1958 års Försvarsbeslut innebar att den svenska Marinens anslagstilldelning kraftigt minskades. Marinens uppgifter i invasionsförsvaret skulle i händelse av krig dessutom reduceras och till del övertas av Flygvapnet. FB 58 blev styrande för Marinens utveckling under hela perioden efter 1958. Marinens sjöoperativa doktrin (doktrinen för sjöstridskrafterna) var vid denna tid inte officiell eller uttalad. Doktrinen har inte tidigare beskrivits som sådan för denna tidsperiod. Uppsatsen beskriver Marinens sjöoperativa doktrin 1958-61. För rekonstruktionen prövar författaren en modell framtagen av övlt Tommy Pettersson (ChP 06-08) för en motsvarande studie av luftoperativ doktrin 1958-66. Uppsatsens beskrivning av doktrinen omfattar FB 58, säkerhetspolitik, ÖB krigsplanläggning på central nivå, beskrivningar av uppfattningen om hotbilden, fartygsmaterielen, taktik och marina övningar. Uppsatsen behandlar även beskrivning av samverkan och utveckling. Fokus för uppsatsen är doktrinen som den uttrycks genom marinens krigsplanläggning och krigsorganisation vilka beskrivs ingående / The 1958 parliamentary decision on defence marked a drastic reduction in the allotment of funds for the Navy. Furthermore, a significant portion of the Navy’s principal tasks in naval warfare would henceforth be taken over by the Air Force. The Navy’s development and doctrine has been heavily influenced by the 1958 decision on defence ever since. The Navy did not at the time posses a formalized, official operational naval doctrine. The essay describes the factual doctrine for the 1958-61 time period. This essay is the first to attempt this.. For the reconstruction of the doctrine the author uses a theoretical model developed by ltcol Tommy Pettersson (ChP 06-08), for a similar study of the 1958-66 Air Force air doctrine on an operational level. Aspects covered includes the 1958 defence decision, the supreme commander’s war planning, the Navy’s threat perception, vessels, equipment, exercises, inter service cooperation as well as development. Focus however is the doctrine as expressed in the Navy’s warplans and wartime organisation, which are described in some detail.

The public procurement of defence materiel was previously regulated in Directive 2004/18/EC but due to the special character of the defence market, a new Directive has been issued; Directive 2009/81/EC. The purpose of this Directive is to be better suited for the special features of the defence market. Directive 2009/81/EC will now regulate most of the contracts that, due to their sensitive and secret character, were earlier exempted from the rules of the Treaties on the basis of Article 346 TFEU and from Directive 2004/18/EC on the basis of its Article 14. It is, however, still possible to exempt some contracts on the basis of these Articles. Directive 2009/81/EC regulates the procedure for contract awarding and affects the possibilities of the Member State to choose a tender with Offset agreement over one without and thereforethe Directive affects the offering company as well.Earlier a company has been free to shape its contracts concerning public procurement of defence material with little regard to the regulations of the Internal Market. With the implementation of the new directive, the situation has become uncertain. In particular the state of law concerningOffset agreements, commonly offered as a part of a tender in contracts concerning defenceprocurement, has become uncertain. This as Offset is not explicitly mentioned in Directive2009/81/EC but several bodies of the European Union have expressed opinions regarding the legality of Offset and whether or not it is a discriminating measure.We have found that Offset agreements, both related and un-related to the subject matter of the contract, can be exempted on the basis of Article 346 TFEU if they support essential security interest. However, that the procurement concerns the defence sector is not enough for contracts to be exempted if these contracts only support other interests, e.g. industrial or economical, rather than those of essential security. This as the exemption of these contracts would have adistorting effect on the trade on other markets than the one related to defence procurement.Even though Offset is not mentioned as a criterion for awarding of contracts in Article 47.1(a) Directive 2009/81/EC, this does not exclude the possibility that it could be. If Offset is to be used as an award criterion, it cannot be of significant weight when determining the economically most advantageous tender and can in no case be discriminating. Also, a differencebetween direct and indirect Offset must be made since indirect Offset agreements do not fulfill the requirements, in 47.1(a) Directive 2009/81/EC, in order to be considered asan award criterion. It is therefore only possible to use direct Offset agreements as an award criterion according to Directive 2009/81/EC if this is done in a non-discriminating way.

Uppsatsen är en komparativ studie om försvarsbeslut 1925 och försvarsbeslut 2004. Jag testar två teorier mot dessa två försvarsbeslut, det är realismen och liberalismen. Det jag vill få fram genom uppsatsen är att se likheterna och skillnaderna i de båda besluten inom ett säkerhetspolitiskt perspektiv. / The essay is a comparative study of the defence decision 1925 and the defence decision 2004. I will test two theories of these two defence decisions, it is realism and liberalism. What I want to get through this essay is to identify the similarities and differences in the two decisions in a security policy perspective.

The Arabidopsis cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (AtCNGCs) form a large family consisting of 20 members. It has been suggested that CNGCs contribute to a wide array of biological functions such as pollen tube growth and pathogen defence signalling. However, the precise mechanisms by which AtCNGCs act, and the extent of their biological roles, have yet to be fully elucidated. AtCNGC11/12, the chimeric CNGC that resulted from the fusion of AtCNGC11 and 12, induces a number of pathogen defence related phenotypes in the Arabidopsis mutant cpr22. Spontaneous lesion formation is one such phenotype. Interestingly, when AtCNGC11/12 is transiently expressed in N. benthamiana it causes cell death which was characterized in this study. Also, AtCNGC11/12 was used to investigate the structural features responsible for the proper function and regulation of AtCNGCs. Electron microscopic analysis of the AtCNGC11/12-induced cell death showed similar characteristics to programmed cell death (PCD), such as plasma membrane shrinkage and vesicle formation. Interestingly caspase-1 inhibitors and the silencing of vacuolar processing enzyme, a plant enzyme with caspase-1 activity, suppressed the induction of cell death. Additionally, pharmacological analyses indicated that the AtCNGC11/12-indiced cell death was also dependent on Ca2+. Furthermore, 3 amino acid residues, R190, A225, and G287, were demonstrated to be essential for AtCNGC11/12-induce cell death. Taken together, these results indicate that the cell death that develops in the cpr22 mutant is indeed PCD and that AtCNGC11/12, is at the point of, or up-stream of, the Ca2+ signal necessary for the development of HR. Furthermore, the functionality of AtCNGC11/12 as a model for AtCNGC structure-function analyses was demonstrated by the identification of several amino acids necessary for cell death development. Yoshioka et al. (2006) demonstrated that the loss of AtCNGC11 or 12 results in decreased resistance to avirulent isolates of the oomycete pathogen, H. arabidopsidis. Thus, the present biological role suggested for AtCNGC11 and 12 is in pathogen defence, specifically within effector triggered immunity (ETI). Like AtCNGC11 and 12, AtCNGC2 has been demonstrated to contribute to pathogen defence signalling but has also been implicated in other physiological responses such as ion stress and senescence. To better understand the roles of AtCNGC11 and 12 in both pathogen defence and other Ca2+ dependent signalling processes, I have investigated promoter:GUS reporter lines, as well as, AtCNGC11 and 12 KO and RNAi silenced lines subjected to various treatments. From this work, I have demonstrated that AtCNGC11 and 12 have similar expression patterns during pathogen defence, development, and dark-induced senescence. Additionally, the findings presented here further characterize AtCNGC11 and 12 as contributors to ETI rather than PAMP triggered immunity. Furthermore, I demonstrated that AtCNGC11 and 12 are likely involved in the endogenous movement of Ca2+, contributing to a range of Ca2+ associated signalling pathways including gravitropism and senescence. Taken together, these results have greatly improved the characterization of AtCNGC11 and 12; significantly contributing to the understanding of a large and increasingly important channel family.

Business-to-business relationships within sustained monopolies, such as those within Defence Procurement, have received limited attention by Management Researchers. This is unusual because under these market circumstances typically there appear to be few incentives to achieve mutually beneficial outcomes despite their strategic policy importance. The purpose of this thesis is therefore, to determine the influential relationship factors between the UK Ministry of Defence and its Industrial partners within a predominantly monopolistic Defence Procurement business. The approach adopted for this research project is exploratory and inter-subject area. It uses quantitative and supportive qualitative data to examine the problem through an economic model using Supply Chain Management, Relationship Marketing and Transaction Cost Economics. A self-selected census of 54 business relationships is carried out from both the buyer and supplier perspectives through staff questionnaires and team leader semi-structured interviews. The findings from this research show, contrary to the expectation of the theoretical model, a positive relationship success situation with a spectrum of both positive and negative behavioural factors present. However, a significant adversarial influence is a suite of issues that are endemic to the business in question such as old products, obsolescence, staff and organisational upheavals, poor end-customer visibility and lack of investment in modern procedures and systems. Within the monopoly environment these accentuate managers’ frustrations due to lack of freedom of action. The primary contribution of this research is therefore, an increased understanding of the business-to-business relationship dynamics within long-term, closely coupled, collaborative, business-to-business arrangements as exemplified by UK Defence and the results are likely to be of interest to both academics and managers.

Bátora alleges that political accountability has been “almost entirely overlooked” (2010, 2) in studies of the European External Action Service. An examination of the subject that extends previous studies on agency design, the co-decision procedure, the “democratic deficit,” and European Union foreign policy would resolve the neglect. As a result, the study derives a hypothesis from an established theory of bureaucratic structure. Findings suggest that during the design of EU agencies co-decision power improves the ability of the European Parliament to institutionalize methods of accountability to it.

Den 31 augusti 2007 lämnade det norska och svenska högkvarteren in ett förslag på fördjupatförsvarssamarbete mellan länderna. Det råder det inga som helst tvivel om att den mest väsentligadrivkraften för detta samarbete är ekonomi. Bägge länderna riskerar att förlora väsentliga delar avsina förmågor p.g.a. nedskurna budgetar. Man vill därför åstadkomma ett ”ömsesidigtförstärkande” av de bägge ländernas produktionsförutsättningar. Förslaget innebär ett nytt synsättpå försvarssamarbeten. Frågan blir då hur man kan karaktärisera detta nya samarbete och vargränsen går mellan allians och försvarssamarbete? Denna uppsats utreder graden av integrationoch beroende i föreslaget samarbete, samt vilka konsekvenser detta kan få. Jämförelsen görs motrådande och tidigare samarbeten. Resultatet indikerar att samarbetet går mot en hög grad avintegration mellan ländernas försvarsmakter. Graden av beroende är svårare att avgöra då denpolitiska avtalsbildningen inte är klarlagd. Konsekvenserna av samarbetet bedöms påverka svensktrovärdighet avseende alliansfriheten samt utmaningen hur personalfrågorna inom respektiveförsvarsmakterna skall hanteras. Svårigheten ligger dessutom i att klarlägga konsekvenserna avindirekta beroenden som skapas genom djup integration och politiska lojalitetsdeklarationer. / On the 31 of august 2007, both Swedish and Norwegian supreme headquarters presented aproposal of a new military cooperation between the countries. The main motive is the economicsituation. The military forces in both countries are in a risk of losing vital areas of therecapabilities because of downsizing in budgets. To avoid that situation, both headquarters wants toachieve a “mutual reinforcement” to support the force generation process. This essay attempts toclarify the degree of integration and dependence, including possible consequences. Existing andhistorical cooperation are used as a comparison. The result indicates that this cooperation willlead to high degree of military integration. The degree of dependence is more difficult to conclude,because the lack of decided political agreements. The consequences will affect the Swedishdeclaration of non-alignment and challenges in staffing policy issues. Another problem iselucidating possible consequences of indirect dependences, which are influenced by deepintegration and political declarations of loyalty. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps. Hylla: Upps. ChP 06-08

Genom Försvarsmaktens doktrin och dess innehåll, tar Försvarsmaktens verksamhet från och mednu en tydligare utgångspunkt i militärvetenskapen. Doktrinens innehåll bygger på teorier ommedel och metoder för krigföring från krigsvetare (militärteorier) som sträcker sig kontextuelltöver en tidsmässigt lång period. Jämförelsen har studerat hur doktrinen på motsvarande sätt (sommed medel och metoder) tagit till sig synen på den militära chefens egenskaper och karaktär hosdessa krigsvetare.Krigsvetare har de facto påverkat doktrinens innehåll avseende medel och metoder för krigföring.Jämförelsen visar att inbäddat bakom de förmågor om egenskaper och karaktär hos chefen somdoktrinen uttrycker, finns spårbarheten till krigsvetares syn om egenskaper och karaktär hoschefen.Först vid en djupare analys och diskussion om jämförelsens resultat uppstår skillnader. Närverklighet avseende utbildning, övning och träning inom Försvarsmakten speglas i doktrinensinnehåll, och genomlyses av krigsvetares och militära tänkares syn om egenskaper och karaktär,då uppstår skillnader. / Through the Swedish Armed Forces’ doctrine and its content, the activities of the Swedish defensefrom now on take a starting point by referring to military science and theories. The doctrine isbased on science by military theorists about what are the means and the procedures for conductingwar. Those military theorists covering a span from contexts during a long historical period. Thiswork has studied whether the doctrine on the same deep and interest (as with the means andprocedures for conducting war) emphasizes the necessary characteristics and mentality needed ona military commander, expressed by the one and same group of military theorists.War scientists obviously have affected the doctrine’s content regarding means and procedures forconducting war. The comparison shows in the end that behind the capacities concerning necessarycharacteristics and mentality as war scientists express in today’s doctrine, there is a link also towhat war-scientists states about necessary characteristics and mentality needed on a militarycommander.After a final and deeper analyzes and discussion about the achievements in this study, differencesoccurs. These differences occur, when the reality within the Swedish Armed Forces is mirroredwith the content of the doctrine and its means, and above that, when further analyzes are made byassistance from theories expressed by military thinkers. / Avdelning: ALB – Slutet Mag. 3 C-upps. Hylla: Upps. ChP 07-09

This study was carried out for understanding of antioxidant mechanisms of lentil under abiotic stress conditions. For this aim, 14 days old lentil seedlings (Lens culinaris Medik cv. Sultan-1) were subjected to drought (20% PEG 6000), and salt (150 mM NaCl ) stress for 6, 12 and 24 hours, for 3, 5 and 7 days. PCR conditions for Mn SOD, Cu/Zn SOD, chloroplastic/mitochondrial GR, CAT and chloroplast /stromal APX antioxidant enzymes were optimized. Then, total RNA was isolated from stressed and non-stressed plant roots and shoots. The gene expression levels of Mn SOD and Cu/Zn SOD were examined by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. Arabidopsis 18S rRNA was used as internal control in multiplex PCR technique. Relative expression levels of Mn SOD were lower in shoots and roots under salt stress while no significant change was obtained under drought conditions in both tissues. Relative expression levels of Mn SOD were increased on 5th day of salt and drought applications in both shoots and roots. Relative expression levels of Cu/Zn SOD increased after 5th, and on 1st and 7th days of drough treatment in shoots and roots, respectively. On the other hand, expression levels of Cu/Zn SOD increased on 3rd and 5th days of salt treatment in shoot tissues. Although it is nearly impossible to understand the whole antioxidant mechanism of plants under environmental stresses, this study was the first step to learn about molecular background of antioxidant defence mechanisms in lentil.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-174).