This thesis analyzes the concept of ”funktionalitet” (the dis/ability divide), normality and vulnerability in the Swedish Law on Support and Service to Certain Disabled People (Lagen om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade – LSS). LSS is the main rights law for people with disabilities and was groundbreaking when it came, but has since its legislation not been developed any further. Recent debate has shown that the law is not implemented according to its intentions. Through the use of discourse analysis and the theoretical perspectives ableism, intersectionality and vulnerability this thesis investigates the understanding of ”funktionalitet” in the legislation and the official government inquiry (SOU 1991:46) that submitted a proposal for the law in 1991. The main conclusions of the analysis point toward a conception of ”funktionalitet” as both depending on the power structure of ableism and as a diversity in humanity. The position as a person with disability is portrayed as a special (or pathogenic) vulnerability in order to claim special rights. Moreover the thesis briefly discusses how the position as a person with disabilities is denied other identificatory categories such as a person with a gender identity, sexuality and/or being a parent. These are topics for further research.

Ce travail avait pour objectif l'étude de l'impact des deux procédés : la déshydratation imprégnation par immersion (DII) et le séchage convectif menés séparément ou combinés sur les transferts couplés d'eau et de saccharose et les principaux critères de qualité de fruit (écart de couleur, teneur en phénols totaux (PT), teneur en acide ascorbique (AA), retrait volumique, activité de l'eau) en prenant la poire Conférences comme modèle. L'effet des procédés sur les morceaux de poire a été appréhendé selon deux approches : (i) une étude globale de l'impact des variables de commandes sur la qualité du produit fini et (ii) une étude cinétique des composés d'intérêt nutritionnel et de la qualité (couleur, retrait, activité de l'eau).Un plan d'expériences composite centré à quatre facteurs et cinq niveaux a été établi (concentration en saccharose de la solution osmotique : 25-65%, température de DII : 20-60 °C, durée de la DII : 0,5-6,5 h, température du séchage convectif : 30-70 °C) pour étudier l'effet global des procédés sur le produit fini. En DII, les paramètres « °Brix, « durée » et « la température de la solution » ont un effet significatif (p < 0,01) sur les pertes en eau, le gain en soluté et les attributs de qualité de morceaux de poire. Les pertes en AA sont plus élevées que les pertes en PT et sont essentiellement dues à l'oxydation et à l'entraînement par l'eau. Durant le séchage convectif, les pertes en PT et en AA dépendent plus de la durée du procédé que de la température d'exposition. Elles atteignent respectivement 80% et 34% après 10 h de séchage à 30 °C. Le changement de couleur de morceaux de poire dépend de la durée et de la température de traitement et est plus prononcé en fin de séchage. Des modèles quadratiques prédictifs ont été proposés pour relier les variables de réponse (aw, différence de couleur, perte en PT et durée totale de traitement) aux paramètres opératoires des deux procédés étudiés. Cependant, la perte en AA décroit linéairement avec la durée de DII. Une optimisation multicritères en utilisant la méthodologie des surfaces de réponse (MSR) a été proposée (pertes minimales en PT et en AA, durée totale du traitement et différence de couleur réduites et une aw inférieure à 0,6) pour la combinaison DII/séchage. Les conditions optimales sont : solution osmotique à 28°C et 25°Brix, une durée de DII de 30 min et un séchage convectif à 60 °C. Par ailleurs, les effets de la température (30, 45 et 60 °C) et de l'imprégnation en saccharose par DII (10 et 65 min, 70°Brix, 30 °C) sur les isothermes de désorption et sur la température de transition vitreuse (Tg) de morceaux de poires, de pommes et d'abricots ont été déterminés. L'imprégnation en saccharose du tissu végétal atténue l'influence de la température sur sa capacité de sorption. Elle engendre un effet dépresseur de l'activité de l'eau et une augmentation de l'hygroscopicité de la poire, la pomme et l'abricot à température élevée. Les isothermes de désorption des abricots frais et enrichis en saccharose présentent un croisement des courbes marquant l'inversement de l'effet de la température sur les isothermes. La Tg dépend de la température, de la teneur en saccharose et de la teneur en eau des fruits. Pour une teneur en eau constante, l'augmentation de la température et la durée de DII se traduisent par l'augmentation de la Tg. Les digrammes de phase (Tg=f(X) et Tg=f(aw)) des fruits ont été établis à 30, 45 et 60°C et les teneurs en eau critiques ainsi que les activités d'eau critiques ont été déterminées. Une teneur en eau en fin de séchage inférieure ou égale à 0,02 g/g M.S. est recommandée pour l'obtention de morceaux de fruit stables aux niveaux microbiologique, physicochimique et rhéologique. / The aim of this work was the study of the impact of both drying processes: dehydration-impregnation by soaking (DIS) and convective drying performed separately or in combination on mass transfers of water and sucrose and on the main quality characteristics of the fruit (total difference of colour, total phenols (TP) and ascorbic acid (AA) contents, shrinking, water activity) by taking the pear Conference as a model. The processes effect on the pieces of pear was apprehended according two approaches: (i) a global study of the impact of the variables of commands on the quality of finished product and (ii) a kinetic study of nutritional compounds and the quality (colour, shrinkage, and water activity). Central Composite Design with four factors (sucrose concentration: 25-65 %, temperature: 20-60 °C, immersion time: 0.5-6.5 hr and drying temperature: 30-70 °C) at five levels each was used for pears processing. During DIS, the variables: immersion time, temperature and concentration of sucrose solution had a significant effect (p<0.01) in the loss of water, the solid gain and the quality attributes of pears. The losses in AA are higher than those in TP and are essentially due to the oxidation and the leaching with water. During the convective drying, the losses in TP and in AA depend more on the time of the process rather than the temperature of exposition. They reach respectively 80% and 34% after 10 h of drying at 30 °C. The color change of pear depends on the time and temperature of treatment and is more pronounced at the end of drying. Predictive and quadratic models were suggested to link the responses variables (aw, total colour difference, TP loss and total time treatment) to operational parameters of both studied processes. The losses in AA decrease linearly with the duration of DIS. A multicriteria optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) was proposed (minimal losses in TP and in AA, reduced total processing time and total difference in colour and an aw inferior to 0.6) for the combination DIS/convective drying. The optimal conditions are: osmotic solution at 28°C and 25°Brix, a DIS lasting 30 min and a convective drying at 60 °C. Otherwise, the temperature effects (30, 45 and 60 °C) and the sucrose impregnation by DIS (10 and 65 min, 70°Brix, 30 °C) upon the desorption isotherms and the transition temperature (Tg) of pears, apples and apricots were determined. The sucrose impregnation diminishes the influence of temperature on its sorption ability. It generates a depressing effect on water activity and a rise of pear hygroscopicity, apple and apricot at a high temperature. The desorption isotherms of fresh and sucrose impregnated apricot present a crossing of curves which mark the inverse of the effect of temperature on isotherms. The Tg depends on the temperature, the sucrose content and the fruit water content (X). For constant water content, the rise of temperature and of the duration de DIS result in the increase of Tg. The phase diagrams (Tg=f(X) et Tg=f(aw)) of fruits were established at 30, 45 and 60°C and the critical water content as well as the critical water activities were determined. Water content at the end of drying inferior or equal to 0.02 g/g d.b. is recommended to obtain stable fruit pieces at microbiological, physiochemical and rheological levels.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-10-28T08:55:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Rodrigues de Oliveira.pdf: 3393972 bytes, checksum: e59dd900b4529eeec5afcdf8606db385 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-28T08:55:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Rodrigues de Oliveira.pdf: 3393972 bytes, checksum: e59dd900b4529eeec5afcdf8606db385 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research is part of the Line of Research ‘Text and discourse in the oral and written modalities’, of the Postgraduate Studies Program in the Portuguese Language of the Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, and deals with parliamentary speeches, focusing on their retextualization and on the (dis)courtesy present in these speeches, especially that arising from requests of corrections to be made in another's speech. In parliamentary sessions, it is common for speakers to utter words considered discourteous by their peers, who request the correction of these words in the retextualized text to save their own faces or third-party faces. From the hypotheses that such requests for corrections would in fact aid in the expansion of the threat to the faces in the plenary sessions and that the corrections in the retextualized speeches would not contribute to saving those same faces, in addition to the certainty that some retextualization practices may lead to a distortion of what the speaker has said, this research aims to answer the following questions: a) do requests for corrections in another’s speech in a plenary session contribute to saving threatened faces or cause an exacerbation of the threat?; b) do the corrections made by retextualizers in response to such requests fulfill the task of saving faces in the written text?; c) do the corrections made by retextualizers in order to make speeches meet the standards recommended by the legislative bodies or for personal reasons have an effect on aspects of (dis)courtesy? Based on studies of Discourse Analysis, Text Linguistics, Conversation Analysis and Interactional Sociolinguistics, in addition to procedure manuals of legislative bodies, relevant legislation, this thesis analyzes a corpus made up of four blocks of speeches delivered in the House of Representatives. The results obtained suggest that: a) the requests for corrections of another's speech at plenary sessions do not contribute to saving faces but causes an expansion of the threat; b) corrections made by retextualizers in response to such requests do not fulfill the face saving task but, to the contrary, they aid in arousing an interest in the threats; c) the corrections made by retextualizers to adjust speeches to the standards recommended by legislative bodies or for personal reasons can result both in the insertion of courtesy and of discourtesy in the speeches published in the written form. This research is justified by the need to contribute to an awareness of the relevance of the written record of parliamentary speeches and to the changing of retextualization practices in order to prioritize what is said in the speeches, not what the speaker should or would have said. Therefore, this thesis brings contributions to the task of retextualizing parliamentary speeches and intends to arouse the attention of researchers to this vast field of study that is still little explored / A pesquisa insere-se na Linha de Pesquisa “Texto e discurso nas modalidades oral e escrita”, do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Língua Portuguesa da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, e trata do discurso parlamentar com foco em sua retextualização e na (des)cortesia corrente nesses discursos, principalmente aquela oriunda de pedidos de correção nos discursos alheios. Nas sessões parlamentares é comum que os oradores pronunciem termos considerados descorteses por seus pares, os quais solicitam a correção desses termos no texto retextualizado com vistas à proteção das próprias faces ou das faces de terceiros. A partir das hipóteses de que tais pedidos de correção colaborariam para a expansão da ameaça às faces no plenário e de que as correções nos discursos retextualizados não contribuiriam para a proteção das mesmas faces, além da certeza de que algumas práticas retextualizadoras podem levar ao falseamento do dito pelo orador, a pesquisa propõe-se a responder às seguintes questões: a) as solicitações de correção no discurso do outro no plenário contribuem para o salvamento das faces ameaçadas ou provocam exacerbação da ameaça?; b) as correções realizadas pelos retextualizadores em atendimento a tais solicitações cumprem o papel de proteção de faces no texto escrito?; c) as correções efetuadas pelos retextualizadores para adequação dos discursos a padrões recomendados pelas casas legislativas ou por motivos pessoais atuam sobre os aspectos da (des)cortesia? Fundamentada em estudos da Análise do Discurso, da Linguística Textual, da Análise da Conversação e da Sociolinguística Interacional, além de manuais de procedimentos de casas legislativas e de legislação pertinente, esta tese analisa um corpus formado por quatro blocos de discursos proferidos na Câmara dos Deputados. Os resultados obtidos indicam: a) as solicitações de correção do discurso do outro no plenário não contribuem para o salvamento de faces e provoca a expansão da ameaça; b) as correções realizadas pelos retextualizadores em atendimento a tais solicitações não cumprem o papel de proteção de faces e, sim, colaboram para despertar o interesse pelas ameaças; c) as correções efetuadas pelos retextualizadores para adequação dos discursos a padrões recomendados pelas casas legislativas ou por motivos pessoais podem atuar tanto para a implantação da cortesia quanto da descortesia nos discursos publicados na forma escrita. A pesquisa justifica-se pela necessidade de se contribuir para a conscientização da importância do registro escrito dos discursos parlamentares e para a mudança das práticas de retextualização no sentido de se privilegiar o que é dito nos discursos e não aquilo que o orador deveria ou desejaria dizer. Ela traz, portanto, contribuições para os trabalhos de retextualização de discursos parlamentares e pretende despertar a atenção de pesquisadores para o estudo de campo tão vasto e ainda pouco explorado

Automatic emotion recognition has long been a focus of Affective Computing. It has become increasingly apparent that awareness of human emotions in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is crucial for advancing related technologies, such as dialogue systems. However, performance of current automatic emotion recognition is disappointing compared to human performance. Current research on emotion recognition in spoken dialogue focuses on identifying better feature representations and recognition models from a data-driven point of view. The goal of this thesis is to explore how incorporating prior knowledge of human emotion recognition in the automatic model can improve state-of-the-art performance of automatic emotion recognition in spoken dialogue. Specifically, we study this by proposing knowledge-inspired features representing occurrences of disfluency and non-verbal vocalisation in speech, and by building a multimodal recognition model that combines acoustic and lexical features in a knowledge-inspired hierarchical structure. In our study, emotions are represented with the Arousal, Expectancy, Power, and Valence emotion dimensions. We build unimodal and multimodal emotion recognition models to study the proposed features and modelling approach, and perform emotion recognition on both spontaneous and acted dialogue. Psycholinguistic studies have suggested that DISfluency and Non-verbal Vocalisation (DIS-NV) in dialogue is related to emotions. However, these affective cues in spoken dialogue are overlooked by current automatic emotion recognition research. Thus, we propose features for recognizing emotions in spoken dialogue which describe five types of DIS-NV in utterances, namely filled pause, filler, stutter, laughter, and audible breath. Our experiments show that this small set of features is predictive of emotions. Our DIS-NV features achieve better performance than benchmark acoustic and lexical features for recognizing all emotion dimensions in spontaneous dialogue. Consistent with Psycholinguistic studies, the DIS-NV features are especially predictive of the Expectancy dimension of emotion, which relates to speaker uncertainty. Our study illustrates the relationship between DIS-NVs and emotions in dialogue, which contributes to Psycholinguistic understanding of them as well. Note that our DIS-NV features are based on manual annotations, yet our long-term goal is to apply our emotion recognition model to HCI systems. Thus, we conduct preliminary experiments on automatic detection of DIS-NVs, and on using automatically detected DIS-NV features for emotion recognition. Our results show that DIS-NVs can be automatically detected from speech with stable accuracy, and auto-detected DIS-NV features remain predictive of emotions in spontaneous dialogue. This suggests that our emotion recognition model can be applied to a fully automatic system in the future, and holds the potential to improve the quality of emotional interaction in current HCI systems. To study the robustness of the DIS-NV features, we conduct cross-corpora experiments on both spontaneous and acted dialogue. We identify how dialogue type influences the performance of DIS-NV features and emotion recognition models. DIS-NVs contain additional information beyond acoustic characteristics or lexical contents. Thus, we study the gain of modality fusion for emotion recognition with the DIS-NV features. Previous work combines different feature sets by fusing modalities at the same level using two types of fusion strategies: Feature-Level (FL) fusion, which concatenates feature sets before recognition; and Decision-Level (DL) fusion, which makes the final decision based on outputs of all unimodal models. However, features from different modalities may describe data at different time scales or levels of abstraction. Moreover, Cognitive Science research indicates that when perceiving emotions, humans make use of information from different modalities at different cognitive levels and time steps. Therefore, we propose a HierarchicaL (HL) fusion strategy for multimodal emotion recognition, which incorporates features that describe data at a longer time interval or which are more abstract at higher levels of its knowledge-inspired hierarchy. Compared to FL and DL fusion, HL fusion incorporates both inter- and intra-modality differences. Our experiments show that HL fusion consistently outperforms FL and DL fusion on multimodal emotion recognition in both spontaneous and acted dialogue. The HL model combining our DIS-NV features with benchmark acoustic and lexical features improves current performance of multimodal emotion recognition in spoken dialogue. To study how other emotion-related tasks of spoken dialogue can benefit from the proposed approaches, we apply the DIS-NV features and the HL fusion strategy to recognize movie-induced emotions. Our experiments show that although designed for recognizing emotions in spoken dialogue, DIS-NV features and HL fusion remain effective for recognizing movie-induced emotions. This suggests that other emotion-related tasks can also benefit from the proposed features and model structure.

This arts-based, qualitative investigation focused on high school English teachers of students with learning dis/abilities (Baglieri & Knopf, 2004) who used visual arts integration (Eisner, 2002) to find out how teachers experience using visual arts in English and what their experiences mean (Zoss & White, 2011) in order to understand why certain experiences stood out for the teachers as being important. I framed the study theoretically with complexity theories of teaching and learning (Davis, Sumara, & Luce-Kapler, 2008), while combining aspects of sociocultural theory (Smagorinsky, 2001; Vygotsky, 1978; Wertsch, 1991), cognitive pluralism (John-Steiner, 1997) and Dewey’s notion of experience (1934/1980). The teacher participants were three high school English teachers employed at an independent school for students with learning dis/abilities. A/r/tography (Irwin & Springgay, 2008; Springgay, Irwin, & Kind, 2005, 2008) influenced my methodology in that I created visual art to theorize the data and my experiences conducting the study. I collected data during spring and summer 2011. Data sources included participant observation and field notes (Dewalt & Dewalt, 2002), photography (Coover, 2004; Harper 2000, 2002), teachers’ visual texts (La Jevic & Springgay, 2008), artifacts (Prior, 2003), and interviews (Smagorinsky, 2008; Smagorinsky & Coppock, 1994). I used qualitative methods of coding analysis (Charmaz, 2006; Ezzy, 2002; Saldaña, 2009) and visual analysis (Riessman, 2008; Rose, 2001), as well as arts-based methods for educational research (Cahnmann-Taylor & Siegesmund, 2008). This study fills a gap in empirical research in both English education and special education by examining English teachers integrating art in classes for students with dis/abilities. Furthermore, understanding how teachers experience visual arts integration can inform methods courses for teaching secondary English educators.

The experiment E06010 measured the target single spin asymmetry (SSA) in the semiinclusive deep inelastic (SIDIS) n↑(e,éπ¯)X reaction with a transversely polarized 3He target as an effective neutron target. This is the very first independent measurement of the neutron SSA, following the measurements at HERMES and COMPASS on the proton and the deuteron. The experiment acquired data in Hall A at Jefferson Laboratory with a continuous electron beam of energy 5.9 GeV, probing the valence quark region, with x = 0.13→0.41, at Q2 = 1.31→3.1 GeV2. The two contributing mechanisms to the measured asymmetry, viz, the Collins effect and the Sivers effect can be realized through the variation of the asymmetry as a function of the Collins and Sivers angles. The neutron Collins and Sivers moments, associated with the azimuthal angular modulations, are extracted from the measured asymmetry for the very first time and are presented in this thesis. The kinematics of this experiment is comparable to the HERMES proton measurement. However, the COMPASS measurements on deuteron and proton are in the low-x region. The results of this experiment are crucial as the first step toward the extraction of quark transversity and Sivers distribution functions in SIDIS. With the existing results on proton and deuteron, these new results on neutron will provide powerful constraints on the transversity and Sivers distributions of both the u and d-quarks in the valence region.

133 f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-25T18:14:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_ Maioli, Edilene.pdf: 1296539 bytes, checksum: f0b2ec22de83e245ad05f373cddf167c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora Lopes(silopes@ufba.br) on 2013-04-30T19:20:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_ Maioli, Edilene.pdf: 1296539 bytes, checksum: f0b2ec22de83e245ad05f373cddf167c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-30T19:20:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_ Maioli, Edilene.pdf: 1296539 bytes, checksum: f0b2ec22de83e245ad05f373cddf167c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / A presente dissertação comunica os resultados de uma etnopesquisa sobre o movimento do (des)prestígio social na docência de professoras das séries iniciais que trabalham no Centro de Educação Básica da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Através da análise de conteúdo de entrevistas gravadas, fontes escritas e outros dispositivos, foram analisadas as representações sociais das professoras primárias em contexto específico de trabalho e algumas representações veiculadas na imprensa, local e nacional, sobre docência, carreira, profissão, e sobre o (des)prestígio e desvalorização que atualmente envolvem essa ocupação, principalmente nesse nível de ensino. É um estudo de caso de inspiração hermenêutica, cujo aporte crítico fenomenológico constituiu-se num esforço de compreender como se constituem as representações sociais do desprestígio social, bem como a interpretação deste movimento dialético no interior da docência de professoras das séries iniciais e seus possíveis desdobramentos na profissionalidade dessas docentes. / Salvador

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-04-19T12:40:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 neiltondosreisgoularth.pdf: 3855199 bytes, checksum: 58dcb9b0a3e491bfdf5f3ecd3c71f77c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-19T12:54:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 neiltondosreisgoularth.pdf: 3855199 bytes, checksum: 58dcb9b0a3e491bfdf5f3ecd3c71f77c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-19T12:55:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 neiltondosreisgoularth.pdf: 3855199 bytes, checksum: 58dcb9b0a3e491bfdf5f3ecd3c71f77c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-19T12:55:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 neiltondosreisgoularth.pdf: 3855199 bytes, checksum: 58dcb9b0a3e491bfdf5f3ecd3c71f77c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Esse texto diz de experiências de encontros. Encontro com uma perspectiva de pesquisa em Educação, encontro com a não-binaridade de gênero, encontro com pessoas que se diferenciam do binário de gênero, encontro com a diferença. Todos esses – e ainda outros – produziram essa pesquisa que agita as questões de gênero e Educação se lançando ao rompimento de binarismos. Dos questionamentos que costuro nesse texto destaco um que atravessa todos os outros: como as experiências na não-binaridade de gênero movimentaram e movimentam outras experiências? Utilizo retalhos teórico-metodológicos pós-estruturalistas, retalhos poéticos de Federico García Lorca e retalhos narrativos para formar essa colcha. As narrativas foram produzidas através de conversas com três pessoas que não fixam suas identidades enquanto femininas ou masculinas, mas intentam se desterritorializar esse binário. Conversei com cada pessoa duas ou três vezes e suas histórias as tornam coautoras desse texto e pesquisa – o narrar-se durante essas conversas foi, também, uma (re)invenção de nossas próprias diferenças de gênero. Observo e exploro alguns atravessamentos entre as narrativas e as leituras de autoras e autores do campo do Gênero e da Educação: a identificação de uma matriz de gênero binária produzida por diversos espaços e instituições e que provocará fortes subjetivações; as tentativas de rompimento com tal matriz a partir de dimensões corporais, estéticas e morais; e as relações (harmoniosas ou desconfortáveis) constituídas a partir desse rompimento consigo mesmo e com o mundo. Uma pesquisa que vibrou em mim costuras de desestabilizações, provocações e questionamentos, muito mais que certezas: “deixaria nesse livro toda minha alma...” (LORCA, 2004, p. 571) / This text is about encounter experiences. Meeting with a research perspective in Education, meeting with non-binarity of gender, meeting with people who differ from gender binary, meeting with difference. All these meetings - and still others - produced this research that stirs in the questions of gender and Education and that launches to the breaking of binarismos. Of the questions that I put together in this text I highlight one that crosses all others: how have experiences in non-binarity of gender moved other experiences? I use poststructuralist theoretical-methodological flaps, poetic flaps by Federico García Lorca and narrative flaps to form this quilt. The narratives were produced through conversations with three people who do not fix their identities as female or male, but try to deterritorialize this binary. I have talked to each person two or three times, and their stories have made them the co-authors of this text and research - to narrate it during these conversations was also a (re)invention of our own gender differences. I observe and explore some crossings between the narratives and the readings of authors of the field of Gender and Education: the identification of a matrix of binary gender produced by diverse spaces and institutions and that will provoke strong subjections; the attempts to break with such a matrix from bodily, aesthetic, and moral dimensions; and the relations (harmonious or uncomfortable) constituted from this break with himself and with the world. research that vibrated in me seams of destabilization, provocations and questions, much more than certainties: "I would leave this book in my soul ..." (LORCA, 2004: 571).

Aujourd'hui, la campagne n'est plus seulement un lieu de production agricole puisque de nouveaux usages, notamment récréatifs, apparaissent (Urbain 2002, Perrier-Cornet, Hervieu, 2002). Ainsi, cette thèse porte sur les associations et leur rôle dans la recomposition de la structure sociale et sportive de la société rurale en Franche-Comté, en matière d'intégration et/ou d'exclusion. Notre travail empirique, entrecroisant des phases quantitatives et qualitatives, s'apparente à une plongée analytique dans la vie sociale des clubs ruraux. Nous y observons les mécanismes d'engagement et de désengagement des sportifs en suivant leur itinéraire au sein des structures associatives. Dans une approche mêlant l'influence des situations et des dispositions, notre étude se donne pour objectif d'analyser les différentes modalités de construction ou de déconstruction des « connectivités » dans et/ou à partir des clubs sportifs des villages ruraux. Nous définissons les connectivités selon trois dimensions : la « communalité », soit le partage ou la possession d'un attribut commun, la « connexité », comme les attaches relationnelles qui lient les individus entre eux et la « groupalité », comme le sentiment d'appartenir à un groupe particulier, limité, solidaire (Brubaker, 2001). Sans pour autant écarter les contraintes macro-sociales, la construction plurielle des connectivités sportives associatives résulte de l'inscription des individus au sein d'une « configuration » particulière (Elias, 1991), au centre de laquelle l' « esprit club » joue un rôle prépondérant. En ce sens, les associations sportives rurales, à travers leurs temporalités, sportives et extra-sportives, exercent une influence déterminante sur la structuration des connectivités/dé-connectivités. L'articulation de logiques individuelles et collectives entraîne alors leur différenciation et parfois même leur décomposition. Notre recherche sur ces connectivités/dé-connectivités différenciées permet, alors, de démontrer leur rapport réciproque avec le processus d'intégration et/ou d'exclusion et d'évaluer la portée structurante et/ou reléguante de la réalité du sport à la campagne. / Today, the countryside is no longer exclusively a place for agricultural production. Indeed, new uses are appearing, amongst which, recreational activities (Urbain 2002, Perrier-Cornet, Hervieu, 2002). This thesis deals with associations and their role into the reorganization of the social and sports structure in rural society in Franche-Comté, with a focus on integration and/or exclusion. Our empirical work counts both quantitative and qualitative phases and can be compared to an analytical dive into the social life of the rural athletic clubs. There, we observe the mechanisms of sportsmen's involvement and uninvolvment by following their ‘career' within the associative structures. In an approach combining the influence of situational and individual characteristics, our study aims at analyzing the various modalities for the construction or the deconstruction of the "connectivities" in and/or from the sports clubs in the rural villages. We define connectivities according to three dimensions: the "commonality" is the sharing or the ownership of a common attribute; the "connectedness" is defined as the relational ties which bind the individuals together; and the "groupness", as the feeling of belonging to a particular, limited, united group (Brubaker, 2001). Without pushing aside the macro-social constraints, the plural construction of the associative sports connectivities is the result of the inscription of the individuals within a particular "configuration" (Elias, 1991), at the center of which the "club spirit" plays a major role. The rural sports associations, through their sports-related and non-sports-related temporalities, exercise a determining influence on the structuring of the connectivities/dis-connectivities. The articulation of individual and collective logics then causes their differentiation and sometimes even their decomposition. So, our research on these differentiated connectivities/dis-connectivities allows to demonstrate their mutual relationship with the integration and/or exclusion process and to estimate the structuring and/or relegating impact of the reality of sports activities in the countryside.

This study examines how dialect can reflect people's heritage, socioeconomic status, and dis/entitlement status. It also examines how dialect has the ability to create social situations through codeswitching and language borrowing. I use the novels A Lesson Before Dying, The Lunatic, and Anthills of the Savannah to best explain my study. The novels take place in the United States, Jamaica, and West Africa. The theory that dialect reflects people's heritage, class, and dis/entitlement status is revealed through people from Africa and the African Diaspora and through people from Europe and the European diaspora. A conclusion is formulated after analyzing the characters' historical background, their living conditions, their educational status, and their actions toward others and themselves. The attributes of these characters, along with their dialect reveal a pattern that exists in real life. There are situations in which the dialect a person speaks determines how his or her life plays out. Ultimately, this thesis will reveal that people who speak standard dialects deal with similar situations, and people who speak nonstandard dialects deal with similar situations.