The aim of the thesis is to determine the objectified value of the company Měšťanský pivovar v Poličce, a.s. The work is divided into theoretical and practical parts. The relevant theoretical aspects of the business valuation are described in the theoretical part, with the focus on the introduction of categories of values, the valuation process, setting the discount rate and the basic forms of DCF models. The financial and strategic analysis, value drivers and the financial plan is composed in the practical part of the thesis. The company is valued using the method DCF Equity to 1.1.2010.

In this article, the author is trying (1) to know more about the Internet industry, theoretically and practically, (2) to know the strengths and weaknesses of Internet companies with different business models, and the criteria that can be used to tell a winner from a would-be loser, and (3) to arrive fundamental approaches that could be used or that would be suitable to the valuation of a given Internet stock. They are mainly because the law of increasing return, first mover advantage, brand name advantage and model consolidation that make the competitiveness of leading Internet companies increase continually, and make it harder and harder to survive for new entrants. The author compares different valuation models including dividend discount model, discount free cash flow method, adjusted discount free cash flow method, EVA method, P/S, P/B, P/E multiples, and other non-financial multiples such as page view multiples and unique visitor multiples. Among them, the adjusted discount free cash flow method is the most suitable model to the valuation of Yahoo! and other leading portals that already report positive earnings or can be sure to make money in the near future. Other valuation models cannot be used to the valuation of portals.

Abstract Authors:Stefan Harrå and Magnus Björk Advisor: Markku Penttinen Title: Accounting Consequences of the change in pension accounting Background to problem: When the revised IAS 19 comes into force January 1, 2013, it means that two of the three accounting principles for defined benefit pension plans are disappearing, including the corridor method. The corridor method has made it possible for companies to defer its actuarial gains and losses. Now that the corridor approach abolished then the unrecognized actuarial gains and losses immediately be covered by equity, which involves very large amounts of some companies. Why the amounts have grown so big is much because of the discount rate. The discount rate is a controversial parameter, and there is disagreement on how it should be fixed. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to examine the accounting implications this will have for the company applied the corridor method, and if there is some parameters in the actuarial assumption that is more important than others. Methodology: The thesis has mainly been based on a qualitative research through qualitative interviews with a small sample that is affected by this change. There are quantitative elements to a greater depth by examining the annual reports, discount and deferred pension liabilities of the various companies. The approach is exploratory as it is a qualitative study and there was little knowledge of the subject before the work of it started. Therefore, a study of literature, regulations and previous research before the empirical study. This made it possible to gain a broader understanding of the subject and to shape relevant and essential interview questions. Conclusions: The conclusion shows that the largest accounting consequences for the companies in the study in conjunction with the change is that the unrecognized actuarial gains and losses will now be covered by equity and that the expected return on plan assets is based on the discount rate. The study also shows that it is the discount rate which is considered the most important parameter that the companies are looking at in the actuarial assumption. The conclusion also provides a shared sense of the true and fair picture of the companies after the revised IAS 19. Suggestions for further research: That after 2013 to study how the actual result of this rule change did this compare to the expected. Look at the problem of determining the discount rate. How will the IASB look at it if more and more begin to deviate from the standard? Keywords: "IAS 19", "IAS 19 revised", "corridor method", "pension accounting", "pension liabilities", "defined contribution plans", "actuarial assumptions", "actuarial gains and losses" and "discount rate".

The objective of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is to provide useful information to the users of financial statements to assist in making economic decisions. To be useful, information has to be relevant and reliable, but the reliability of information suffers when the guidelines for the reporting of specific issues are not clear and managerial discretion arises. Write-offs are one of those accounting issues that are regularly related to earnings management. By now it is seen as common knowledge that write-offs, especially those on goodwill, do not reflect declines in asset value; rather, they are used as a device to manipulate financial reports. However, there is a striking lack of grounded theoretical research that can confirm this assessment. The aim of this dissertation is to provide valuable analytical and empirical insights on fixed asset write-offs under IFRS. In a first step, the practical implementation of IAS 36 in Europe has to be analyzed, which is best done empirically. Based on the findings from these empirical surveys, the most substantial questions remaining are subject to an in-depth analytical discussion. Since IAS 36 entails different measurement issues that have their origins in finance theory, this dissertation also aims to introduce some basic techniques from theoretical finance to accounting research. Lastly, as the analyses presented in this dissertation do not cover all open questions on fixed asset write-offs, the author hopes to encourage further research on this important topic.

In this paper we examine the short and long-term relations between stock price, book value and residual income.  We employ a panel error correction model, estimated with Engle & Granger’s (1987) two-step procedure and the single equation methodology. The models are estimated with FE-OLS and the MG-estimator. We find that stock prices adjust previous periods equilibrium error. Further, we find that book value has short and long-term effects on stock prices. Finally, this paper finds mixed results regarding residual incomes impact on stock prices. The MG-estimator finds evidence for a short-term relationship, while the FE-OLS provides insignificant or weak support for short-term effects. FE-OLS and MG-estimator find insignificant or weak support regarding residual incomes long-term effects.

Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka om Riksbankens tillkännagivanden av reporänteförändringar har en effekt på den svenska aktiemarknaden, samt om det råder skillnader mellan fyra branscher i Stockholmsbörsen. Studien syftar även till att undersöka om det kan urskönjas en skillnad mellan branschernas räntekänslighet. Metod: Undersökningen baseras på en eventstudie med ett estimeringsfönster på 60 dagar före tillkännagivandet av reporänteförändringen, och ett eventfönster på 11 dagar. Urvalet består samtliga reporänteförändringar mellan 2001-2015, och av följande branscher, Finans & Fastighet, Industrivaror, Hälsovård, Teknologi, som är inhämtade från Stockholmsbörsen. Teori: Den teoretiska utgångspunkten i studien är teorin om den effektiva marknadshypotesen och teorier om reporäntan. Det presenteras även teorier om diskonteringsräntans effekt samt pris- och inkomstelasticitet. Finansiell psykologi, som är en invändning mot effektiva marknadshypotesen, redogörs dessutom tillsammans med tidigare forskning som har legat till grund för undersökningen. Slutsats: Studien resulterar i att det inte råder ett entydigt samband mellan Riksbankens tillkännagivanden av reporänteförändringar och den svenska aktiekursen. Resultatet illustrerar att det råder en skillnad mellan de valda branschernas räntekänslighet. Det går inte direkt att fastställa att den svenska marknaden är effektiv. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine if Sweden’s central bank announcements of the federal funds rate have an effect on the Swedish stock market, and whether there are differences between four sectors of the Stockholm Stock Exchange. The study also aims to investigate if there is a difference between the sectors interest rate sensitivity.  Method: The study is based on an event study with an estimation window of 60 days prior the announcement of the federal fund rate, and an event window of 11 days. The sample consists of all the announcement of the federal funds rate between 2001- 2015 and the following sectors, Finance & Real Estate, Industrials, Healthcare, Technology, who are acquired from the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Theory: The theoretical basis in this study is the theory of the efficient market hypothesis and theories about the federal funds rate. An introduction to theories about the discount rate and price and income elasticity is also presented in the study. Financial psychology, which is a statement of opposition against the efficient market hypothesis, is also introduced together with previous research which the examination is based on. Conclusion: The results show that there is no unambiguous correlation between Sweden’s central bank announcements of the federal funds rate and the Swedish stock price. The result illustrate that there is a difference between the selected sectors interest rate sensitivity. In summary, it’s established that the Swedish stock market cannot be seen as an efficient market.

欲透過流動性調整模型來探討流動性風險對或有償權的影響，但本篇研究著重於選擇權的分析。根據Feng (2014)，流動性折現因子由市場流動性與股價對市場流動性敏感度所構成，而且此流動性之動態過程具有均數復歸的特性。根據本篇研究結果，價內選擇權和價平選擇權的評價表現比傳統Black-Scholes好，如果進一步將流動性之跳躍性質引入模型，除了價內選擇權和價平選擇權之外，價外選擇權的評價表現亦呈現大幅度的改善。於探討模型評價表現優劣之餘，本篇文章欲更進一步探究市場不流動性對選擇權避險參數的影響。 / This study uses a liquidity-adjusted pricing model to discuss the impact of the liquidity risk on Contingent Claim. However, we focus on the analysis of option. The liquidity discount factor consists of market liquidity and the sensitivity of stock prices to market illiquidity. The dynamic process of market liquidity possesses mean-reversion. Our empirical results show the liquidity model will improve pricing performance for ITM and ATM options. After incorporating diffusive jumps in liquidity, marked improvements in pricing performance for OTM options are observed. In addition, we discuss the impacts of liquidity risk on hedging parameters.

近年來台灣房屋仲介市場可說發展的相當快速，許多賣方和買方常基於成本的考量，而透過仲介公司來買賣房屋。當然，委託給仲介公司來買賣房屋。其中可能主要因素即著眼於縮短交易的時間或者是提高成交的機率，本研究的整個重心將圍繞在賣方的訂價高低(底價)賣屋動機與房屋的屬性來解釋銷售期間和成交機率的高低，並且本文擬得用搜尋理論和代理人理論來詮釋房地產仲介市場的交易行為。 本研究主要分成六章，第一章為緒論。第二章從搜尋理論的觀點來研究訂價與成交價和銷售期間的關係。我們從賣方決定訂價之後，買方會依據訂價要求折扣率，而賣方也會決定一願意給買方的最小折扣率的角度出發，來建構房屋搜尋模型。由理論得知，賣方折扣率底線愈大，則預期銷售期間愈長；銷售期間愈長，則預期賣方折扣率底線愈低；搜尋成本愈大，則預期賣方折扣率底線愈小；買方要求折扣率分配的平均數愈大，則預期賣方折扣率底線愈大。在實證研究上，利用信義房屋仲介公司所提供的資料(1990－1993)，以銷售期間和訂價相對於成交價的比例為應變數，採用聯立方程式的方式來估計分析。實證結果發現上述幾項論點皆獲得驗證與支持。 第三章模型同時考慮賣方和仲介業的行為，一方面說明賣方搜尋成本和買方所要求折扣率分配對銷售期間和成交機率的影響，另一方面提供未來修正理論模型的基礎。利用存活分析法(survival analysis)來估計銷售期間。一方面，我們要探究影響房屋交易之銷售期間的可能原因為何？另一方面，我們也想了解銷售期間是否具有時間相依性(time dependence)，是否銷售期間越長者，越不易賣出？或越容易賣出？ 第四章利用logit模型來估計房屋成交的機率，由於危險模型為純粹之計量模型，而非由理論模型所導出，所以分配之假設將限制其估計模型與理論的關連性，而logit模型則無此問題，因此本研究亦嘗試用logit模型來做估計。 第五章利用代理與搜尋模型來分析賣方和仲介業間的行為關係。不同的仲介收費制度--固定百分比收費(fixed-percentage commission)、定額制(flat－fee)、代銷(consignment sale)，對雙方利益衝突的衝擊為何，是否潛藏著嚴重的道德危險(moral hazard)。透過本篇的分析，可瞭解何以固定百分比收費制度是台灣房屋仲介市場的收費趨勢。最後一章為結論與未來研究方向。 / This paper employs search theory to study the re1ationships between the list price, the transaction price,and marketing duration in the Taiwan real estate market. Theoretically, buyer uses the a set of criteria together,with the listing price to develop an offer which is based on a (guest) minimurn discount rate guideline form the listing price to determine a price that will be acceptable to the seller. We attempt to describe the impact of pricing strategies (seller's minimum discoun rate) and marketing duration by incorporating the minimurn discount rate in a search model. The derived search model indicates the presence of a positbive retalionship between the minimurn discount rate and marketing duration;an inverse relationship beteween marketing duration and munimurn discount rate; an inverse relationship between searching costs and mininurn discount rate; and a positive relationship between the buyer's average discount rate of distribution function and minimum discount rate. The study uses data collected during the l990-1993 time period and provided by Hsin Yi Realty Co., with the dependent variables being the marketing duration and the ratio of the listing price to the transaction price. A simultaneous equation is developed and used to analyze the following hypotheses: firstly, the higher the ratio of the listing price against the transaction price, the longer it takes to reach the marketing duraion; secondly, the longer it takes to reach the marketing duraion, the higher the ratio of the listing price against the transaction price; thirdly, the longer the period of consignment, the longer it takes to reach the marketing duration; and the fourth,if the seller is not in a hurry to sell,then the marketing duration becomes longer. Our empirical findings verify and support all the above stated analyses.

民國93年3月22日，我國期貨市場發生一開盤後隨即跌停，而後無量下跌，引發我國期貨市場產生流動性風險及系統性危機之事件，此事件本研究將之簡稱為「322事件」。本研究首先將透過時間的推進來說明引發322事件之原因、發生經過，以及在此次事件中，為何會引發我國期貨市場之流動性風險及系統性危機之主要原因。本研究發現主要是因為在3月20日總統大選前，大多數的期貨交易人均預期選後的股市會有一波漲幅，故過份建立期貨多頭部位，但是經過了3月19日的槍擊總統一案以及3月20日的選舉爭議，都讓民眾對未來充滿不確定性，以致在3月22日一開盤便委賣遠大於委買，期貨成交量萎縮，期貨交易人損失慘重，保證金嚴重不足，而引發流動性風險及系統性危機。 而後，期貨主管機關為因應金融自由化及國際化，目前正研擬開放多種店頭市場金融商品供期貨商自營操作，但開放後期貨商勢必將承擔更高之市場風險，主管機關應該如何因應成了開放前最重要之課題。資本適足率係主管機關在監理期貨商經營是否健全時的第一道防線，故本研究便建構一新模型，用以估算欲開放之新種金融商品的短期投資折扣率，本研究並以台指選擇權為例，透過本模型估算其最適之短期投資折扣率，結果與目前期貨交易所所規範之40％相去不遠。 最後，本研究提出數點建議，以期未來再度發生類似於322事件時，能夠降低我國期貨市場面臨之流動性風險及系統性危機。同時，也建議期貨主管機關未來在設算金融商品之短期投資折扣率時，能夠依循一具合理原則性之模型估算，避免未來當開放多種金融商品後，產生彼此間原則相抵觸之問題。 / In 2004, Taiwan’s future market suffered both serious liquidity risk and systematic risk. At March 22nd in 2004, the Taiwan Future Index fall down and touched the maximum limit－7% suddenly. The volume of future market was extremely low. This paper called this event as “322 event.” This paper has two parts. First the paper will illustrate the 322 event. What caused the 322 event? And how the 322 event happened? This paper will seek these answers. We found that the main reasons to cause the liquidity risk and systematic risk are too many investors bought futures. This was because they believed after the 2004 President election, the Taiwan’s stock market would rise to celebrate. At March 19th, the President Chen Shui-Bian encountered a shot murder. At March 20th, some serious dispute took place and made our society was full of insecurity. Investors began concern the stock market would be uncertain. They didn’t buy any futures like before, but in contrast they started to sell it. The another aspect in this paper is to construct a model. In order to follow up the liberalization and globalization, the government authority plans to open more derivatives for the futures corporations to invest. But how do the government authorities monitor these futures corporations becomes an important lesson. This paper will also seek the answers through constructing a model using VaR model to estimate the short-term investment discount ratio. Then this paper uses Taiwan Stock Option as an example examining whether the model is useful. The short-term investment discount ratio of the stock option by model is 40.89%. This outcome is much closed to 40%, the regulated discount ratio. Finally, this paper provides several advices in order to diminish the liquidity risk and systematic risk when futures market will suffer what similar to 322 event in the future. And this paper gives some information to supervisors about how to construct a model to estimate the short-term investment discount ratio so that the ratio is ensured following a logical principle.

This paper presents a method to value the residential real estate portfolio of an economy by summarizing the future discounted values of the net operating income. The motivation for this choice of subject is the concern for a house bubble in Sweden due to the double-digit rise in housing prices which the economy has experienced during many consecutive years. However, the method is general and can be applied anywhere where relevant statistics is available. The challenge to use an income approach to residential real estate valuation lies in the fact that there is no obvious net operating income, as the owner and the end user is in many cases the same person. To solve this challenge, we determine the maximum possible net operating income by taking the households’ disposable incomes and subtracting their expenses. This will be a fictional value for the maximum possible net operating income or the imputed income for real estate owners. When this fictional net operating income is compared to the mean prices of properties, a maximum potential yield to capital invested in residential real estate is extracted. The current number for this maximal potential yield on the Stockholm market seem to be 6,4 percent, 2017. The main contribution of this paper to the science of economy is that it presents a way to use classical fundamental valuation methods to evaluate the price level of residential real estate, that, due to lack of tangible net operating income is not as straightforward as the valuation of the commercial real estate market.