pedagogical practices and how they might improve the effectiveness and efficacy of higher education and training. Finally, we will look at and question linked work and training and its effects. This professionalization approach is not simply one more aspect in the evolution of the pedagogical practices, objectives and functions of our universities, it is in fact causing a transformation of the university system as we know it.

This study deals with the qualities of professionalization of public child welfare. Its relationto general social policy is emphasized. The potentials of welfarism are explored as a part ofthe study of crisis of legitimacy and rationality prevalent in welfare systems.The special situation of child welfare in Iceland with a large variation in local socialservices forms an important background of the work. This is related to sociologicaltheorizing and a position taken turns against viewing professionalization as an accumulatingprocess of power as well as the opposite, the blindness of belief in extensive professionalismas a means for creation of "the good life". The line of "family-state-individual" is traced inrelation to the emergence of social work. Child welfare is found to be imprisoned bytradition, since the idea behind children's placement is not thoroughly explored. The issueof a noted technifying and expansive tendency of professional action in cases of child abuseand custodial disputes is treated. A biased treatment of the family is here called "the childwelfare trap". The search for qualities in what traditionally is identified as "bad parenting" infoster care is suggested to be a potential to transcend central dilemmas of the field.A documentation study of poor relief and the support of mothers in the capital of Iceland,Reykjavik of th e 1930's showed an early coexistence of administrative and client-centeredapproaches. In a survey of records on children's placements in the capital of Icela nd,Reykjavik, it was confirmed that this work in an organization with professional employeeswas predominantly bureaucratic and not child-centered, also other results were similar asfound in Nordic studies. In an interview study of two small towns a passivity was shown toprevail in a laymen dominated child welfare practice at the cost of c hildren's needs, whileschool and day care provided support for families. Three significant achievements emergingin interplay with professionalization of social child care, found valid for the Icelandic çase,are seen as having lead to an increased societal sensitivity to deal with human problems.This has created a new acknowledgement of children's right to well-being despite seriouspractical limitations. Due to coexistent conflicting professional practices, a relative absenceof reg ulation and modernizing of services occurring simultaneously with the revision ofwelfarism, a space of action is presumed to exist for shaping of an outline of new practices.Theoretically opposing views on professionalization act as a kind of negative dialectic, onecentered on reproduction of existing practice, the other by presenting a gloominess of anempty-handed doctrine. The analyses of societal changes and child welfare are seen asfrequently ignoring the search for potentials to hand over power to children, not only bygender-blinaness, but by an age-neutrality which excludes children. The "deepening ofwelfare state crisis" is presumed to constitute a required possibility of a new kind of selfreflectionamong professionals. It is suggested that qualitative aspects of commonlyaccepted societal dichotomies will be challenged by the revision of welfare systems and thatthis creates a potential of a reshaping of pr actices, including the support-control dilemmaof c hild welfare. / digitalisering@umu

Den här uppsatsen är en studie om hur politiker ser på bloggen som ett politiskt verktyg. I dagens samhälle har tekniken öppnat upp för nya kommunikationskanaler och internet har blivit en plattform för interaktion. Bloggen har skapat nya möjligheter för politikern att sprida budskap till medborgarna och medierna eftersom den ger politikern kontroll över det egna ordet. Syftet är att undersöka på vilket sätt politiker i Kungsbacka kommun på lokal-, regional- och riksnivåanvänder sig av bloggar, och hur de ser på bloggen som verktyg för att sprida budskap, skapa opinion och ha kontroll över ordet. Studiens frågeställningar är: Hur ser innehållet på bloggarna ut, vad är politikerns syfte med bloggen, och hur ser interaktionen med medborgarna ut på bloggarna. I studien har vi använt flera teorier som ligger inom medie- ochkommunikationsvetenskap med fokusering på politisk kommunikation. Dessa teorier är kommunikationsteorin, politisk kommunikation, professionalisering, personifiering, medialisering, dagordningsteorin, opinionsbildning och gatekeepingteorin. Undersökningen bygger på kvalitativa samtalsintervjuer med politiker i Kungsbacka kommun. Vi har även gjorten kvantitativ innehållsanalys av dessa politikers bloggar. Studien visar att samtliga politiker serbloggen som ett verktyg att sprida sina budskap med. De beskrev bloggen som enenvägskommunikation som används för att direkt påverka medborgarna eller för att påverka mediers dagordning, och på så sätt påverka medborgarna indirekt. Interaktionen med medborgarna genom bloggen förekom sällan.

Increasing competition and technological improvements have created new challenges for the firms. In Turkey, low-tech small and medium scale furniture industry does not seem to be well equipped to compete in this respect due to their weak economic and cultural capital. Necessity of innovative and distinguishing design-led policies has already arisen for improving the position of the low-tech small and medium scale furniture producers. However, to generate effective policies for them, it is essential to understand the design process and production domain related to cultural factors which affect the position of design and the designer. Within this perspective, this thesis examines the position of design and the designer within the product development process in eight cases of small and medium scale furniture companies based on the data gathered from, firstly, in-depth interviews with the owners, and secondly, product development stories narrated by the owner, the designers and head of the production departments of the companies.

Kuratorer inom hälso- och sjukvården har länge kämpat för en legitimering. I Socialstyrelsens rapport (2014) anses nu att en yrkeslegitimation är nödvändigt för att stärka patientsäkerheten samt att höja yrkeskompetensen. Denna studie är en pilotstudie i Kuratorsklinikens forskningsprojekt som handlar om evidensbaserad praktik. Studien handlar om vilka insatser samt arbetsmetoder som kuratorer arbetar efter då de genomför stödsamtal. Vidare är syftet att få en ökad förståelse om kuratorers praktik är mer evidensbaserad eller erfarenhetsbaserad. För att ta redan på detta har jag gjorde en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av nio avidentifierade journaler. Resultatet visade på att de insatser som kuratorer arbetar med är följande: kartlägga, medvetenhetsgöra, förändra, meningsfullhet samt samordna. De arbetsmetoder som jag fann var motiverande samtal (MI) samt kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT). För att förstå materialet har jag använt mig av systemteori samt evidensbaserade metoder och olika kunskapsområden dit erfarenhetsbaserad kunskap hör till. Utifrån materialet är det svårt att säga om kuratorer arbetar mer utifrån erfarenhet än evidens dock kan man hävda att de använder båda arbetssätten i deras praktik. / Swedish medical counselors have for many years strived to get a professional certificate without any result. The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare has now stated in a report (2014) that a professional certificate is necessary to strengthen patient safety and to improve professional skills. This study is a pilot study done in collaboration with Kuratorsklinikens research about evidence-based practice. The studies aim is to get a wider understanding in what methods and efforts counselors use when conducting a supportive session. Furthermore, the aim is to get a better understanding if their practice is based mostly on evidence or experience. The study contains nine anonymous medical patient journals and qualitative content analysis was used. The result showed that the efforts counselors work with are the following: mapping, awareness, change, meaningfulness and coordination. The methods found was motivational interviewing (MI) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). To understand the material system theory was used as well as evidence-based methods and experience-based knowledge.

L’école et les programmes de formation à l’enseignement ont connu beaucoup de transformations au cours des dernières décennies. Ces changements sont notamment associés au mouvement de la professionnalisation de l’enseignement qui met l’accent, entre autres, sur l’importance de développer une réflexivité critique chez les futurs enseignants à travers des cours théoriques et des stages. Dans cette optique, le Ministère de l’éducation, des loisirs et du sport (MELS) et les institutions universitaires ont la responsabilité d’interpréter les caractéristiques propres à une pensée critique et de les intégrer à la formation initiale des enseignants. Cependant, bien que le concept de pensée critique ait fait l’objet de nombreuses recherches théoriques et empiriques depuis les travaux sur la pensée réfléchie de Dewey, il n’existe toujours pas une définition consensuelle du concept. Néanmoins les philosophes « classiques » (Ennis, McPeck, Paul, Siegel, Lipman) s’entendent pour soutenir qu’une pensée critique présuppose un doute méthodique qui conduit à la mobilisation d’habiletés et d’attitudes intellectuelles complexes, reliées à l’évaluation des faits et des situations. De leur côté, des épistémologues issus du champ de la psychologie développementale (King & Kitchener, Kuhn, Perry, et d’autres) ont élaboré des modèles de développement d’une pensée critique basés sur l’identification de stades. L’un des plus récents modèles est issu des sciences de l’éducation (Daniel et al.) et sera utilisé comme grille pour analyser nos données. Il présuppose quatre modes de pensée (logique, métacognitif, créatif et responsable) et leur complexification à partir de trois perspectives épistémologiques (égocentrisme, relativisme et intersubjectivité). La présente étude, de nature qualitative, cherche à d’identifier la réflexivité (simple ou critique) visée par les textes officiels du MELS, stimulée par l’Université de Montréal (UdeM) dans le cadre de la formation initiale des étudiants inscrits en Éducation physique et à la santé (ÉPS) et manifestée par ces étudiants en fin de formation. Pour ce faire, nous avons eu recours à une analyse de contenu, et à une analyse basée sur le modèle développemental de Daniel et ses collègues. Ces analyses ont été conduites sur le référentiel de compétences du MELS, sur les indicateurs de compétences et les consignes de rédaction des rapports synthèses de l’UdeM, ainsi que sur des verbatim d’entrevues individuelles et de groupe et sur les rapports synthèses des participants (au nombre de neuf). Les résultats d’analyse du référentiel de compétences et des indicateurs de compétences montrent que les réflexivités visée et stimulée sont de l’ordre d’une pensée réfléchie mais pas nécessairement d’une pensée critique. Parallèlement, la réflexivité manifestée par les stagiaires lors des entrevues ainsi que dans leurs rapports synthèse s’est révélée être de l’ordre d’une pensée réfléchie pas nécessairement critique même si des manifestations d’une pensée critique ont occasionnellement pu être observées. / Schools and Teacher Training Programs have undergone several transformations over the past decades. In particular, these transformations have been associated to the teaching professionalization movement that emphasizes, among others, the importance of developing reflexivity, and especially critical reflexivity, in future teachers through theoretical classes and practicum. To this end, the Ministère de l’éducation, des loisirs et du sport (MELS) and universities are responsible for interpreting the characteristics that are specific to Critical Thinking (CT) and to integrate these characteristics in Initial Teacher Training. However, although the concept of CT has been the subject of considerable theoretical and empirical research since the works of Dewey on Reflective Thinking (RT), a consensual definition of the concept has yet to be reached. Nevertheless, “classical” philosophers (Ennis, McPeck, Paul, Siegel, Lipman) agree in sustaining that CT implies methodological doubt, which leads to the mobilisation of complex intellectual attitudes and skills, related to the evaluation of facts and situations. For their part, epistemologists from the field of developmental psychology (King & Kitchener, Kuhn, Perry, and other) have elaborated CT development models based on the identification of stages. One of the more recent models stems from Education Science (Daniel et al.) and will be used as a grid to analyse our data. It presupposes four thinking modes (logical, metacognitive, creative, and responsible) and their increasing complexity based on three epistemological perspectives (egocentricity, relativism, and inter-subjectivity). The present study, of a qualitative nature, attempts to identify the reflexivity (simple or critical) outlined in the MELS’s official texts, as stimulated by Université de Montréal (UdeM) with its Initial Teacher Training for students registered in the Physical Education and Health program, and as manifested by these students at the end of their training. To do so, we relied on content analyses, and on an analysis based on the developmental model of Daniel and colleagues. These analyses were conducted on the MELS’s competency dictionary, on competency indicators and UdeM writing guidelines for summary reports, as well as on transcripts of individual and group interviews, and on the participants’ summary reports (nine in total). Results from our analysis of the competency dictionary and competency indicators show that the reflexivity intended and stimulated is in the range of RT but not necessarily of CT. In parallel, the reflexivity manifested by trainees during the interviews and in their summary reports proved to be of a RT nature not necessary critic even if some manifestations of CT were observed.