Local authorities in South Africa need to compile and implement local economic development plans. These plans are not only required by law as a component of integrated development plans, but also emanate from the pressing needs of many communities for development, job creation, and greater welfare and prosperity. A review of the historical and theoretical background reveals changing approaches and different theories to defend the actions taken. A critique of typical strategies and processes reveals that no one strategy or process can be universally applied, but that these should be adapted to the community's unique circumstances. Shortcomings and appropriate applications are indicated. The management plan presents a process to enable local authorities in partnership with the community to compile a plan for locally generated and directed development. This plan can, but need not, be a component of an integrated development plan and is thus compatible with integrated development planning and the formulation of local development objectives. The plan draws on a number of planning methodologies including urban planning, city marketing, strategic planning and neuro-linguistic programming approaches. Techniques from these and community development methodologies are included to guide the community through the process of creating a vision, analysis, goal setting, plan and strategy formulation, implementation and review. This management plan is designed as a generic process that can be applied to a variety of circumstances. The flexible nature of the process permits innovation and adaptations to local needs and other fields of planning. It also provides scope for further research on theories, methodologies and techniques. / Geography / D.Phil. (Geography)

從2003年下半年開始，面對大陸經濟結構中的不合理投資，尤其是房地產行業的過快與過大的投資，對大陸經濟正常的永續發展，帶來巨大的隱患，大陸宏觀調控連續祭出了一系列緊縮的政策，將積極財政貨幣政策改為穩健財政貨幣政策，提高利率、控制土地與信貸、首次使用浮動匯率等等措施，所有這些都對房地產行業帶來了巨大的影響。 大陸房地產市場在經過2006年至2007年的快速上漲階段之後，由於大陸祭出了緊縮的貨幣政策與限制國外熱錢進入大陸房地產的規定之後，在大部分的城市中，房價出現了下降的情況，市場購買者觀望氣氛濃烈，在這樣的整體大環境下，能否制定合理的行銷策略，打開市場的通路，在房地產市場已出現反曲點的情況下，取得優異的銷售成績，對於房地產業者來說，將顯得十分重要。本研究介紹了房地產行銷管理的概念和發展階段，分析了房地產行銷現階段所存在的問題，提出了解決這些問題的整體解決方案。 為了協助投資北京房地產的台商，適應房地產市場新的變化，認識房地產市場的規律與發展策略，及時進行策略性的調整。本研究在研究者本身對房地產行業特殊性認識經驗的基礎上，以研究者自行設計的北京房地產產業鏈與波特五力模型相整合的模型為基礎，對影響北京房地產企業策略的共通性的因素做了審慎的實證分析。運用實證分析可以有效判斷出，大陸的宏觀調控政策並不是打擊房地產，而是穩定房價，引導投資合理的佈局。 本研究運用對比分析，借鏡於國外和其他地區的房地產市場發展的經驗，從經濟學的角度為大陸房地產行業的發展正本清源，理清房地產與工業化、城市化、消費水準、人均GDP 的互動關係與發展規律，聚焦於重點分析北京地區的城市規劃、房地產總供給量與總需求量的平衡關係。對於北京高度國際化的特點，也重點分析了外資對北京房地產的重要影響。 針對企業一般策略選擇模型的分析，本研究掌握北京房地產企業的策略篩選的一般性原則。比較大陸與海外房地產企業的策略特色，希望在房地產行業發展宏觀調控、經濟泡沫等複雜的新變化之下，為北京房地產企業的策略篩選提供有價值的借鏡功能。 有鑑於全球經濟的走緩和大陸經濟的未來挑戰，北京從去年底今年初以來，其實早以推展「後京奧時代」的經濟重編計劃，包括製造業西移、品牌產業的打造、區域經濟的重劃，及有計劃的對外投資等。根據很多經濟專家的研判，在2008年北京奧運之後，大陸經濟成長勢必降溫，但還不致於泡沫化，本研究也證實這樣的看法，其主要理由有三:第一，2007年大陸出超佔GDP比重約為8.1%，所佔比率尚低，雖然受到次貸危機的衝擊可能下修，但龐大的內需市場相對受到的衝擊較小，仍可維繫經濟的持續成長，預估2009年經濟成長仍可維持在8%以上(參見附錄C)。 第二，大陸經濟規模大，相較於過去承辦奧運的小國家而言，症候群相對較小(參見附錄D)，且北京佔全中國人口只有1%左右，佔全中國GDP的比重也不到5%，在奧運後陷入不景氣的機率相對降低。第三，大陸當局政策調整的靈活度大，從過去強調嚴控通膨，轉為強調優先維持「平穩較快」的經濟成長，並維持抑制通膨的力道。同時，最近大陸放寬對中小企業融資、紡織品、成衣出口退稅重新上調等措施，均有助於緩和外部經濟情勢之逆轉。透過實證分析，本研究得出2008年北京奧運之後，北京房地產之成長力道勢必降溫，但還不致於泡沫化。 2008年北京奧運之後，大陸經濟的問題，看似房市的泡沫化，其實不是類似於日本的流動性過剩問題，本質上大陸屬於二元經濟，地方政府的創GDP工程，例如國企、形象工程、基礎建設工程等過熱，故要有一定程度的限制與保護，但民企過冷，政府誤認是流動性過剩，進行宏觀調控，反而加速二元經濟，使過冷的民企部門更冷。在北京奧運結束之後，中共把振興經濟的重心放在刺激內需。本研究預期，最有可能從大陸內需新政中受惠的產業首推動住房等產業，官方可能以補貼經濟房與雙限房(指限制售價及建築面積的房子)的做法，滿足中下階層民眾的居住需求，但北京當局只增加經濟房供給量，相關救市措施可能性不大，短期內宜先觀望。 摩根史丹利在2008年所發表的研究報告指出，中國大陸房地產市場崩潰(即價格與成交量大幅下跌)的可能性高，房地產商減價促銷的情況已經在大陸多個主要城市出現，大陸房地產市場在2008年上半年遭受嚴峻考驗，預估2008下半年也難有突破。地產企業除了出現獲利顯著下滑之外，也可能面臨嚴重的償付能力困難，但大陸房地產市場長期仍然看好。 大陸房地產在歷經五年的快速成長之後，如今已面臨調整期。2008年1至6月大陸房屋銷售面積達2兆5892萬平方公尺，比2007年同期下降7.2%。目前大陸的房價還很高，一般老百姓仍買不起房子，房價還會再大幅下調，只要房價下來之後，銷售量自然會上去，過去幾年大陸的房地產發展太快，對資源造成嚴重的排擠效應。 目前大陸營建業正處於水深火熱的境地，房地產行業發展到2008年，所面臨的最大困難就是缺錢，從所有上市房地產公司的報告就可以清礎地看出來。大陸房地產業缺錢的主要原因有四點，一是國際形勢不好，房地產商的境外融資計劃基本上全部泡湯；二是大陸國內實行緊縮貨弊政策，對房地產行業控制得更緊；三是開發商過去兩年不理智地爭地王，大搞土地儲備，錢花過了頭；四是2008年初以來，全大陸房屋成交量急遽下滑，至2008年8月底已下滑近50%，這一點是最重要的因素。 大陸房地產在未來可能出現五種情況， 一是失業率上升；二是住宅打折求售，但成交量急遽萎縮。住宅市場從來都是買漲不買跌；三是地方政府的出讓金收入大幅度減少；四是住宅開發商萎縮、虧損、被併購，甚至破產；五是銀行的金融安全，受到房貸申請人停止還款，和住宅開發商的不良貸款的雙重威脅。 目前當務之急，是要給市場信心，官方應儘快鬆綁房地產行業貸款，解除綑綁房地產行業的各種枷鎖，惟有如此，未來大陸的房地產市場才能長期看好。 房地產景氣循環，大致是5至7年，預估今年與明年都不會有大行情；不過這段時間正好是佈局的最佳時機，保留現金，逢低強進土地與良好的專案，才有可能在下一波大多頭循環時，有所表現，但好的標地物，大都需要資金、機會與時間的等待，往往是可遇而不可求。而不論是募集資金，或是組織資產管理公司，目前宜處於熱身階段，等市場更為積弱不振，得以花費更少力氣適時進場，快穩準狠兼備，成為有如獅子在草原稱霸一般的房市超級贏家。 / To correct some unhealthy development in the Mainland China’s economic structure, especially the overheated investment in the real estate industry, which could cause huge harm to Mainland China’s economy. Mainland China has started macro economic control since the second half of 2003.Those financial and monetary policies have been set to control land and credit, by using flexible-exchange rate, higher interest etc.Thus at the same time all new changes will take place in real estate market , in addition to new threats. We know it is very important for Beijing housing enterprises to understand the law of real estate and get in line with its new changes.In this paper,by combining analysis of its particularity and Porter’s five force analysis, the researcher design a model of Beijing real estate industry structure.With this model, the researcher analyzed the common factors of Beiing real estate contruction companies.We can see it is sure that the Mainland China government wants to control macro economy to keep housing price stable, and not heating the real estate market. By contrastively analyzing development experience of other countries and areas in relation to real estate, we hope we can find the solutions for the Mainland China .We also hope to identify the connection between real estate and industrialization, urbanization, consumption level, and average GDP.On one hand, we analyze city planning of Beijing.On the other hand we balance between gross supply and demand in real estate.With the globalization of the world economy, we also discuss that more overseas investment are getting into Beijing’s real estate market . By constructing the strategic model, we can establish suitable development strategy or implementation.We can learn from inside and outside real estate companies, and in dramatic competition, the research hope some modern strategic management theory can be applied to those Beijing real estate companies.

Cette thèse traite de la situation actuelle de la forêt marocaine. Dans le cadre de ce travail, deux études ont été réalisées à l’échelle nationale, au Maroc. La première a concerné le pâturage des troupeaux en forêt, et la seconde a porté sur la quantification du volume de bois de feu directement prélevé en forêt, et consommé en zone rurale et en zone urbaine. Les résultats trouvés ont été très préoccupants. Dans les deux situations, les prélèvements réels de fourrage et de bois de feu, dépassent de 3 à 4 fois la possibilité biologique de la forêt. Les populations rurales exercent une énorme pression sur la forêt marocaine, ce qui conduit à sa dégradation et menace sa pérennité.Ce travail de thèse a également estimé la valeur économique des différents biens et services de la forêt marocaine, en vue d’en déterminer la valeur économique totale (VET). Cela a démontré que la valeur économique de la forêt marocaine reste très sous estimée, ce qui encourage son défrichement et son remplacement par d’autres usages.Ce travail a aussi mis en évidence le faible taux de réussite des opérations de reboisement qui sont menées au Maroc, depuis plus d’un demi-siècle. Une nouvelle stratégie de gestion durable de la forêt est proposée dans le cadre du Plan Forestier National. Pour atteindre cette gestion durable, le PNF devra résoudre les principaux problèmes urgents qui menacent la pérennité de la forêt, et donner un rôle primordial aux acteurs de la société civile et aux populations rurales pour la supervision de cette nouvelle stratégie forestière, avec la participation du service forestier, pour faire de la forêt marocaine un modèle de gestion forestière durable, à l’échelle de la région Méditerranéenne. / This thesis deals with the actual situation of the Moroccan forests. Within the framework of this work, two studies were carried out at national level, in Morocco. The first concerned grazing in forest and the second the quantification of fuel wood directly collected from forest and consumed in both rural and urban areas. The results found were very disquieting. In both cases, the total volume of fodder and fuel wood, effectively collected from forest, are 3 to 4 times the biological possibility of the forest.The rural populations exert a huge pressure on the Moroccan forest, which causes its degradation and puts in jeopardy its perenniality.This thesis work also estimated the monetary value of the various goods and services of the Moroccan forest, towards the valuation of the total economic value (TEV). This showed that the economic value of the Moroccan forest is very underestimated, which encourages its degradation and clearing.This research work also demonstrated the weak success rate of the reforestation activities, which were carried out in Morocco, during the last half century. A new strategy towards a sustainable forest management in Morocco is proposed, within the framework of the National Forest Plan.To reach this sustainable forest management, the NFP should resolve the major urgent problems which threaten the Moroccan forest, and should give a role of prime importance to the civil society actors, and to the rural populations for the supervision of this new strategy, with the participation of the forest service, in order to make of the Moroccan forest a model of sustainably managed forest, at the level of the Mediterranean region.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-10-22T17:04:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lisandro Iusry Abulatif_.pdf: 18106734 bytes, checksum: 657793d70764433115d64c43314373b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-22T17:04:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lisandro Iusry Abulatif_.pdf: 18106734 bytes, checksum: 657793d70764433115d64c43314373b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-13 / Nenhuma / O presente trabalho trata da criação e implementação de um modelo conceitual de engajamento intersetorial orientado ao desenvolvimento urbano sustentável no município de Guaíba no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O modelo é denominado Estratégia de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, o qual é composto pelas etapas de formação de equipe multidisciplinar, diagnóstico situacional, proposição e alinhamento de intervenções, monitoramento e avaliação, reconhecimento de desempenho e renovação e expansão de atividades e parcerias. A metodologia de pesquisa-ação foi utilizada para a implementação das etapas, combinada com a abordagem de estudo de caso para o relato da experiência e apresentação de resultados. Os resultados indicaram que a Estratégia de Desenvolvimento Sustentável viabilizou melhorias na articulação entre secretarias do executivo municipal, identificação de dados relevantes para uso no processo de planejamento urbano e estímulo ao alinhamento entre representantes dos setores público, setor privado e sociedade civil na elaboração e execução de iniciativas relacionadas à sustentabilidade urbana. Neste sentido foi possível identificar a viabilidade do modelo proposto, bem como sua possível adaptação e replicação a outros municípios. / This research deals with the creation and implementation of a intersectoral engagement framework focused on sustainable urban development in the municipality of Guaíba in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The framework is called the Sustainable Development Strategy, which is composed by the steps of multidisciplinary team composition, situational awareness, proposition and alignment of interventions, monitoring and evaluation, general review and expansion and renewal of activities and partnerships. The action-research methodology was used for the implementation of the steps, combined with the case study approach for reporting the experience and presenting its results. The results indicated that the Sustainable Development Strategy enabled improvements in the articulation between municipal executive secretariats, identification of relevant data for use in the urban planning process, and encouragement of alignment among representatives of the public sector, private sector and civil society in the elaboration and execution of initiatives related to urban sustainability. In this sense, it was possible to identify the feasibility of the proposed model, as well as its possible adaptation and replication to other municipalities.

Dans un contexte de plus en plus concurrentiel, fortement influencé par les événements géopolitiques internationaux, et par l’évolution des goûts et des aspirations, le Mashrek occupe toujours une position touristique majeure aux niveaux régional et international. Ce projet facilite-t-il le dialogue entre les cultures? Il est bon de se pencher à nouveau sur le patrimoine commun du Bassin méditerranéen. Le 1er aspect important, c’est de redécouvrir ce patrimoine partagé afin que chacun puisse se réapproprier son propre patrimoine (un des objectifs de l’UPM « Union Pour la Méditerranée »). Il y a un grand lien entre le Mashrek et les besoins des Partenaires euro-méditerranéens dans le domaine touristique. Même si le tourisme, surtout dans contexte de coopération, permet aux gens de dialoguer et de surmonter la question des frontières, il ne faut pas occulter des blocages d’une autre nature. Cette question est très pertinente. Lors de la conception du projet, de manière à impliquer tous les acteurs et leurs besoins, c’est sans doute un avantage du programme, sur le plan de la conception du projet. Un renouveau touristique au Mashrek qui s’adapte continuellement à la réalité et introduit des modifications, ce qui permet de prendre en compte des études préalables afin de réorienter le projet en fonction des besoins, c’est une des clés de la réussite, dont la dimension régionale est une valeur ajoutée. L’aide de l’UE se révélera très précieuse à cet égard afin de huiler les synergies! Et les premiers signes concrets se manifestent: L’échange et l’ouverture d’esprit, c’est le fruit du commerce du tourisme. / In an increasingly competitive context, strongly influenced by the international geopolitical events, and the evolution of the tastes and the aspirations, Mashrek always occupies a major tourist position on the regional and international levels. Does this project facilitate the dialogue between the cultures? It is wise to lean again on the common inheritance of the Mediterranean basin. The 1st important aspect, it is to rediscover this shared inheritance so that each one can re-adapt his own inheritance (one of the objectives of the UFM “Union For the Mediterranean”). There is a great link between Mashrek and the needs of the Euro-Mediterranean Partners in the tourist field. Even if the tourism, especially in the context of co-operation, allows people to have a dialogue and to overcome the question of the borders, one should not occult obstacles of another nature. This question is very relevant! When designing this project, so as to imply all the actors and their needs, it is undoubtedly an advantage of the program, in the field of the design of the project. A tourist revival in Mashrek which adapts continuously to reality and introduces modifications, which makes possible to take into account preliminary studies in order to re-orient the project according to the needs, is one of the keys to success, whose regional dimension is an added value. The support of the EU will appear very invaluable in this respect in order to oiling synergies! And the first concrete signs appear: The exchange and the broadmindedness which are the commercial fruit of tourism.

This research provides information about Economic Development Zones (EDZ) to help the reader understand these programs. For a business owner they are able to make informed decisions about the merits of these programs and decide whether it makes sense for them to relocate their businesses to Florida’s Economic Development Zones. What most readers do not know is that these programs and the operating condition of an Economic Development Zone can offer benefits to a business owner, allowing them to reduce their operating expenses and the cost of doing business. Over the past several years, the researcher discussed foreign trade opportunities with different individuals. One of these conversations was with the sale director of a company located at Sebring Airfield and Intermodal Facility in Sebring, Florida. In this discussion, the benefits of locating a business in an Economic Development Zone, within an economically depressed rural area of Florida, was introduced. This conversation led to researching what it takes to relocate or operate a business in Economic Development Zones located in rural areas. The basic purpose in creating an EDZ through local, state, and federal government agencies is to reduce unemployment in depressed areas of the United States. This goal is accomplished by incentivizing businesses to create jobs and make capital investments in those areas. Different levels of government offer incentives to companies for relocating or expanding their businesses by creating Economic Zones. The incentives for relocating, expanding, or starting a business in an EDZ can be very lucrative. Businesses look for every opportunity to reduce their operating expenses by reducing the cost of doing business. Through incentives and tax breaks, a business could reduce its yearly operating costs making them more competitive. The goal of companies is to reduce their overhead and the government goal is to create jobs which should be mutually supportive, yet it is not the case. This lack of awareness is a major contributing factor for why these programs are not successful. From prior research conducted during a literature review, there is very little information about these programs beyond government webpages. With the rapid turnover of programs due to the political election cycle, there is little current information on the most recent EDZ except what is offered at the Federal level. One of the challenges in starting operations in an EDZ is the identification of the different stakeholders for federal, state and local programs. The lines of communication and the delineation of responsibilities between the federal government, state, and local development councils can be very confusing. In order to navigate between the different programs a business owner needs to understand how support flows down to the local agencies. An interest trend from this research, is a clear lack of awareness about these programs. Most business leaders are not aware of their local economic development office and only a few businesses had received any benefits from this organization. There is a need for better awareness about these opportunities. After reading these articles, a business leader is able to make informed decisions about the merits of these programs and decide whether it makes sense for them to relocate or expand their businesses to Florida’s Economic Development Zones.

通路商在「供應鏈」的角色，除了必須發揮原廠與客戶端中間橋樑之基本功能以外，尚須面對外部競爭及內部營運績效提昇之考驗。在面臨內外在環境的衝擊及市場的激烈競爭，通路商如何發展其競爭策略來厚植其競爭力，謀求生存利基，是一值得探討的問題。 本研究主要目的是在探討台灣半導體通路商之發展策略，透過對於國內有效問卷之180家通路商作分析，經有系統的收集與整理資料後，利用隨機效果的橫斷時間序列資料迴歸模式分析，結果顯示： 一、組織績效正差會增加通路商對於新產品與新客戶開發的發展策略。 二、組織績效負差會增加通路商對於新產品開發的發展策略，但減少新客戶開發。。 三、領導者的認知度需求度對於新產品與新客戶開發的發展策略有負向影響。 四、領導者的冒險傾向對於新產品與新客戶開發的發展策略有正向影響。 五、領導者的認知需求度對於績效差與新產品開發有調節效果。 六、領導者的冒險傾向對於績效差與新產品開發有調節效果。 / The role of distributor, basically, not only supply chain management but also “bridge” between suppliers and customers, Meanwhile, they encounter external competition as well as challenge of internal performance improvement. Beset by difficulties both at home and abroad as well as fierce competition, distributors need to modify their competition strategies in order to enhance their competitiveness and chip in the niche category they can rely on. It is worthwhile to understand how the semiconductor distributors in Taiwan keep their competitive capability under the challengeable situations. The aim of this study is to investigate the development strategy of Taiwanese small and medium distributors who exclusively manage semiconductor products. After the collection of 180 leader-company dyadic data, this study utilized the random-effects panel regression models to examine the hypotheses. The results showed： 1. The positive difference between organizational performance and past performance increased distributors’ development strategies of new product and new customer exploration. 2. The negative difference between organizational performance and past performance increased distributors’ development strategies of new product exploration but decrease new customer exploration. 3. Top leaders’ need for cognition had negative effect on both of new product and new customer exploration of development strategy. 4. Top leaders’ risk-taking propensity had positive effect on both of new product and new customer exploration of development strategy. 5. The need for cognition of a top leader had moderating effects on the relationships between performance differences and new product development. 6. The risk-taking propensity of a top leader had moderating effects on the relationships between performance differences and new product development.

SUMMARY The final work of postgraduate studies, 97 pages, 25 pictures, 5 tables, 48 references, 4 appendices in Lithuanian language. Key words: local development strategy, the process of strategy arrangement, consultation of strategy arrangement, local action groups, consultation methods. The subject of investigation is consultation of local development strategy arrangement. The aim of investigation is to research the process of local development strategy consultation and prepare recommendations for consultation of local development strategy arrangement groups. The tasks: 1. To analyze the general theoretical regularities of strategy arrangement. 2. To identify peculiarities of local development strategy arrangement. 3. To establish the problems that mostly confront the organizers and consultants of strategies. 4. To prepare the model of consultation of local development strategy arrangement groups. The subject of investigation is consultation process of local development strategy. Investigation period – 2001-2006. The methods of investigation. To solve scientific problems were chosen methods of analysis of scientific literature, systemic research method; qualitative inquest methods: arrangement of local development strategy groups and their consultants’ telephonic inquest (Cati), arrangement of local development strategy groups and their consultants’ questionnaire, systematizing of primary and secondary sources of information, analysis and synthesis, comparing methods... [to full text]

自貿易自由化及全球化以來,先進國家的教育「市場化」已成趨勢。此時教 育產業中的消費者-學生與其家長可依據其意願和偏好在眾多教育機構中來做 選擇,教育市場勢必逐漸走向「消費者」主導的競爭機制。近年來,全球少子化 議題延燒,台灣更在 2012 年創下全球最低生育率,其中幼托產業首當其衝。不 僅在幼兒就讀人數的逐年下降外,幼兒園的核心資源-幼教師亦因不斷增設的公 立幼兒園,嚴重的流失。 本研究即以幼兒園為研究主題,屬質性之個案研究,以個案公司-A 公司為 研究對象,並選擇同一教學法及規模相近之標竿公司作為比較基準,探討與個案 主體公司之經營現狀比較,並運用策略行銷 4C 模型中四項消費者心中產生之成 本-外顯單位效益成本、資訊蒐集成本、道德危機成本、專屬陷入成本作為架構, 進一步探討兩公司之現行策略中,與消費者心中主觀成本間所產生的落差,並依 據分析結果提出針對 A 公司未來發展策略之建議。 研究中發現私立幼兒園在營運模式上,應著重在服務模式及教學專業的精進, 以提升消費者心中的價值,得以降低其外顯單位效益成本(C1),並對消費者及內 部員工皆維持一致的產品定位,以降低資訊搜集成本(C2)及道德危機成本(C3); 最後因長期耕耘的品牌價值,與消費者建立起專屬資產,得以成為消費者最後的 選擇。最後,需同時洞察市場變化及風險,即時掌握學前教育政策,靈活彈性的 調整企業自身的狀態,達到永續經營的長程目標。 / Since trade liberalization and globalization, the marketization of education in advanced countries has become a trend. At this point in the education industry, consumers - the students and their parents can choose educational institutions in accordance with their wishes and preferences. Therefore, the education market is gradually moving toward the consumers-leading competition. In recent years, as the world's dramatically birthrate declining and continuing as a hot issue, Taiwan even reached a new record of world’s lowest fertility rate in 2012, which directly impacted private child-care industry. Not only declining number of children enrolled, but also increased turnover rate of the teachers due to new-established public preschools and day-care centers. The theme of this research aims at preschool industry, using the qualitative study on A company and choose a same approach and size as the benchmark company to discuss A company current operation situation. Besides, applying strategy marketing 4C model –Cost of External Unit Effectiveness(C1), Cost of Searching(C2), Cost of Moral Hazard(C3) and Cost of Engagement(C4), to further investigate the gap between corporate strategies and the consumers’ insight needs. Then propose suggestions of future development strategy to A company based on the analysis results. The study found that the business model of preschool should focus on client service systems and sophisticated teaching development in order to enhance the value of consumer insights, and to significantly reduce the external unit tcost-effectiveness (C1). In additions, given the consistent brand positioning to both consumers and internal teachers could effectively reduce the cost of searching (C2) and the moral cost (C3). In the end, as a result of a long-term cultivation of brand value to establish exclusive assets to clients, it spontaneously becomes the customer first choice with high royalty. Moreover, it is also suggested that people should keep high awareness to industrial changes and challenges, and timely review the government regulations to ensure sustainability of the company.

Agriculture plays a major role in development, as it creates jobs, develops the economy and reduces poverty. An important drawback in agriculture in South Africa is access to agricultural land and other agricultural resources by African farmers. Many African farmers still own small units of land, which are still mostly used for subsistence farming. These racial inequalities in the agricultural sector date back to colonial and apartheid eras. During the apartheid era, government policies separated white farmers from black farmers resulting in an unequal spatial distribution of farming and development in the country. The post-apartheid government that came into power in 1994 was committed to the eradication of racial legislation and implemented new agricultural policies. Twenty years later many inequalities still exit within the agricultural sector. There is a need to investigate the social and spatial inequalities in the emerging farming section. Since the Limpopo province is one of the poorest provinces in South Africa, consisting of large areas of former homelands, the aim of this research is to investigate and describe the impact of the implementation of agricultural policies on the spatial distribution of the emerging farming sector in the Mopani District of the Limpopo province. This research was done within the framework of the post-modernism paradigm. The study used mostly qualitative data but some quantitative data and methods were also used. Primary data was collected from sampled emerging farmers in the Mopani district, some officials from the local municipality and one provincial official. Evidence from analysed data indicated that the uneven spatial distribution of farms still exists despite numerous policies and programmes implemented by government through its provinces, and local and district municipalities. Structurally there is a lack of proper coordination, inadequate provision of both human and material resources, monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of policies and programmes are some contributory factors. It is recommended that policies be implemented that strategically target investment and infrastructural development to reduce poverty, unemployment and uneven spatial distribution of farms in the Mopani district municipalities in the Limpopo province. / Geography / 1 online resource (xvi, 128 leaves) : color maps / D. Phil. (Geography)