Lorsque Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714-1787) arrive à Paris à l'automne 1773, onze ans se sont écoulés depuis la création d'Orfeo à Vienne. La rupture avec l'opera seria a été consommée, et le développement des théories de la " réforme " initiées par la collaboration avec Calzabigi s'engage résolument dans la recherche d'un drame européen. Il serait cependant erroné de scinder la carrière du compositeur entre un " avant " et un " après " Orfeo, car l'œuvre de Gluck se définit comme l'épanouissement permanent des premières idées dramatiques appliquées dans ses premiers opéras italiens. Gluck établit sa " réforme " à partir de l'expérience sensible et pratique, questionnant en réalité l'ensemble des genres musicaux européens non pas sur leur légitimité, mais sur ce qu'ils offrent de possibilité d'émancipation. Cette étude s'intéresse aux œuvres françaises dans ce qu'elles développent d'autonomie et d'épanouissement musicaux à partir, étonnamment, du recul pris par rapport à l'indépendance de la musique, et grâce aussi à l'émergence dans l'Europe des Lumières d'une esthétique fondée sur la réunion et la liaison entre les arts. Il s'agit de proposer une contribution à l'étude musicale des dernières partitions certes prises comme autant d'éléments du langage gluckiste, mais également envisagées à partir des suggestions originelles des premières œuvres et, dans la mesure du possible, face aux discussions et polémiques sur la musique et l'opéra de l'époque. Les drames parisiens élucident dès lors le concept de langage universel dont le compositeur se réclame lui-même.

Is there a world in G. W. F. Hegel's The Phenomenology of Spirit? This is the central question my doctoral thesis aims to address. Both scholars and philosophers alike tend to consider Hegel a thinker who, having formulated the philosophy of absolute spirit, has surrendered the world. Despite this suspicion, the consciousness finds itself at nearly every level of Hegel's oeuvre in a place called "the world". At every stage, the world changes its shape - along with the consciousness - but its function seems to remain the same. The world is a conception of totality; thus, the world is an object of the consciousness that, by definition, surpasses the consciousness and thus reveals its limits. This moment of a "worldly" estrangement is especially pronounced as the consciousness sets itself into action. One of the most recurring motives in Hegel's The Phenomenology of Spirit is the inability of the consciousness to realize its intentions as planned. The consciousness fails to recognize itself in the deed, and thus devises strategies to distance itself from the deed. In my interpretation, this testifies that the deed is the door to the world, and obviously this world is not one that would be in the power of the consciousness. Instead, it is the consciousness that needs to subordinate itself to the deed...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:23:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ricardo_mf_dr_arafcl.pdf: 389813 bytes, checksum: 017f1aa026ed5d0bd8c748bb03436a2a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta tese tem por objetivo analisar o papel do narrador como estruturador do romance Jacques Le Fataliste de Denis Diderot (1713-1784). Apesar de ter sido escrito oitenta anos antes da eclosão do Realismo enquanto movimento estético, esse romance apresenta procedimentos literários que foram denominados, no século XIX, como sendo “realistas”. Dentre esses, destaca-se o referente ao narrador, responsável por estratégias ficcionais geradoras de uma ambigüidade entre ficção e história, provocando, no leitor, hesitação entre credibilidade e dúvida. Além disso, esse narrador apresenta uma abordagem subjetiva, que ora apenas narra os fatos, ora interfere no que é narrado, julgando as personagens e suas ações, ora se camufla na tentativa de aparentar distanciamento e neutralidade. Observa-se também de sua parte a realização de uma atividade metaficcional que evidencia um processo de escritura provocador para a sua época. As reflexões e críticas que a obra apresenta sobre a formação do gênero romance e sobre a própria escritura constituem uma experiência narrativa singular por se evidenciarem no interior do próprio romance. Dessa maneira, o narrador é o elemento que estrutura ou desestrutura a obra como um todo, gerando a coesão do texto, diante das várias histórias narradas e aos olhos do leitor. A sua análise determina, enfim, as características de um romance que se destaca dentre os publicados na França no século XVIII, constituindo-se num verdadeiro paradigma formal para os escritores seus sucedâneos, notadamente para os do século XIX, no mundo todo. / This thesis has as objective to analyze the narrator's role as the structurer of the novel Jacques Le Fataliste, by Denis Diderot (1713-1784). In spite of having been written eighty years before the Realism emerging as an aesthetic movement, this novel presents literary procedures that were denominated, in the XIX century, as being realists. Among them, it stands out the narrator, responsible for fictional strategies which generate an ambiguity between fiction and history, provoking, in the reader, hesitation between credibility and doubt. Besides, the narrator presents a subjective approach, that sometimes just narrates the facts, other times it interferes in what it is being narrated, judging the characters and their actions, and sometimes it camouflages in the attempt of looking distant and neutral. It is also observed, concerning the narrator, the accomplishment of a metaficcional activity that totally evidences a provoking writing process for its time. The reflections and critics it presents about the novel gender formation, and the writing itself, constitute a singular narrative experience by making itself evident inside the novel itself. In that way, the narrator is the element that structures or unstructures the work as a whole, generating the text cohesion, before the several narrated histories and to the reader's eyes. Its analysis determines, finally, the characteristics of a novel that stands out among all novels published in France in the XVIII century, establishing a true formal paradigm for its succedaneums writers, notedly for the ones from the XIX century, in the whole world.

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Orientador: Antonio Miguel / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T15:31:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_MariaLauraMagalhaes_D.pdf: 12578971 bytes, checksum: 42b253232c2d1e16537b7afbe47ac88f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Este trabalho focaliza as visões sobre a educação matemática dos quatro autores do Iluminismo francês cujo nome figura em seu título. Os quatro capítulos centrais são constituídos por estudos sobre as idéias de Diderot, d' Alembert, Condillac e Condorcet nos quais se procura ressaltar, para cada pensador, o aspecto mais notável em relação à educação matemática. Em Diderot, esse aspecto se encontra no sentido político da educação matemática; d' Alembert se distingue por sua consideração da epistemologia da Matemática como a base da educação matemática. Em Condillac, destaca-se a valorização da educação matemática no plano cognitivo geral; em Condorcet, as concepções e propostas para a educação matemática na instrução pública. Os capítulos inicial e final apresentam, respectivamente, o quadro da educação matemática na França do século XVllI, antes da Revolução, e o contexto da mesma educação no período pós-iluminista, da morte de Condorcet à Restauração / Abstract: This thesis is focused on elucidating visions on Mathematical Education of four Eighteenth Century French Enlightenrnent authors, namely, Diderot, d' Alembert, Condillac and Condorcet. These philosophers main views on Mathematical Education, as perceived, are here organised in four exc1usively dedicated chapters, each of them selecting and approaching the core themes and arguments of each author. Accordingly, Diderot's main ideas on the topic are aimed at the political meaning of Mathematical Education, whereas to d' Alembert, the central aspect to be underlined is the Mathematical Epistemology. As for Condillac, the priority is given to the evolving cognitive frameworks. Finally, it is believed that Condorcet' s ultimate emphasis is on public education. The thesis initial and final chapters characterise the Mathematical Education contexts in France, respectively, in the Eighteenth Century before the French Revolution and in the Post-Enlightenrnent phase, from Condorcet's death to the French Restoration / Doutorado / Doutor em Educação

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Cette recherche a pour point de départ l’important mouvement de traduction en Allemagne au tournant du XIXe siècle, et la critique par les penseurs allemands de la manière dont les Français traduisaient. Ceux-­‐ci se voient reprocher leur tendance à toujours traduire comme si l’auteur était français, refusant l’épreuve de l’étranger (Berman) que constitue la traduction. Ce conflit est philosophiquement problématisé en 1813 par F. Schleiermacher, qui montre que derrière ces approches du traduire s’affrontent des conceptions de la rationalité, du rapport de la pensée au langage, et de la subjectivité, mais aussi des conceptions de la culture, de la nation, et du rapport à l’étranger. À la lumière de ces analyses, nous réinterrogeons les conceptions de la traduction en France aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, où domine la pratique des « belles infidèles ». Nous nous intéressons aux soubassements théoriques de ces conceptions, ce qui conduit à accorder une attention particulière aux réflexions sur le langage menées à Port-Royal, et à la réflexion de Voltaire sur l’histoire. Nous étudions la question de la traduction de la philosophie en français à cette époque. Parallèlement, l’étude des premières traductions de Shakespeare en France et en Allemagne (Voltaire/Herder, Schlegel) montre comment se nouent réflexions sur la littérature, l’histoire, la pluralité des cultures – sur fond de volonté de s’émanciper, du côté allemand, de la domination culturelle française, et de remise en question de la pensée des Lumières. Revenant enfin sur les réflexions de Schleiermacher, nous étudions en quel sens elles définissent une éthique de la traduction et l’éthique à partir de la traduction, autour du concept d’hospitalité.En mettant en lumière la richesse des conceptions autour de la traduction en France aux siècles classiques, ce travail vise à redonner un intérêt à leur étude d’un point de vue philosophique, et en revenant sur cette critique allemande, à éclairer l’origine de réflexions contemporaines majeures sur la traduction et ses enjeux. / The investigation's starting point is the significant German translation's movement from the begining of the 19th century and the German thinkers criticism against the French practice of translation. The Germans reproach the French to translate a foreign work as if the author was french, thus refusing the very principle of translation, that is to confront to the Otherness (Berman). In 1813, F. Schleiermacher points the philosophical issues raised by the conflict opposing these two different approaches of translation, revealing that not only does such a conflict mirror the opposition between different ways of conceiving rationality, the relationship between language and thought, subjectivity, but also different ways of conceiving culture, nation, and the relationship to the Other and to foreignness. In the light of such analysis, we question the ways of conceiving translation in France in the 17th and 18th century, in which the practice of the "belles infidèles" prevails. We examine the theoretical groundings of these conceptions of translation, which leads to focus especially on the language studies conducted in Port-Royal and Voltaire's consideration about history. We study the issue raised by the French translation of philosophical work at the time. The confrontation of Shakespeare's first translations in France and in Germany (Voltaire/Herder, Schlegel) shows how a reflection on literature, history and cultural plurality builds up while at the same time, the Germans wish to emancipate from the French cultural domination and question the Enlightenment. We finally come back to Schleiermacher's thought to study in which way it contributes to define both an ethics of translation and an ethics based on translation, refering to the concept oh hospitality. By highlighting the depth and richness of thought surrounding translation in France in the 17the and 18th century, this work's aim is to restore an interest for studying its notions from a philosophical perspective. Furthermore, by going back to this German critique, this work is also concerned with shedding light on the origins of major conteporary thinking over translation and the issues at stake.

Notre hypothèse est que la réflexion de Diderot dans les Salons ne porte pas tant sur l’image que sur le langage : la confrontation avec les œuvres d’art l’oblige à questionner la langue. Traduire l’image permet d’expérimenter les limites expressives de la langue, de saisir ses conditions d’apparition, son origine. La présente étude se donne trois objectifs principaux. Remettre les Salons au cœur des pratiques d’écriture des salonniers. La critique d’art est à envisager non seulement au regard des idées nouvelles défendues par les salonniers, mais aussi de leurs expérimentations formelles. En examinant les textes antérieurs et postérieurs aux Salons se dessine la genèse de la critique d’art comme genre littéraire. À l’autre extrémité des influences, cette étude explore les Salons en les plaçant au cœur de l’ensemble de l’œuvre de Diderot. Diderot y approfondit ses intuitions théâtrales et esthétiques, développe ses thèses sensualistes et matérialistes, sa philosophie morale, ses idées politiques et physiologiques, affine sa conception de la langue. Les Salons l’accompagnent dans son cheminement intellectuel et dépassent le commentaire des œuvres exposées. La critique d’art est laboratoire d’écriture et de pensée. Plus encore, sa critique d’art pose avec une acuité toute particulière l’un des grands problèmes du tournant des Lumières : le conflit naissant entre nature et culture, dont le langage devient l’un des lieux d’interrogation privilégié. C’est à la question du langage que nous avons choisi de nous intéresser, parce que ses fonctions sont emblématiques des tensions du texte. Le langage peut servir à communiquer avec les autres, à échanger. Mais il a également la capacité de figurer, de créer une image dans l’esprit. Il permet enfin de s’interroger sur lui-même. Une involution semble poindre dans les Salons : c’est à partir des discours sur l’art comme lieux de sociabilité que Diderot réfléchit à la langue originelle. / My thesis is entitled “La mise en question du langage dans les Salons de Diderot”. It aims at showing that Diderot’s art critic does not focus so much on image than on language, or more precisely on the fact that, when looking at a painting, Diderot is compelled to question language. In the Salons, he tries to make pictures arise from words and to give speech and voice to images. Three aspects of the relationships between image and language arise, and make up the three parts of my thesis. First of all, Diderot talks about the paintings of the Louvre’s exhibitions. The Salons are part of Grimm’s Correspondance littéraire, whose subscribers are all members of European monarchies. While he depicts paintings, Diderot always keeps in mind that these very urbane readers expect to be entertained. Speech about art need to remain close to playful conversation in order to entertain the elite. I studied Diderot’s borrowings from other art critics, thanks to the “Collection Deloynes” in which are gathered all texts from the eighteenth century about the Louvre’s exhibitions. Working on this collection enable me to prove Diderot’s influence on evolution of art criticism considered as a literary genre. The second part of my thesis focuses on the language of image. Diderot also tries to invent a language that imitates image, whose structure and phrasal progression match the dynamic of the painting. He adapts his writing to pictures until he reaches sometimes the limits of syntactic structure. Finally, Diderot questions the ability of words to convey images, which lead him to a metalinguistic reflection. Paintings are perceived as a gestural form of language which gives clues to understand the origins of language. My research consists in proving that there is a kind of “involution” of language in Diderot’s art critic. Whereas evolution led language from nature to urbanity, in the Salons, being confronted to images, Diderot seems to go the way back, from urbanity to nature.

François-Antoine-Valentin Riccoboni (1707-1772) représente un paradigme de la rencontre des cultures théâtrales italienne et française au XVIIIe siècle, du point de vue des pratiques scéniques, de la dramaturgie, de la poétique et de la théorie du jeu. Son travail d’acteur participe de l’esthétique italienne visant un jeu plus simple et naturel, qui aura plusieurs échos dans la réforme de la pratique scénique française, la critique contemporaine et la théorie du jeu. Son œuvre se développe dans le sillon de la tradition de la Comédie-Italienne de Paris, démontrant la persistance des processus de composition poétique typiques du savoir artistique italien. Danseur et maître de ballet, François expérimente les possibilités du ballet-pantomime au carrefour des influences choreutiques anglaises, foraines, et du jeu pantomimique italien. Son Art du Théâtre (1750) représente la translation de sa pratique scénique dans le domaine théorique et esthétique. Manuel à l’usage des aspirants acteurs, il revendique aussi une théorie fondée exclusivement sur la pratique du plateau. Aussi, définit-il pour la première fois une théorie du jeu qui repose sur les qualités rationnelles et imitatives de l’acteur, laquelle influencera notamment le Diderot du Paradoxe. Divisé en quatre parties, notre travail reconstruit la vie de Riccoboni (I Partie) ; essaie de saisir son jeu scénique en italien à l’impromptu, en français, dans le chant et dans la danse (II Partie) ; analyse son œuvre dramatique (III Partie) ; étudie l’Art du Théâtre (IV Partie). Deux volumes d’annexes rassemblent des documents d’archives inédits, le répertoire raisonné et l’édition des œuvres inédites de François. / François Antoine Valentin Riccoboni (1707-1772) exemplifies the intersection between Italian and French theatrical cultures in the 18th century in terms of staging practices, dramaturgy, poetics, and the theory of acting. Rooted in the Italian aesthetic, his acting aimed to achieve a style that was simpler and more natural and would be echoed in a number of ways in the reform of French stagecraft, contemporary criticism and the theory of acting. His work develops in alignment with the tradition of the Comédie Italienne in Paris, thus demonstrating the longevity of the process of poetic composition characteristic of the Italian artistic expertise. Dancer and ballet master, Riccoboni experiments with the possibilities of the ballet-pantomime at the juncture of influences from English dance, fairgrounds, and Italien pantomime. His Art du Théâtre (1750) proposes the transposition of his stage techniques in the areas of theory and aesthetics. A practical handbook designed for aspiring actors, it claims also to be a theory based solely on stage experience. It articulates, for the first time, a theory of acting based on the rational and imitative qualities of the actor, which will influence notably Diderot in Le Paradoxe. Divided in four parts, this doctoral dissertation retraces Riccoboni’s life (Part I); attempts to understand his stage craft in Italian all’improvviso, in French, in song and dance (Part II); analyzes his dramatic works (Part III); and studies his Art du Théâtre (Part IV). Two volumes of appendices offer previously unpublished archival sources as well as the annotated inventory and edition of previously unpublished texts by Riccoboni. / François Antoine Valentin Riccoboni (1707-1772) rappresenta un paradigma dell’incontro tra la cultura teatrale italiana e francese nel XVIII secolo, dal punto di vista della pratica scenica, della drammaturgia, della poetica e della teoria della recitazione. La sua arte attoriale partecipa dell’estetica italiana, tesa ad una recitazione più semplice e naturale, che avrà delle eco importanti nella riforma della pratica scenica francese, nella critica contemporanea e nella teoria della recitazione. La sua opera si sviluppa nel solco della tradizione della Comédie Italienne di Parigi, dimostrando la persistenza di processi compositivi tipici del sapere artistico italiano. Ballerino e maître de ballet, François sperimenta anche le possibilità del ballet-pantomime all’incrocio delle influenze coreutiche inglesi, foraines, e dell’arte scenica e pantomimica italiana. Il suo Art du Théâtre (1750) rappresenta la traslazione della sua pratica attoriale nel dominio teorico ed estetico. Manuale pratico all’uso degli aspiranti attori, esso rivendica inoltre una teoria fondata esclusivamente sulla pratica del palcoscenico e definisce per la prima volta un processo interpretativo basato sulle qualità razionali e imitative dell’attore, teoria che influenzerà particolarmente il Diderot del Paradoxe. Diviso in quattro parti, il nostro lavoro ricostruisce la vita di Riccoboni (I Parte); cerca di restituirne la pratica scenica nella recitazione all’improvviso, in francese, nel canto e nella danza (II Parte); analizza la sua opera (III Parte); studia l’Art du Théâtre (IV Parte). Due volumi di appendici raccolgono documenti d’archivio inediti, il repertorio ragionato e l’edizione delle opere inedite di François.

In mid-eighteenth century Paris, two Benedictine monks from the Congregation of Saint-Maur – also known as the Maurists – started compiling a universal dictionary of arts, crafts, and sciences. The project was initiated simultaneously with what would become one of the most famous literary enterprises in Western intellectual history: the Encyclopédie of Diderot and d’Alembert. The latter started as an augmented translation of Ephraim Chambers’s Cyclopaedia, but it was constructed with another French dictionary as its ideological counterpart: the Jesuits’ Dictionnaire de Trévoux. While the Encyclopédie eventually turned into a controversial but successful best-seller, considered as the most important medium of Enlightenment thought, the Benedictines never finished or published their work. After a decade, the manuscripts were put aside in the monastery library, and were soon forgotten. For about two hundred and sixty years, the Maurists’ dictionary material has largely escaped the attention of researchers, and its history of production has been unknown.      This dissertation examines the history and characteristics of the Maurists’ enterprise. The manuscripts are compared to the Encyclopédie and the Dictionnaire de Trévoux, and the project situated within its monastic environment of production, the history of the encyclopedic dictionary, and the Enlightenment culture. The study has an interdisciplinary character and combines perspectives of History of Science and Ideas, History of Monasticism, History of Encyclopedism, and History of the Book. The research procedure is distinguished by a microhistorical approach, where the studied materials are analyzed in a detailed manner, and the research process included in the narrative.       The dissertation shows that the Maurists early found themselves in a rival situation with the embryonic Encyclopédie, and that the two projects had several common denominators that distinguished them from the predecessors within the genre. At the same time, the Maurists were making a dictionary unique in the eighteenth century, which assumed a third position in relation to the works of the encyclopédistes and the Jesuits. The study provides new perspectives on the Encyclopédie of Diderot and d’Alembert, the intellectual activities of the Congregation of Saint-Maur, as well as the editor in charge of the Maurist dictionary: Dom Antoine-Joseph Pernety, otherwise known for his alchemical writings.