Humanity is at the starting point of a new industrial revolution, affecting our daily life, work and way of thinking. New technologies and breakthroughs drives the fourth industrial revolution, transforming the structure of the world economy, society and its people. The key component of these changes is the rapid technological development, which relies on the high degree of digitalization. The work with digitalization is a highly discussed topic, but no general or standardized method for digital improvement efforts has been established. In order to face the challenges associated with the technological development, which forces organizations to invest time and resources to create their own methods for working with digital improvements. This study focus on the common characteristics or elements found in previous digital improvement efforts, in an attempt to summarize and identify the success-factors. These elements were further analyzed and evaluated against established theory, to assess the element’s trustworthiness and generalizability, resulting in a conceptual framework. The conceptual framework was tested and evaluated in a case study concerning two case companies to achieve practical applicability, leading to the final framework. This final framework, focusing on information flows connected to an organization processes, was found capable of identifying, analyzing and prioritizing digital improvement opportunities, by utilizing external and internal factors. Thus, answering the research questions: RQ 1: How would a framework capable of identifying digital improvement opportunities, based on common characteristics found in literature, be presented? RQ 2: How can digital improvement opportunities be prioritized and evaluated, to create value for an organization, whilst being practicable? RQ 3: Which information is necessary to retrieve, to successfully implement digital improvements?

Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att undersöka digitalisering och dess påverkan på kompetens och kompetensförsörjning inom svenska myndigheter. Detta med avseende på det 16:e hållbarhetsmålet, framtaget av FN, som syftar till att främja fredliga, rättvisa och inkluderande samhällen för en hållbar utveckling. För att uppnå denna vision studeras e-förvaltning och dess inverkan på samhället. Insamling av primärdata har skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Vidare har sekundärdata tillämpats i form av statistik för att stödja en del påståenden. Utifrån denna studie kan det konstateras att digitalisering inom de studerade myndigheterna dels bidragit till att ersätta arbetsuppgifter och dels till att förändra arbetsverktyg. De nya arbetsuppgifterna och arbetsprocesserna har ställt ökade krav på nya kompetenser bland medarbetarna inom den operativa verksamheten. Främst handlar det om en ökad digital kompetens hos medarbetare. Beroende på den digitala mognaden och införandet av digital teknologi varierar efterfrågan på den digitala kompetensen. Ur myndighetens perspektiv har digitaliseringen bidragit till ökad kompetensnivå. Detta har medfört att arbetsuppgifternas process och resultat blir av högre kvalitet. / The purpose of this thesis has been to study how digitalization has affected competency and competency management within Swedish authorities. This regards to the sixteenth sustainable goal developed by the UN which purpose is to promote peaceful, equitable and inclusive societies for a sustainable development. E-governance and its effect on the society is being studied to achieve the vision of a sustainable development. Collection of data has included primary data in the form of semi-structured interviews. Further on, secondary data have been applied in form of statistics for varying contexts. Based on the study’s findings it can be confirmed that the digital transformation within the examined authorities partially has contributed to replace professional tasks and partially to change the working tools used in the operation. The new professional tasks and their applied processes have contributed to higher demands of new competencies within the operation. It is mainly about an increased digital competency of employees. Depending on the digital maturity and the implementation of new technologies, the demand of digital competence varies between the authorities.

Online-Kommunikation ist ein allgegenwärtiges Phänomen unseres digitalen Zeitalters. Soziale Netzwerke, Messenger-Programme und ähnliche Dienstleistungen begleiten uns alle im Alltag und werden von jungen Generationen als selbstverständlich hin- und in Anspruch genommen. Der Einzug der Moderne in kommunikative Abläufe sollte auch vor inner- und außerbetrieblichen Abläufen in Unternehmen nicht haltmachen. 2006 entwickelte McAfee sein Konzept ‚Enterprise 2.0‘. Darin beschreibt er den Einsatz von Web 2.0-Technologien in Betrieben. Seitdem versuchen Firmen sich diesem Idealbild anzunähern. Zur menschlichen Kommunikation gesellt sich zwischenzeitlich, neben Mensch-Maschine-Kommunikation, auch der intermaschinelle Informationsaustausch. ‚Internet der Dinge‘ und ‚Industrie 4.0‘ dominieren in Deutschland den Sprachgebrauch, wenn es um wirtschaftliche Belange geht. Besonders die produzierende deutsche Unternehmenslandschaft setzt große Hoffnung in den Einsatz und die Integration modernster Web-Technologien in ihre Logistik- und Produktionsprozesse. Das um den Menschen zentrierte Konzept von ‚Enterprise 2.0‘ scheint in den Hintergrund zu treten. Etwa Mitte 2014 tauchte ein neuer Begriff in den Suchmaschinenanfragen im Internet auf: ‚Digitale Transformation‘. Er scheint als Klammer zwischen allen oder zumindest vielen Konzepten rund um Web 2.0-Technologien und Sozialen Medien und deren Einsatz im Wirtschaftsleben zu fungieren. Darin eingebunden ist neben der technologischen, auch die kulturelle Komponente, die mit dem Einsatz solcher Werkzeuge einhergeht: Generationenwandel, Führungskonzepte, Technologien, Geschäftsmodellveränderungen. Diese als ‚disruptive Veränderungen‘ wahrgenommenen Ereignisse scheinen in nicht unerheblichem Maße unsere Diskussionen, privat und beruflich, stark zu beeinflussen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Fragestellungen wie sich die Kommunikation und das Informationsmanagement in Unternehmen verändert sowie mit den digitalen Kenntnissen von Mitarbeitern im Umgang mit Online-Medien. Erst in den letzten beiden Jahren (2015 und 2016) werden vermehrt Studien und Veröffentlichungen publiziert, die sich mit diesen Themen beschäftigen. Wenn man einen genaueren Blick darauf wirft, dann muss aber festgestellt werden, dass es sich oftmals um Großunternehmen und Konzerne handelt, die als Beispiele genannt werden, z. B. Robert Bosch GmbH, Siemens AG, Axel Springer SE, Continental AG. Der für Deutschland wichtige Unter- und Mittelbau aus kleinen und mittelständischen (KMU) sowie Familienunternehmen scheint zu fehlen. Das ist der Grund, weshalb der Fokus dieser Dissertation auf der Beschäftigung mit den vorgenannten Veränderungen in Unternehmen aus diesen Bereichen liegt. Um ein schärferes Bild der Veränderungen hinsichtlich Kommunikation und Informationsmanagement in Unternehmen zu bekommen, wurde das Thema vom Autor mit einer explorativen Herangehensweise bearbeitet. Er führte eine quantitative Studie mit Auszubildenden und Studenten der Duale Hochschule (n = 438) durch, um deren Kommunikationsverhalten sowohl im privaten als auch im beruflichen Umfeld zu ermitteln. In einem zweiten Forschungsschritt fand eine ethnographische Feldbeobachtung in einem Familienunternehmen statt. Diese wurde mittels des Mixed-Methods-Ansatzes durchgeführt. Neben der Beobachtung erfolgte hier ebenfalls eine quantitative Studie mittels Fragebogenerhebung (n = 189). Die Dissertation liefert als Ergebnis einen Einblick in die ‚digitale Reife‘ von Unternehmen, die weder in ihrer Struktur, noch der Größe oder der Kapitalausstattung an oben genannte, medienpräsente Unternehmen heranreichen, aber zu denen gehören, die über 99 % der Unternehmen stellen und 60 % der Menschen in Deutschland beschäftigen. / Online communication is a ubiquitous phenomenon of our digital age. Often used by young generations as a matter of course, Social Networks, Messenger Programs and similar services accompany us all in everyday life. The advent of modernity in communicative processes should also not preclude the internal and external procedures in companies. In 2006, McAfee developed his concept ‘Enterprise 2.0’. He describes the use of Web 2.0 technologies within companies. Since then, many of them have been trying to approach this ideal. In addition to human communication, we see humanmachine communication and intermachine information exchange. When it comes to economic concerns, 'Internet of Things' and 'Industry 4.0’ dominate the language usage in Germany. The German business landscape in particular places great hopes on the usage and integration of state-of-the-art web technologies in their logistics and production processes. The concept of 'Enterprise 2.0', which is centered on the human being, seems to be set into the background. Around mid-2014, a new term emerged in the web search engines: 'digital transformation'. It seems to be a link between all or at least many concepts about Web 2.0 technologies and social media and their use in business life. In addition to the technological and cultural component involved in the use of such tools, this includes change of generations, management concepts, technologies, business model changes. These events, perceived as 'disruptive changes', seem to have a considerable influence on our discussions, both private and professional. This thesis deals with the questions on how communication and information management in companies are changing as well as with the digital knowledge of employees working with online media. It is only in the last two years (2015 and 2016) that more and more studies and publications regarding these topics have been published. If you take a closer look, these are often done with and about large companies and corporations, e.g. Robert Bosch GmbH, Siemens AG, Axel Springer SE, Continental AG. The smaller and midsized companies, the so-called ‘German Mittelstand’, which are important for Germany, seems to be missing. Because of this, the focus of this dissertation is on the abovementioned changes in companies out of this spectrum. In order to get a clearer picture of the changes in communication and information management in enterprises, the author has dealt with an exploratory approach. He conducted a quantitative study with trainees and dual university students (n = 438) to determine their communication behavior both in their private and their professional environment. In a second research step, an ethnographic field observation took place in a family enterprise. He has done this using the mixed-method approach. In addition to the observation, a quantitative study was carried out using a questionnaire survey (n = 189). The result of the dissertation provides an insight into the 'digital maturity' of companies that do not reach the above-mentioned companies represented in the media, neither in their structure nor their size or capital but which belong to more than 99 % of all the German companies that employ approximately 60 % of all working people.

Införandet av informationsteknologi inom hälso- och sjukvården har blivit en stor del av den svenska hälso- och sjukvården. Processer kan effektiviseras, vårdkvalitén kan öka och det bidrar till en tydligare översikt för personalen. Däremot är införandet av en applikation eller ett system en tidskrävande och komplex process som måste genomgå flera olika instanser innan det kan införas. Det gäller såväl stora heltäckande system som småskaliga avdelningsspecifika programvaror.  Studien undersöker vad som kännetecknar införandet av en applikation för neonatalavdelningen på Norra Älvsborgs Länssjukhus (NÄL). Med hjälp av utvärderingsmodellen Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) utvärderas hur personalen upplever användandet av en sådan applikation för att stödja deras resursplaneringsprocess. Studien visar att det är en tidskrävande process att införa även en liten applikation och det kan vara svårt att motivera för ledningen att allokera resurser för något som enbart stödjer en avdelning. Studien visar även att med en vilja att förändra en arbetsprocess och med en positiv inställning till digitalisering kan en småskalig applikation upplevas som ett stöd för en arbetsprocess. / The adoption of information technology in health care has become a major part of the Swedish health care sector. It has been shown that processes can be streamlined, the quality of care can increase and it helps to provide a clearer overview for the staff. On the other hand, the adoption of a software or system is a time-consuming and complex process that must go through several different instances before it can be implemented. It applies to both large-scale systems and small-scale department-specific software. The study examines what characterizes the introduction of a small-scale software for the neonatal department at Norra Älvsborg Länssjukhus (NÄL). The evaluation model Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) evaluates how the staff experience the use of such software to support their resource planning process. The study shows that it is a timeconsuming process to introduce even a small software and it can be hard to motivate management to allocate resources for something that only supports a single department. The study also shows that with a willingness to change a work process and with a positive attitude towards digitization, a small-scale software can be perceived as a support for a work process.

Cette thèse propose un examen empirique du programme de modernisation de l’État articulé en France, entre 2014 et 2017, autour du concept d’« État plateforme » et interroge l’intérêt étatique pour la modernité technologique des administrations — souvent qualifiée de numérique. Le cahier des charges confié aux modernisateurs de l’État était le suivant : simplifier la réalisation des démarches administratives des usagers, évaluer et améliorer la qualité des services publics, investir dans des équipements informatiques communs aux administrations, expérimenter de nouveaux modes de gouvernement ; le tout en faisant participer les usagers et les agents publics. Ce programme d’action ne prétendait pas transformer tout l’État, je soutiens qu’il se présenterait plutôt comme une boursoufflure technologique sur le paysage administratif, un pli. Pour rendre compte de ce nouveau monde de la modernisation et de ces conséquences politiques et matérielles, mon travail se positionne au croisement des études des sciences et des techniques, de la sociologie de l’activité et de la sociologie de l’État. À partir d’une enquête ethnographique menée dans le service du Premier ministre responsable de l’activité coordonnée de réforme de l’État, j’analyse cette modernisation en train de se faire, sous la forme alors déterminante des projets. La thèse s’ouvre sur un état des lieux des littératures sur la réforme de l’État et les phénomènes de modernisation. Elle est ensuite divisée en quatre chapitres, chacun retraçant un projet. Tous les projets instrumentés par le design, l’ergonomie, l’informatique, l’économie et la sociologie parcourent une facette de l’action coordonnée de transformation technologique de l’État, en même temps qu’ils explorent un lieu de l’État. / This thesis offers an empirical examination of the programme of state modernization developed in France, between 2014 and 2017, around the concept of the ‘Platform State’. It examines the state’s interest for the technological modernity of public administrations – often labelled digital. The state modernisers’ mandate was as follows: simplify the implementation of administrative procedures, assess and improve the quality of public services for users, invest in digital infrastructure, experiment with new modes of government, involve users and public officials. This programme did not claim to transform the state as a whole. I argue that it constituted rather a technological swelling on the administrative landscape, a fold. To account for this new world of modernisation and its political and material consequences, my work is positioned at the crossroads of science and technology studies, the sociology of activity and the sociology of the state. Based on an ethnographic study carried out in the Prime Minister’s department in charge for the coordinated activity of state reform, I analyse this modernisation in-the-making as a process, and a project. The thesis starts with review of the literature on the reform of the state and the phenomena of modernisation. It is then divided into four chapters, each analysing one specific project. All projects, instrumented by design, ergonomics, computer science, economics and sociology, engage different facets of the state’s transformation, and explore different sites of the state.

Almost all businesses are affected by the current trend of digitalization. To stay competitive, they need to find the right balance between innovation and exploitation. IT-investments could result in increased efficiency, as well as other competitive advantages. To be sure that the IT- investments contributes to these expected advantages, the businesses should evaluate their IT- investment. For the systems to continue to create value and to avoid the use of outdated systems, it’s also of major importance the IT-systems are assessed at a regular basis.   The aim of this thesis is to investigate on what basis IT-investments are made, as well as what approaches organizations tend to adopt while valuating and evaluating their systems. The study was conducted through a qualitative method and the data-collection was made through semi- structured interviews with respondents from 6 different businesses who occupied positions such as chief information officer, chief digital officer and project manager. The part of empirics and analysis explains the results of the study and compares the empirical data with theory.   The result of the study shows that IT-investments often are made to match the digitalization of society and that such investments are affected by factors such as competition and customer’s requests. The result also reveals that acquisition, through Business Case, often is made to decide whether the IT-investment should carry on or discontinue. Furthermore, the result shows that the work with system management often is conducted in a controlled and thoroughly way, but that the work with evaluation isn’t sufficiently comprehensive; which the businesses is aware of and wishes to do in greater extent.

Progress in digital technologies has influenced organizations and individuals alike. The focus of organizations has been to adapt to the dynamic digital landscapes; ranging from expanding the boundaries of existing markets, to conquer unexplored and unclaimed opportunities. These include collaboration in novel partnerships with external actors, creating additional value through alternative use of existing technologies and services, provided to the customer in the growing digitally interconnected ecosystem. The purpose of this work is to explore contemporary consultant’s experiences related to the digitalization of their client organizations. Which major factors, in their experience, increase the success rate of digitalization or digital transformation projects, and which factors form the greatest risks? In order to answer the research questions and thereby fulfill the purpose, a case study was performed, where eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted with consultants from two firms. A thematic analysis was conducted, and the results were presented in the more general topics Perspectives on change, Change management, User involvement, Digital maturity, and Cultural aspects. These adaptations made by organizations need to be aligned with the overarching goals and values they may hold. In order for such an investment to stand a chance of being successful, support is needed from all levels of the organization. Both through the willingness to adapt, and suitability of the proposed investment. In order to provide support is through proper change management, with a specific focus on the human side of the planned change. If the implemented system or process is not being used, or not utilized as intended, the generated improvement will be less than expected. The digital strategy was argued to be of less use to the organization the less connected it was to the general strategic perspectives. The digital aspects described in such a document must be incorporated in the identity and culture of the organization to remain useful, they need to become part of their DNA.

Anledningar till att digitalisera en verksamhet eller organisation är många. Barcevičius et al., (2019) har visat i att det inom offentlig sektor handlar om att motivera digitalisering genom bland annat kostnadsbesparingar, kostnadseffektiviseringar och effektiva tjänsteleveranser. Nu börjar en del aktörer och forskare argumentera för varför välfärden ska digitaliseras, där ett av de mest drivande argumenten är den framtida demografiska utmaningen. Studier som (Sundberg, 2019a) visar att använda digitalisering inte enbart resulterar i fördelar, i vissa fall ifrågasätts inte digitaliseringen utan den antas vara något som en organisation behöver anpassa sig till. Det här arbetet har använt sig av tidigare forskning inom området “policy enactment” för att dels (i) kritiskt granska olika digitaliseringspolicies kopplade till välfärden samt genom (ii) två studier av hur dessa kan förstås ur ett praktiker-perspektiv. En kvantitativ datainsamling bland vård- och omsorgsaktörer som ses som generella praktiker samt en djupdykning i specifika praktiker genom en kvalitativ datainsamling av två kommuner. Resultaten visar att praktiker prioriterar att erbjuda bättre service till sina patienter och medborgare och att “grand narratives” som ”att vara bäst i världen” inte upplevs som att ge något mervärde i praktiken. Samtidigt är praktiker medvetna om den demografiska utmaningen som Sverige står inför men varje praktiker tolkar utmaningen på olika sätt utifrån sin mer lokala kontext och efterfrågar lösningar baserat på hur de tolkat problemet. Den här uppsatsen drar slutsatsen att det finns flera drivande faktorer till att digitalisera välfärden och offentlig sektor men det är inte nödvändigtvis de faktorer som motiveras i digitaliseringspoliciesen. Det visade sig även att en storstadskommun kan dra lärdomar från en landsbygdskommun och vise versa.

Brain of Materials ist eine Plattform für innovative und smarte Materialien, die Designern, Entwicklern und Ingenieuren diverser Branchen dabei hilft, ihre Produktentstehungsprozesse zu optimieren und zu beschleunigen.

Background: Adapting to digital environments and utilizing the benefits that digitalization brings is becoming increasingly important and crucial for the survival of firms in a market that is constantly changing and characterized by digitalization. Firms need to undergo necessary changes in order to successfully adapt their firm to a digital environment and therefore increase their digital maturity. At the same time, it is becoming more common for consultants to be employed by firms to drive their digital transformation.   Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how consultants within the IT industry work define digital maturity and what consultants experience is important to work with within digital maturity to drive digital transformation. The study intends to answer the following research questions; ●      What does digital maturity signify for a consultant within the IT industry? ●      What aspects of digital maturity does a consultant within the IT industry experience are the most important to work with within a firm?   Methodology: To answer the purpose of the study and the related research questions, a qualitative interview study with an abductive approach was conducted. A reference model has been used which forms the basis for the study's theoretical frame of reference, interview guide and thematic analysis. The empirical data has been obtained through semi-structured interviews and has been analyzed using a thematic method. The respondents are senior consultants who work at different consulting firms in the IT industry and who have at least 10 years of experience in projects regarding digital transformation and/or digital maturity and at least five years of experience in the consulting profession. This study has adopted an interpretivist philosophy in order to understand contextual factors within the studied subject.   Conclusion: The most important aspects of digital maturity from a consultant’s perspective are; capacity for change, external analysis, digital strategy, leadership and governance, and organizational culture. The aspects that have been identified as less important are; digital competence and IT use. This study has therefore contributed to how consultants can work with digital maturity and digital transformation and has also created a classification of the phenomenon that can help both firms and consultants to understand which aspects of digital maturity are more important to prioritize in a digital transformation than others.   Keywords: digital maturity, digital transformation, digitalization, digital strategy, leadership, organizational culture, digital competence