Ces travaux de thèse sont basés principalement sur le phénomène de multistabilité des structures minces de type plaques et coques ainsi que quelques applications associées. Les travaux sont divisés en deux parties. La première partie a pour objet l’étude théorique, numérique et expérimentale de la multistabilité des coques minces orthotropes peu profondes à courbures uniformes. On montre notamment qu’une telle coque, lorsqu’elle est soumise à la combinaison d’une courbure initiale et d’une précontrainte suffisamment élevées, possède jusqu’à trois configurations stables vis-à-vis des propriétés matériaux. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons des critères de conception et fabrication de coques multistables allant jusqu’à la tristabilité, validés numériquement et expérimentalement. Ensuite, nous appliquons ces critères à la conception et à la fabrication de coques multistables cylindriques dont la différence de niveau énergétique entre les deux états stables est minime. Sur ce support, la deuxième partie est consacrée à des applications exploitant la bistabilité des coques cylindriques minces à faible différence énergétique. Nous effectuons tout d’abord une application au contrôle de forme via l’utilisation de matériaux actifs que l’on attache à la structure. Cela comprend une première phase théorique de conception de la structure et de la loi d’actionnement, et une seconde phase de mise en œuvre expérimentale. Ensuite, nous étudions théoriquement et expérimentalement les propriétés de dynamique non-linéaire de ce type de coques dans le but de mettre en évidence les modes d’oscillations intrinsèques à une source d’excitation externe. Enfin, nous proposons une application à la récupération d’énergie vibratoire non-linéaire de coques multistables cylindriques métalliques par voie piézoélectrique. / This work is essentially based on the phenomenon of multistability of thin structures as plates and shells and some associated applications. The work is divided in two parts. The first part aims to study theoretically, numerically and experimentally the multistability of thin orthotropic shallow shells with uniform curvature. We show notably that such a shell, when submitted to the combination of initial curvature and pre-stresses sufficiently high, possesses up to three stable states towards the choice of the material. First, we propose criteria to design and manufacture multistable shells up to tristability ; this work is validated by finit element simulations and experiments. After, we apply those criteria to the design and manufacture ofcylindrical multistable shells for which the energetic gap between stable states is minimal. The second part is dedicated to direct applications of bistability of thin cylindrical bistable shells with low energetic gap. We first propose an application on shape control via the use of active materials which we bond on the structure. This includes a first phase of theoretical design of both the structure and the actuation law, and a second phase of experimental demonstration. After, we study both theoretically and experimentally the non-linear dynamic properties of such structures with the aim to highlight the different modes of oscillations intrinsic to an external excitation source. Finally, we propose an application to non-linear broadband energy harvesting from vibrations based on multistable piezoelectric excited shells.

The safety of a concrete dam is ensured by designing according to failure criteria, for all combinations of loads using safety factors. Today in Sweden, RIDAS, the Swedish power companies’ guidelines for dam safety, is used for the design of dams and is based on BKR, the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning. Swedish dams are designed to resist two global failure modes; sliding and overturning. Combination of failure modes, that should be considered in the design of concrete dams, is however fairly unknown. Since 2009 the Eurocodes was adopted and came into force 2011. The Eurocodes have replaced BKR in the design of most structures in Sweden where the partial factor method is used to ensure safety in the design. The objective of this report was to examine if the design criteria for concrete dams in today’s condition are enough to describe real failure modes. The other objective was to analyse if Eurocode is comparable to RIDAS in dam design. The stated questions were answered by performing a literature study of known dam failures and analytical calculations for different types of concrete gravity dams, with varying geometry and loading conditions. The programs CADAM and BRIGADE were also used as calculation tools to further analyse if failure occurred as expected. The results from the analytical calculations together with the performed FE analysis indicate that limit turning does occur and often generate lower safety factors compared to overturning. Limit turning is similar to overturning failure although it accounts for material failure in the rock. This design criterion is therefore, highly dependent on the quality of the rock and requires investigations of the foundation to be a good estimation of the real behaviour of the dam body. From the compilation of reported failures the conclusion was that the current design criteria are adequate. However, the real challenge lies in ensuring that the construction of dams is correctly performed to fulfil the stated criteria. A transition to Eurocode appears to be reasonable for the stability criterion. A modification of the partial factors is nevertheless necessary to obtain result corresponding to RIDAS, especially for the overturning criteria. / För att uppnå säkra dammkonstruktioner, för alla lastkombinationer, dimensioneras dammar enligt bestämda brottvillkor som ska uppfylla en viss säkerhetsfaktor. Idag används RIDAS, för dimensionering av dammar i Sverige. RIDAS Kraftföretagens riktlinjer för dammsäkerhet, är baserat på BKR, Boverkets konstruktionsregler. I Sverige dimensioneras dammar för att motstå de två globala brottmoderna glidning och stjälpning. Frågan som behöver besvaras är om det finns eller kan finnas några kombinationer av brottmoder som borde beaktas vid dimensionering av dammar. 2009 antogs Eurokoderna och trädde i kraft 2011. Eurokoderna har ersatt BKR vid dimensionering av de flesta konstruktioner i Sverige. I Eurokod används partialkoefficienter för att garantera säkra konstruktioner. Syftet med denna rapport var att undersöka om dagens brottkriterium är tillräckliga för att beskriva hur dammar går till brott. Rapporten behandlar även möjligheten att övergå från att dimensionera dammar enligt RIDAS till att dimensionera enligt Eurokod. För att besvara detta genomfördes en litteraturstudie av rapporterade dammbrott. Dessutom genomfördes analytiska beräkningar för flera olika typer av dammar med varierande geometri och lastfall. Programmen CADAM och BRIGADE användes som ytterligare verktyg för att analysera brottmoderna. Enligt resultat från de analytiska beräkningarna tillsammans med FE-beräkningarna ansågs limit turning inträffa och genererade i högre grad en lägre säkerhetsfaktorer i jämförelse med stjälpning. Limit turning kan förklars som delvis stjälpande och inkluderar brott av bergmassan. Brottmodet är dock beroende av kvalitéten hos berget och det krävs undersökningar av grunden för att kunna göra en god uppskattning av dammens verkliga beteende. Sammanställningen av tidigare brott visade att nu gällande brottkriterier är lämpliga och troligtvis tillräckliga. Utmaningen är istället att säkerställa att konstruktionerna är korrekt utförda och därmed uppfyller dessa brottkriterier. En övergång till Eurokod tycks vara möjlig för de globala brottmoderna, dock är det väsentligt att partialkoefficienterna justeras för att uppnå resultat som överensstämmer med RIDAS, särskilt för stjälpning.

AbstractThe overall safety of dams depend on several stipulations. One of them is global stability of the dam, which is addressed with approaches like that in (RIDAS, 2017) (the Swedish power companies’ guidelines for dam safety). When designing a new dam, two global failure modes; sliding and overturning should be considered according to RIDAS. However, this is a simplification and other failure modes may exist, such as the combination of sliding and overturning failure. In this combined mode, the dam typically starts to overturn slightly, then as it looses its contact in the upstream area of the footprint, the dam starts to slide. This combined failure mode is yet to be fully addressed in design codes.One additional failure mode that may occur is an internal failure which is caused by material failure of the dam or where existing cracks govern the failure mode. Reinforced concrete structures are expected to crack and hence it likely that such failure mode may occur. The objective of this report is to understand the behavior of a pre-cracked buttress dam under typical loading conditions, and to analyze potential internal failure modes caused by these cracks. Moreover, the validity of using RIDAS design criteria for evaluating the safety of cracked concrete buttress dams will be examined. Finally, this report will study the influence of various possible cracks to study if these are critical and influence the overall dam safety.The stated objectives were investigated by performing analytical calculations and FE-analyses for three different geometries, where each geometry was analyzed with and without pre-existing cracks. The analytical calculations were carried out using MATLAB, to study the two global failure modes suggested by RIDAS: sliding and overturning for the selected geometries. FE-analyses were performed using BRIGADE Plus 6.2 software, where all geometries were studied for all potential global failure modes, including a combination of sliding and overturning failure modes. When comparing results of uncracked and cracked sections, whether it was obtained analytically or by FE-analyses, the influence of cracks in reducing the overall safety of the structure could be clearly highlighted. Moreover, the results comparing analytical solution using RIDAS and FE-analysis did not follow a uniform pattern, therefore, no concrete results could be concluded and further studies to develop more detailed analytical calculation methods were suggested. Finally, the cracks develop between the inspection gangway and the front-plate was proven to have larger influence on the residual mass of the dam, and thus, the overall safety of the dam.

Assessing tall building oscillation is a multidisciplinary area involving knowledge from different fields of study: structural engineering, wind engineering, reliability, and even human physiology, to name a few. With the modern high strength structural materials and the latest tendencies in tall buildings construction, new structural systems have become slender and new buildings have reached greater heights as time passes. This context leads to a situation where these slender structures are sensitive to dynamic effects from wind loads and where human comfort is often the prevailing criterion for the structural design. This multidisciplinary area with slender structural systems allied to economic and environmental aspects from building construction demands a better integration between the abovementioned fields in order to achieve both human comfort and sustainable buildings (from environmental and economic points of view). This thesis aims at connecting the \"weak links\" of the Davenport\'s chain of wind loading, discussing criteria from each field involved in the oscillation assessment of a tall building: dynamic analysis, finite element modelling, wind climate modelling and comfort assessment. The axis of investigation intends to bring precision to the procedure, whilst creating a reliable set of criteria to perform a dynamic response assessment from the wind tunnel testing of tall buildings. This thesis also aims at connecting these fields of study by bringing understanding from each one of them to all the others, and at validating multidisciplinary interactions in the Davenport\'s chain. Finally, a wide dispersion of results is obtained for two different tall buildings in São Paulo. This dispersion serves to corroborate the deficient integration between these fields of study and to present a set of criteria that brings precision to the procedure, whilst allowing more economic and sustainable designs. / O estudo das oscilações de edifícios altos sob ação do vento é uma área multidisciplinar que envolve conhecimentos de diferentes campos de estudo: engenharia estrutural, engenharia de vento, confiabilidade e até fisiologia humana, para citar apenas alguns. Em paralelo, a criação de novos materiais de construção de alta resistência, aliados às últimas tendências na construção de edifícios altos, permite sistemas estruturais cada vez mais esbeltos aplicados a edifícios cada vez mais altos. Este contexto leva a uma situação em que estes sistemas estruturais são sensíveis aos efeitos dinâmicos das cargas de vento e onde o conforto humano é frequentemente o critério preponderante para o projeto estrutural. Esta área multidisciplinar, com seus sistemas estruturais esbeltos, aliada aos aspectos econômicos e ambientais da construção de edifícios altos, exige uma melhor integração entre os campos acima referidos para se alcançar conforto humano em edifícios sustentáveis (tanto do ponto de vista ambiental quanto do econômico). Esta tese tem como eixo de investigação os \"elos fracos\" da corrente de cargas de vento de Davenport e discute os critérios de cada campo envolvido na avaliação das oscilações de um edifício alto: análise dinâmica, modelagem de elementos finitos, modelagem probabilística de vento e avaliação de conforto. O eixo de investigação proposto visa a trazer precisão ao procedimento, criando um conjunto de critérios confiáveis para a avaliação da resposta dinâmica a partir de ensaios em túnel de vento de edifícios altos. Esta tese também visa a conectar estes campos de estudo, trazendo a compreensão de cada um deles para todos os outros e para validar as interações multidisciplinares na corrente de Davenport. Finalmente, uma grande dispersão de resultados é obtida para dois edifícios altos em São Paulo. Esta dispersão serve para corroborar a deficiência da integração entre estes campos de estudo e para apresentar um conjunto de critérios que traga precisão ao procedimento, permitindo, concomitantemente, projetos mais econômicos e sustentáveis.

In this thesis, the design considerations of a healthy and stimulating bedroom environment for preschool period children are analyzed. In order to build up a multipurpose environment, the development of the preschool children, necessary items of furniture and the related design concepts are discussed. General design criteria are determined to constitute a guide for a children bedroom environment of preschool period. Under the light of these data, a research is conducted to analyze today&rsquo / s children furniture market in Turkey.

Assessing tall building oscillation is a multidisciplinary area involving knowledge from different fields of study: structural engineering, wind engineering, reliability, and even human physiology, to name a few. With the modern high strength structural materials and the latest tendencies in tall buildings construction, new structural systems have become slender and new buildings have reached greater heights as time passes. This context leads to a situation where these slender structures are sensitive to dynamic effects from wind loads and where human comfort is often the prevailing criterion for the structural design. This multidisciplinary area with slender structural systems allied to economic and environmental aspects from building construction demands a better integration between the abovementioned fields in order to achieve both human comfort and sustainable buildings (from environmental and economic points of view). This thesis aims at connecting the \"weak links\" of the Davenport\'s chain of wind loading, discussing criteria from each field involved in the oscillation assessment of a tall building: dynamic analysis, finite element modelling, wind climate modelling and comfort assessment. The axis of investigation intends to bring precision to the procedure, whilst creating a reliable set of criteria to perform a dynamic response assessment from the wind tunnel testing of tall buildings. This thesis also aims at connecting these fields of study by bringing understanding from each one of them to all the others, and at validating multidisciplinary interactions in the Davenport\'s chain. Finally, a wide dispersion of results is obtained for two different tall buildings in São Paulo. This dispersion serves to corroborate the deficient integration between these fields of study and to present a set of criteria that brings precision to the procedure, whilst allowing more economic and sustainable designs. / O estudo das oscilações de edifícios altos sob ação do vento é uma área multidisciplinar que envolve conhecimentos de diferentes campos de estudo: engenharia estrutural, engenharia de vento, confiabilidade e até fisiologia humana, para citar apenas alguns. Em paralelo, a criação de novos materiais de construção de alta resistência, aliados às últimas tendências na construção de edifícios altos, permite sistemas estruturais cada vez mais esbeltos aplicados a edifícios cada vez mais altos. Este contexto leva a uma situação em que estes sistemas estruturais são sensíveis aos efeitos dinâmicos das cargas de vento e onde o conforto humano é frequentemente o critério preponderante para o projeto estrutural. Esta área multidisciplinar, com seus sistemas estruturais esbeltos, aliada aos aspectos econômicos e ambientais da construção de edifícios altos, exige uma melhor integração entre os campos acima referidos para se alcançar conforto humano em edifícios sustentáveis (tanto do ponto de vista ambiental quanto do econômico). Esta tese tem como eixo de investigação os \"elos fracos\" da corrente de cargas de vento de Davenport e discute os critérios de cada campo envolvido na avaliação das oscilações de um edifício alto: análise dinâmica, modelagem de elementos finitos, modelagem probabilística de vento e avaliação de conforto. O eixo de investigação proposto visa a trazer precisão ao procedimento, criando um conjunto de critérios confiáveis para a avaliação da resposta dinâmica a partir de ensaios em túnel de vento de edifícios altos. Esta tese também visa a conectar estes campos de estudo, trazendo a compreensão de cada um deles para todos os outros e para validar as interações multidisciplinares na corrente de Davenport. Finalmente, uma grande dispersão de resultados é obtida para dois edifícios altos em São Paulo. Esta dispersão serve para corroborar a deficiência da integração entre estes campos de estudo e para apresentar um conjunto de critérios que traga precisão ao procedimento, permitindo, concomitantemente, projetos mais econômicos e sustentáveis.

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Performance measurements are used as evaluation tools in manufacturing organizations. The use of performance measurements should provide useful information regarding organizational performance. A challenge for manufacturing organizations is to translate the performance in an organization to quantifiable measures. Another challenge is to understand the potential of performance measurements to induce change. There are also requirements of the measures to be followed-up, in order for manufacturing organizations to go towards its objectives. Change and communication are another challenges for different departments within industrial organizations, because demands are faced for communication in order to optimize performance measurements. In this master thesis, a case study with a qualitative approach was conducted with the purpose of investigate the role of internal communication in the change of performance measurements systems in a manufacturing organization. A list of performance measurement has previously been provided and updated in the manufacturing organization. 14 employees within the manufacturing organization were interviewed regarding opinions of the performance measurements of the new implemented list. Furthermore, during the interviews the employees gave its opinions of how to follow-up the performance measurements. The employees also discussed how the communication is between the Manufacturing Engineering (ME) and the Product department in the manufacturing organization. The findings in the thesis show that after change in the organization clearer definition of performance measurements is essential. To have clear definition could lead to an increased understanding of how to optimize performance measurements. Furthermore, the findings show that effective communication between departments in manufacturing organizations can influence the performance measurement to be improved. The thesis firstly argues for the manufacturing organization to provide employees with a clearer definition of the performance measurements of the list with the performance measurements. Secondly, to have different follow-up processes of the performance measurements depending on the project the measures are applied to. Thirdly, the thesis argues for the development of communication to create a regular meeting place for the employees between the departments. The benefits of meeting these three arguments are for the manufacturing organization to improve its performance measurements. / För att kunna mäta prestanda och prestation inom företag i tillverkningsindustrin används olika sorters nyckeltal. Nyckeltalen används som verktyg för att utvärdera och ge användbar information gällande hur prestandan och prestationen inom företag ser ut. En utmaning för företag inom tillverkningsindustrin är att kunna omvandla det som produceras och tillverkas till något mätbart. För att förändring och utveckling ska kunna ske utgörs en utmaning av att förstå hur nyckeltalen ska användas. Uppföljning av nyckeltal är en viktig förutsättning för att företagen ska kunna nå uppsatta mål. Ytterligare förutsättningar som krävs för organisationen att tillämpa nyckeltal är förståelse i att tillämpa informationen som ges via nyckeltal, samt att därefter säkerställa att informationen når ut till rätt instanser i organisationen. En god internkommunikation krävs. I detta examensarbete genomfördes en fallstudie med en kvalitativ inriktning. Syftet var att undersöka den interna kommunikationens roll efter förändring som sker vid användning av nyckeltal i ett företag inom tillverkningsindustrin. Inom företaget har det nyligen implementerats och uppdaterats en lista av nyckeltal. Dessa nyckeltal ska hjälpa företaget att gå mot förbättring av att mäta prestanda och hur företaget presterar i projekt och produktion. I fallstudien genomfördes 14 intervjuer med anställda i företaget. I intervjuerna diskuterades tre aspekter. Först, den listan av nyckeltal och de anställdas tankar och åsikter kring den. Den andra aspekten, var hur de anställda skulle vilja följa upp nyckeltalen. Den tredje aspekten diskuterade hur kommunikationen såg ut idag mellan två avdelningar; Manufacutring Enginnering (ME) och Produktion. Resultat från fallstudien visar att tydliga definitioner behövs kommuniceras för ökad förståelse för hur man optimerar användandet av nyckeltal. Vidare visare resultaten att effektivare kommunikation mellan avdelningar i ett företag inom tillverkningsindustrin kan resultera i förbättrad mätning av nyckeltal. Det här examensarbetet har tre argumentationer för att användningen av mätetalen ska förbättras inom företaget i tillverkningsindustrin. Den första argumentationen är tydliga definitioner av nyckeltalen i listan. Den andra argumentationen är att uppföljningen av nyckeltalen kan vara varierande beroende vad det är för projekt de är applicerade på. Den tredje argumentationen är att skapa en regelbunden mötesplats för förbättring av kommunikationen mellan de två avdelningarna inom företaget. Fördelen med att försöka möta dessa tre argument är för företaget att bli bättre på de nyckeltal man mäter.

From the Proceedings of the 1972 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 5-6, 1972, Prescott, Arizona / In order to design culverts and bridges, it is necessary to compute an estimate of the design flood. Regionalization of flows by regression analysis is currently the method advocated by the U.S. Geological Survey to provide an estimate of the culvert and bridge design floods. In the regression analysis a set of simultaneous equations is solved for the regression coefficients which will be used to compute a design flood prediction for a construction site. The dependent variables in the set of simultaneous equations are the historical estimates of the design flood computed from the historical records of gaged sites in a region. If a log normal distribution of the annual peak flows is assumed, then the historical estimate of the design flood for site i may be computed by the normal as log Q(d,i) = x(i) + k(d)s(i). However because of the relatively small samples of peak flows commonly used in this problem, this paper shows that the historical estimate should be computed by to log Q(d,i) = X(i) + t(d,n-1) √((n+1)/n) s(i) where t(d,n-1) is obtained from tables of the Student's t. This t-estimate when used as input to the regression analysis provides a more realistic prediction in light of the small sample size, than the estimate yielded by the normal.

From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / The runoff curve number rainfall- runoff relationships may be defined in two ways: (1) by formula, which uses total storm rainfall and a curve number, but not intensity or duration descriptors; and (2) rainfall loss accounting using a 4, rate and a specific intensity duration distribution of the function i(t) = 1.5P(5(1 +24t /T)-(1/2)-1) /T, where i(t) is the intensity at time t for a storm of duration T. Thus, the curve number method is found to be a special case of φ index loss accounting. The two methods are reconciled through the identity 1.2S = φT, leading to the relationship CN - 1200/(12 +φT). The effects of rainfall intensity on curve number are felt through deviations from the necessary causative intensity - duration curve. Some sample alternate distributions are explored and the effects on curve number shown. Limitations are discussed.