Mário de Sá-Carneiro, antes de escrever A confissão de Lúcio, entrou em contato com o Decadentismo, tendência do final do século XIX, caracterizada por um desamparo perante o mundo. O tema decadentista, como seu próprio nome sugere, circula em torno de uma visão pessimista da vida, bem ao gosto da geração mais extremada do Romantismo. Os decadentes cultuam o bizarro e as esquisitices, as noites sombrias, a introspecção e a morte. A visão de mundo decadente é bastante intimista e existe um grande interesse pelo universo interior e secreto das personagens, visão que leva a valorização do mistério e do fantástico. A literatura decadente sugere ainda uma busca incessante pelo fim do tédio, que pode ser atingido com os extremos das sensações, e do gosto pela artificialidade. Os cenários são sempre urbanos e muitas vezes bizarros, muitas luzes, reflexos e um turbilhão de estímulos aos sentidos. Nada na estética decadente parece natural, principalmente a arte, que além de sacralizada ainda é alçada a condição dos extremos. Como se pode notar as características do Decadentismo estão muito presentes em toda obra estudada e esta dissertação pretende revelar em que medida aparecem em A confissão de Lúcio de Mário de Sá-Carneiro. / Mário de Sá Carneiro, before writing A Confissão de Lúcio, had got in touch with Decadent, a late trend of the 19th century, which was characterized by a certain distress before the world. The Decadent theme, as suggested by its own name, surrounds around a pessimistic view of life in keeping with the most distinguished generation of the Romanticism. The Decadent writers worship the bizarre and the eccentricity, the dark nights, introspection and death. The view of a decadent world is very peculiar and there is a great interest in the inner and secret universe of the characters, this view also leads to appreciation of the mystery and fantastic. The Decadent literature still suggests an endless search in order to end up boredom which can be reached by using the extreme of the sensations as well as the sense of artificiality. The settings are always urban and frequently bizarre with lights, reflexes and a large number of stimulus to our senses. Nothing in the decadent aesthetics seems to be natural, mainly the art, which besides being considered superior it is still elevated to the condition of the extremes. As it can be noticed the characteristics of Decadent are present at the whole work and this dissertation intends to reveal how they appear in A Confissão de Lúcio.

Notre mémoire prend pour objet d’étude les dix-sept textes brefs rassemblés dans le recueil Contes et nouvelles suivis du Théâtre, écrits durant la période symboliste et dans lesquels on constate un phénomène d’hybridation entre les genres narratif et dramatique ainsi qu’entre thèmes symbolistes et décadents. Le premier chapitre s’attache à l’étude de Contes et nouvelles suivis du Théâtre dans la perspective des poétiques du recueil afin de constituer les éléments qui en font une « anthologie de l’entre-deux » du corpus rachildien de textes brefs. En adoptant la perspective de la poétique des genres, il sera question dans le deuxième chapitre d’étudier l’hybridation des genres littéraires, plus précisément entre la prose narrative et le texte dramatique, donnant lieu à des textes en « prose dramatique » qui se situent entre texte à lire et à mettre en scène. Enfin, dans le troisième chapitre nous examinerons les thèmes et les motifs récurrents de l’imaginaire rachildien où s’entremêlent symbolisme et décadentisme, après nous être intéressée à « l’écriture artiste » sous la plume de Rachilde, qui permet de rendre « visibles » les différentes formes de spectres, d’illusions et d’ombres qui parsèment les textes de Contes et nouvelles suivis du Théâtre. / Since Rachilde is generally associated with the french Decadent mouvement, few people are informed that the author also contributed to the symbolist movement of the 1890’s by helping in the set-up of the Théâtre de l’Art and Théâtre de l’Œuvre and especially by composing plays, tales and short-stories which take part in the symbolist spirit of the late nineteenth century. Gathered in the collection Contes et nouvelles suivis du Théâtre published in 1900 by the Mercure de France, these seventeen texts written between 1890 and 1900 establish an anthology of what we call Rachilde’s "symbolist period" of short-story, tale and play writing. Our dissertation is interested in the phenomenon of hybridisation between narrative and dramatic genres as well as between decadent and symbolist themes in this collection little known amongst scholars and the general public. The first chapter of our dissertation becomes attached to the study of Contes et nouvelles suivis du Théâtre in the perspective of the poetics of the collection and examines how the combination of Rachilde’s texts leads to an "anthologie de l’entre-deux". In our second chapter, we adopt the viewpoint of the poetics of genre to discuss the hybridisation of literary genres in Contes et nouvelles suivis du Théâtre, more precisely the narrative and the dramatic genres, that result in "dramatic prose". Finally, in the third chapter, we shall examine the recurring themes of Rachilde’s writing, that entangles decadent and symbolist themes, after being interested in "le style artiste", which allows her to sketch "in a visible way" the various forms of spectres, illusions and shadows that strew the texts of Contes et nouvelles suivis du Théâtre.

A la fin du dix-neuvième siècle et au commencement du vingtième, la poésie péruvienne a eu une particulière relation avec différentes traditions littéraires, et surtout avec la poésie française. Dans la présente thèse on cherche à expliquer les liens entre le Symbolisme français et quelques poètes péruviens de cette période : Nicanor Della Rocca de Vergalo, Manuel González Prada et José María Eguren. On cherche à établir une lecture « intertextuelle » entre les textes des « Maîtres » du Symbolisme (Baudelaire, Verlaine, Rimbaud et Mallarmé) et les poètes péruviens mentionnés. En plus, cette lecture doit considérer les rapports et les différences avec des mouvements et concepts proches du Symbolisme, comme le Parnassianisme et le Décadentisme, ainsi que le Modernisme hispano-américain. Alors, cette recherche est une étude comparative entre deux traditions qui ont établi un « dialogue » particulier: Rocca de Vergalo, dont les livres ont été écrits en français, contribue au processus du vers libéré français ; González Prada a rénové la poésie péruvienne avec des formes européennes (par exemple le rondeau français) et a été aussi le diffuseur du Parnasse et du Symbolisme au Pérou ; et José María Eguren est le créateur d’un symbolisme particulier en langue espagnole. Sa poésie est un mélange de diverses traditions européennes, « acclimatées » dans son original modernisme et même postmodernisme. C’est une vision fantastique du monde à partir de sujets « obscurs » à partir de l’enfance, l’absence et la mort. / From ends of 19th century and beginnings of the XXth, the Peruvian poetry had a particular relation with different traditions, and especially with the French poetry. In the present thesis we try to explain the links between the French Symbolism and some Peruvian poets of this period: Nicanor Della Rocca de Vergalo, Manuel González Prada and Jose María Eguren. We try to establish an "intertextual" reading between the texts of "teachers" of Symbolism (Baudelaire, Verlaine, Rimbaud and Mallarmé) and the Peruvian poets. In addition, these analysis must to consider the relations and differences with movements and concepts next the Symbolism, as the Parnassianism and the Decadentism, and also with the Spanish-American Modernism. Since then, this research is a comparative study between two traditions that established an peculiar "dialog": Rocca de Vergalo, whose books have been written in French, is a part of the process of "liberated verse"; González Prada renewed the Peruvian poetry with European forms (for example the French "rondeau") and was also the diffuser of Parnassianism and Symbolism in Peru; and Jose Maria Eguren is the creator of a particular symbolism in Spanish. His poetry is a mixture of diverse traditions, "acclimated" in his original modernism and postmodernism. It is a fantastic vision of the world from "dark" topics as the infancy, the absence and the death.

Notre mémoire prend pour objet d’étude les dix-sept textes brefs rassemblés dans le recueil Contes et nouvelles suivis du Théâtre, écrits durant la période symboliste et dans lesquels on constate un phénomène d’hybridation entre les genres narratif et dramatique ainsi qu’entre thèmes symbolistes et décadents. Le premier chapitre s’attache à l’étude de Contes et nouvelles suivis du Théâtre dans la perspective des poétiques du recueil afin de constituer les éléments qui en font une « anthologie de l’entre-deux » du corpus rachildien de textes brefs. En adoptant la perspective de la poétique des genres, il sera question dans le deuxième chapitre d’étudier l’hybridation des genres littéraires, plus précisément entre la prose narrative et le texte dramatique, donnant lieu à des textes en « prose dramatique » qui se situent entre texte à lire et à mettre en scène. Enfin, dans le troisième chapitre nous examinerons les thèmes et les motifs récurrents de l’imaginaire rachildien où s’entremêlent symbolisme et décadentisme, après nous être intéressée à « l’écriture artiste » sous la plume de Rachilde, qui permet de rendre « visibles » les différentes formes de spectres, d’illusions et d’ombres qui parsèment les textes de Contes et nouvelles suivis du Théâtre. / Since Rachilde is generally associated with the french Decadent mouvement, few people are informed that the author also contributed to the symbolist movement of the 1890’s by helping in the set-up of the Théâtre de l’Art and Théâtre de l’Œuvre and especially by composing plays, tales and short-stories which take part in the symbolist spirit of the late nineteenth century. Gathered in the collection Contes et nouvelles suivis du Théâtre published in 1900 by the Mercure de France, these seventeen texts written between 1890 and 1900 establish an anthology of what we call Rachilde’s "symbolist period" of short-story, tale and play writing. Our dissertation is interested in the phenomenon of hybridisation between narrative and dramatic genres as well as between decadent and symbolist themes in this collection little known amongst scholars and the general public. The first chapter of our dissertation becomes attached to the study of Contes et nouvelles suivis du Théâtre in the perspective of the poetics of the collection and examines how the combination of Rachilde’s texts leads to an "anthologie de l’entre-deux". In our second chapter, we adopt the viewpoint of the poetics of genre to discuss the hybridisation of literary genres in Contes et nouvelles suivis du Théâtre, more precisely the narrative and the dramatic genres, that result in "dramatic prose". Finally, in the third chapter, we shall examine the recurring themes of Rachilde’s writing, that entangles decadent and symbolist themes, after being interested in "le style artiste", which allows her to sketch "in a visible way" the various forms of spectres, illusions and shadows that strew the texts of Contes et nouvelles suivis du Théâtre.

Entre le XVIIIe et le XIXe siècle, la littérature européenne redéfinit fondamentalement son rapport au récit de voyage : les notions d’apprentissage et de formation, telles qu’elles apparaissent au temps des Lumières et du Bildungsroman, s’érodent et laissent peu à peu la place à des variations excentriques ou parodiques. En 1795, le Voyage autour de ma chambre de Xavier de Maistre exalte ainsi les vertus didactiques d’une réclusion contemplative. La mode du récit de voyage voit ainsi lui succéder, d’une part, des excursions sans profit pédagogique, et, d’autre part, des retraites riches en enseignement, malgré l’abolition de toute trajectoire physique. À la suite de Xavier de Maistre, plusieurs dizaines d’imitateurs composent à leur tour un répertoire peu exploré de la littérature française : le voyage de chambre. Après les révolutions qui frappent l’Europe et l’Amérique à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, un nouveau modèle de personnage, l’homme immobile, émerge ainsi dans la littérature. Caractérisé par sa présence problématique dans une société en pleine mutation, il occupe l’espace narratif en spectre, refusant de s’engager dans l’action tandis qu’il explore les nouvelles possibilités de vie dans un espace privé. Des textes essentiels de la littérature du XIXe siècle abordent ainsi, sur un mode euphorique ou dysphorique, ces nouvelles modalités narratives : la fiction américaine de la Nouvelle-Angleterre relate la pénible transition d’un âge spirituel vers un âge politique, caractérisée par un climat léthargique qu’observent avec stupeur, tour à tour, Charles Brockden Brown, Washington Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne ou Hermann Melville. Dans les marges de cette littérature inquiète, le mouvement transcendantaliste propose un retour heureux à la solitude. En France, À rebours de Joris-Karl Huysmans, à travers l’opiniâtreté dont témoigne l’auteur dans sa quête éperdue de l’unité, demeure sans doute l’œuvre quintessentielle parmi l’ensemble des récits de réclusion. / Between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European literature fundamentally redefines its relation to travel writing: notions of apprenticeship and formation, as they appear during the age of Enlightenment and the Bildungsroman era, become eroded and are gradually replaced by eccentric or parodist accounts of the travel experience. In 1795, Xavier de Maistre’s Journey Around My Room enhances the educational virtues of a contemplative seclusion. From then, the tradition of travel writing is supplanted by stories of excursions that provide very little educational value, on the one hand; and stories of valuable teachings inherited by captivity, despite a lack of physical mobility, on the other hand. Inspired by Xavier de Maistre’s book, dozens of imitators follow his path throughout the XIXth century and write their own accounts of room travel, a little studied phenomenon in French literature. After the revolutions that hit Europe and America in the late eighteenth century, a new model of character, the immobile man, appears in literature. Characterized by his problematic presence in a fast-changing society, which is undergoing some very profound changes, he occupies the narrative space like a ghost, refusing to engage in social action, as he would much rather investigate the new opportunities of living in his own private space. Essential 19th-century texts—be they euphoric of dysphoric—hint at these new narrative modalities: American fiction from New England, for example, tells the painful transition from a spiritual age to a political age, characterized by a lethargic climate alternately depicted by Charles Brockden Brown, Washington Irving, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne or Hermann Melville. On the margins of this troubled literature, the transcendentalist movement advocates a more favorable return to solitude. In France, Joris-Karl Huysmans’s A rebours, through its author’s determination in the search for unity, certainly marks an important milestone among all the narratives of reclusion.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Helena de Lima Corvini.pdf: 402435 bytes, checksum: c27b65909c893b98758526a82026bf2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This present dissertation intends to accompany Oscar Wilde's steps through late Victorian London, the booming center of an already decadent Empire. At this time being, positivist and imperialist discourses explain the reality. Both the medical science and the law fight over the theme of homosexuality. In a time when the symbolic authority to name homosexual desire is being questioned, Wilde is brave enough to state the precedence of the artist in naming the world. His life and works cause exalted reactions. His excentricities outrage London's high-society, of which Wilde becomes the arbiter of elegance, despite being a complete outsider: Irish and homosexual. He lives Aestheticism and dandism to the fullest, he lives a purposedly gay lifestyle and excites the fear of exerting some sort of "corruption" or "influence" over young men of the British society. His writing, through the use of paradoxes and symbolic invertions, shows the underpinnings of the aparently neutral text of normative reality. In his judgment, he is turned into the scapegoat of a severely repressed and puritan society. His works have founded the camp sensibility and a decidedly homosexual aesthetics / A presente dissertação busca acompanhar os passos de Oscar Wilde pela Londres da era vitoriana tardia, o centro pujante de um Império já em decadência. Nesse momento, o status quo produz um discurso positivista e imperialista sobre o mundo. A homossexualidade é disputada pelos discursos da ciência médica e da jurisprudência. Numa época em que a autoridade simbólica para nomear o desejo homoerótico se encontra questionada, Wilde tem a ousadia de afirmar a primazia do artista em nomear o mundo. Com sua vida e sua obra, Wilde provoca reações exaltadas. Suas excentricidades chocam a alta sociedade londrina, da qual se torna o árbitro da elegância, apesar de sua posição de outsider: irlandês e homossexual. Vivendo plenamente os ideários do Esteticismo e do dandismo, tem um estilo de vida acintosamente gay e suscita o medo da "corrupção" e da "influência" sobre os homens jovens por parte da sociedade inglesa. As masculinidades estão sendo elaboradas nesse momento e há o medo de que os homens jovens deixem de ser viris cavalheiros para se tornarem afeminados dândis. Em seus escritos, por meio de paradoxos e inversões simbólicas, Wilde também mostra a costura por baixo do texto aparentemente neutro da realidade normativa. Em seu julgamento, é transformado em bode expiatório de uma sociedade severamente reprimida e puritana. Suas obras permanecem hoje como fundadoras da sensibilidade camp e de uma estética decididamente homossexual

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Helena de Lima Corvini.pdf: 402435 bytes, checksum: c27b65909c893b98758526a82026bf2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This present dissertation intends to accompany Oscar Wilde's steps through late Victorian London, the booming center of an already decadent Empire. At this time being, positivist and imperialist discourses explain the reality. Both the medical science and the law fight over the theme of homosexuality. In a time when the symbolic authority to name homosexual desire is being questioned, Wilde is brave enough to state the precedence of the artist in naming the world. His life and works cause exalted reactions. His excentricities outrage London's high-society, of which Wilde becomes the arbiter of elegance, despite being a complete outsider: Irish and homosexual. He lives Aestheticism and dandism to the fullest, he lives a purposedly gay lifestyle and excites the fear of exerting some sort of "corruption" or "influence" over young men of the British society. His writing, through the use of paradoxes and symbolic invertions, shows the underpinnings of the aparently neutral text of normative reality. In his judgment, he is turned into the scapegoat of a severely repressed and puritan society. His works have founded the camp sensibility and a decidedly homosexual aesthetics / A presente dissertação busca acompanhar os passos de Oscar Wilde pela Londres da era vitoriana tardia, o centro pujante de um Império já em decadência. Nesse momento, o status quo produz um discurso positivista e imperialista sobre o mundo. A homossexualidade é disputada pelos discursos da ciência médica e da jurisprudência. Numa época em que a autoridade simbólica para nomear o desejo homoerótico se encontra questionada, Wilde tem a ousadia de afirmar a primazia do artista em nomear o mundo. Com sua vida e sua obra, Wilde provoca reações exaltadas. Suas excentricidades chocam a alta sociedade londrina, da qual se torna o árbitro da elegância, apesar de sua posição de outsider: irlandês e homossexual. Vivendo plenamente os ideários do Esteticismo e do dandismo, tem um estilo de vida acintosamente gay e suscita o medo da "corrupção" e da "influência" sobre os homens jovens por parte da sociedade inglesa. As masculinidades estão sendo elaboradas nesse momento e há o medo de que os homens jovens deixem de ser viris cavalheiros para se tornarem afeminados dândis. Em seus escritos, por meio de paradoxos e inversões simbólicas, Wilde também mostra a costura por baixo do texto aparentemente neutro da realidade normativa. Em seu julgamento, é transformado em bode expiatório de uma sociedade severamente reprimida e puritana. Suas obras permanecem hoje como fundadoras da sensibilidade camp e de uma estética decididamente homossexual

La thèse présente une analyse comparative de l’œuvre du poète, philosophe, journaliste et dramaturge Nicolas Maksimovitch Minsky, l’un des fondateurs du symbolisme en Russie. L’œuvre de Minsky est considérée dans le contexte du symbolisme français. Le présent travail étudie la genèse du symbolisme russe qui s’est partiellement inspiré des notions et de l’esthétique du symbolisme français. Il contient un large corpus des traductions inédites des textes russes jamais étudiés dans le cadre des analyses littéraires. Ces textes apportent des éléments précieux permettant de mieux comprendre la situation socioculturelle et les particularités de la conscience « transitoire » de la fin du XIXème siècle. L’œuvre de Minsky est née sous l’influence de deux littératures, française et russe. L’approche comparative permet donc de définir sa place dans l’évolution de la culture mondiale et de réaffirmer l’importance des liens culturels entre la France et la Russie. / The dissertation is devoted to a complex comparative research of works of the poet, philosopher, publicist, playwright and one of founders of symbolism in Russia, Nikolay Maksimovich Minsky, in the context of the French symbolism. The dissertation examines the genesis of early Russian symbolism, which was partially shaped by the concepts and categories of French symbolism. The work presents a large body of texts in Russian, translated into French for the first time and previously not subject to literary analysis; these texts reveal the picture of the socio-cultural situation and the main features of the turn-of-the-century consciousness of the late XIX century. Minsky's work was formed at the junction of influence of French and Russian literature, so the comparative approach to the analysis of the poet's work allows us to determine its place in the development of world culture, as well as to emphasize once again the importance of the cultural ties between Russia and France. / Диссертация посвящена компаративистскому исследованию творчества поэта, философа, публициста, драматурга, одного из родоначальников символизма в России, Николая Максимовича Минского, в контексте французского символизма. В диссертации рассматривается генезис раннего русского символизма, сформировавшегося частично благодаря понятиям и категориям французского символизма. В работе представлен большой корпус русских текстов, впервые переведенных на французский язык и ранее не оказывавшихся предметом литературоведческого анализа, которые раскрывают картину социокультурной ситуации и основные особенности рубежного сознания конца XIX столетия. Творчество Минского формировалось на стыке влияния французской и русской литератур, поэтому компаративистский подход к анализу творчества поэта позволяет определить его место в процессе развития мировой культуры, а также в очередной раз подчеркнуть важность культурных связей между Россией и Францией.