The focus of this study is the Southern African Development Community (SADC) preventive diplomacy interventions in Lesotho in 1994, 1998 and 2007. The core aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the SADC security mechanism (the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS) in conflict prevention, management and resolution on the basis of the Lesotho experience. Data for this qualitative case study was collected through interviews and document analysis. The twenty four participants for the study were drawn from the SADC OPDS unit, Lesotho political parties, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs), Academics from the University of Botswana (UB) and the National University of Lesotho (NUL), retired Botswana Defence officers who participated in the Lesotho missions and office of the post-2007election dispute dialogue facilitator in Lesotho. Documents on the SADC Treaties, Protocols, Communiqués and interventions in other set ups were used to highlight its operational policies, mandate, structures, successes and challenges. Lesotho was chosen as a case study because SADC employed both non-coercive (SADC Troika and Eminent Person mediation, 1994 and 2007 respectively) and coercive measures (the 1998 military intervention). The findings of the study revealed that SADC as a regional body had its own successes and challenges. Different perceptions on the SADC interventions in Lesotho emerged mainly between the participants from the ruling party and the opposition parties. While the former commended SADC for successfully mitigating the calamitous effects of 1994, 1998 and 2007 post-electoral violence, the opposition parties viewed the regional organisations as engaged in illegal interference in the domestic affairs of the country to defend the incumbent governing party. It also emerged from the study that the SADC security mechanism has numerous structural and operational flaws. There were several unanswered questions revolving around the legality and mandate of some of the missions. For instance, no concrete evidence emerged as to whether the 1998 military intervention was authorised by the SADC. The study also revealed that SADC has learnt valuable lessons from the Lesotho missions. Some of the reforms which the SADC has introduced in the OPDS such as the establishment of the SADC Stand by Force, Early Warning structures, the Mediation Unit, and a panel of expert mediators emanated mainly from the Lesotho experiences. The study recommends that SADC needs to harmonise the efforts of its OPDS structures such as the Mediation Unit; the Troika; the Inter-State Defence and Security Committee (ISDSC); the Inter-State Politics and Diplomacy Committee (ISPDC) and the Summit of Heads of States and Governments for rapid, coherent and well coordinated interventions in future regional preventive missions. It is also recommended that SADC should focus on identifying and mitigating underlying causal factors such as underdevelopment; poverty; deprivation of freedoms, marginalisation and other forms of social stratifications and oppression in its preventive diplomacy missions if durable peace is to be achieved in Lesotho and any other future cases.

目前在台灣，專科護理師參與醫療處置過程的一部分已經是一個必然的趨勢。雖然目前已針對專科護理師相關的法規做了修正，但是在實務上還是有許多需要克服的問題。修法後雖然對專科護理師的執業範圍包含非侵入性和侵入性醫療行為有了較明確的規範，專科護理師臨床執業面臨的困境還是存在。出現醫療爭議時，醫師、專科護理師、其他醫事人員及醫院的法律責任仍然有許多模糊地帶。專科護理師相關法規修法後，衛生局及醫療機構之因應準備仍有改善的空間。 本研究採用案例分析法依照案例事實、法院見解和爭點問題，討論一個發生在民國95年12月有關專科護理師與醫師的醫療爭議訴訟案件。本醫療糾紛個案是台灣專科護理師正式甄審後，發生的第一件專科護理師被起訴的醫療糾紛案件。 被告因業務過失致死案件，經檢察官提起公訴判決主文如下：主治醫師從事業務之人，因業務上之過失致人於死，處有期徒刑壹年，減為有期徒刑陸月，緩刑貳年。專科護理師從事業務之人，因業務上之過失致人於死，處有期徒刑陸月，減為有期徒刑參月，緩刑貳年。本案例經由臺灣臺北地方法院刑事判決98年度醫訴字第6號，臺灣高等法院刑事判決民國100年度醫上訴字第7號，目前檢察官上訴中。 台灣專科護理師法規未來修正的方向，需更進一步明訂專科護理師的執業範圍以符合法律明確性原則。醫師指示合法化，使醫療輔助行為之定義更明確。建立專科護理師專業能力標準與提升及評估專科護理師執業品質，加強專科護理師的訓練以及訂立專科護理師訓練醫院更完善的認證標準與訓練醫院評鑑制度。有關衛生福利部最近要制定的醫師助理法，其工作範圍與專科護理師有很多重疊之處，引進醫師助理可能造成的衝擊。制定合理的專科護理師的護病比，明定專科護理師是否可以值班?專科護理師是否可以採輪班，以符合勞基法一例一休的規定。我們仍然有很多可以改善的地方，希望有更明確的法律規範，讓合格的專科護理師加入醫療團隊的運作，提高專科護理師的專業能力藉以提升醫療服務品質。不要讓專科護理師面臨或甚至觸法的危險，最終有可能變成密醫，對於台灣的醫療會有很大的衝擊及影響。 / The participation of nurse practitioners in medical practice is a must in Taiwan now. Although amendment of law about the clinical practice for nurse practitioners was made, there are still some issues which should be further evaluated. The scope of medical practice for nurse practitioners includes invasive and non-invasive medical procedures, which were defined more clearly in the revised articles, but some ambiguous situations still persist. The juridical responsibility of doctors and nurse practitioners for medical disputes remains unclear. There is lots of space of improvement which bureau of Health and hospitals can do after the revision of related law for nurse practitioners. The method of this research is a case study including case facts, the decision of the court and the issue of disputes. This is a medical dispute regarding doctors and a nurse practitioner, which occurred in December, 2006.This is the first medical dispute happening in Taiwan after the establishment of official examination for nurse practitioners. The defendants were accused for guilty because of causing death of a patient due to professional negligence. The verdict of the superior criminal court in Taiwan in 2011 after public prosecution was as follows. The attending physician was sentenced for one year, reduced to six months and probated for 2 years because of causing death of a patient due to professional negligence. The nurse practitioner was sentenced for six months, reduced to three months and probated for 2 years because of causing death of a patient due to professional negligence. The future amendment for the law regarding nurse practitioners is as follows: first, to enact the specific scope of medical practice for nurse practitioners according to the law; second, to legalize the directions from doctors; third, to specify the definition of assisted medical practice performed by nurse practitioners; fourth, to establish the standard for evaluating the ability of nurse practitioners; fifth, to elevate and evaluate the quality of medical service from nurse practitioners; sixth, how to strengthen the training programs of nurse practitioners, to build the verification standard of hospitals which can train nurse practitioners and improve the system of accreditation; seventh, to create rational ratio of nurse practitioners to patients; eighth, to clarify whether nurse practitioners can be on duty and in shifts in the hospital according to the law. In addition, the impact for nurse practitioners by introducing physician assistant to medical service suggested by Bureau of Health is high because there is lots of overlap of medical practice between the two professionals. We hope that the participation of verified nurse practitioners under the regulation of specific law can improve the quality of medical service, otherwise, we are afraid that nurse practitioners may break the law, become fake doctors and be sentenced, which will cause great impact and bad influence of medical service in Taiwan.

The diploma thesis entitled "Analysis of Croatian-Italian bilateral relations with focus on Italian territorial aspirations" deals with the issue of the same name. The work deals with the analysis of bilateral relations between Croatia and Italy in the last twenty years. Focus is placed on the main problematic moments in relations between the two states. Despite the obvious Italian territorial aspirations both in Istria and in other former Italian territories on the eastern Adriatic coast, Italian- Croatian bilateral relations remain relatively stable. The aim of this work is to explain this phenomenon and answer the research question whether this irredentist rhetoric had and still has a different goal, such as serving for domestic political purposes as one of the populist topics and whether these individual statements of Italian politicians had or still have influence on bilateral relations. On the basis of the (neo) liberal approach and the theoretical concepts based on it (the concept of democratic peace, the concept of interdependence and the concept of transformational power of integration) and through the mentioned problematic points where irredentist rhetoric of individual Italian politicians plays an important role, seeks consequences and suitable explanations. This is a thesis which, in...

In the past, the Czech social democratic party was one of the most successful political formations in the Czech Republic, however, since 2013 the party is dealing with a loss of electoral support and will face the challenge of staying in the Chamber of Deputies in the upcoming years. This diploma thesis is focused on the course of events in the party during the years 2013-2018 and examines the causes of why did a party, which used to get 30% of votes and used to dominate the regional political level, got into both electoral and intra-party crisis. The first chapter of the thesis describes four main theoretical concepts, which are used for analysis of the party processes. Subsequently, the thesis is divided into two analytical chapters. The first one concerns the events, which the party went through during the selected five year period. Its content is a factual description, which is accompanied by a closer look on intra-party disputes and on the development of party electoral support. Intra-party disputes are analyzed from a media point of view with an emphasis on how the media reflected them, and the development of party electoral support is analyzed within the framework of selected time periods with regard to the impact of intra-party disputes. The second analytical chapter addresses selected...

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Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur fäder upplever sig bemötta av sociala myndigheter i utredningen kring vårdnaden om deras respektive barn samt undersöka hur normer, föreställningar och förväntningar kan förstås relaterat till faderskap. Studien utgick frånteorierna intersektionellt perspektiv och hegemonisk maskulinitet. Som empiri användes två självbiografier om fäder i vårdnadstvister. Resultatet analyserades med hjälp av en tematisk analys och tillhörande teman. Utifrån analysen av böckerna växte två teman fram. Dessa var: Föreställningar om papparollen samt Maktlöshet i föräldraskap och i möten med sociala myndigheter. Resultatet visade att sociala myndigheter bedömer vem som är den bäst lämpade föräldern utifrån normer, föreställningar och förväntningar utifrån förälderns kön. Fäderna upplevde att de var åsidosatta i sin roll som pappor och även att deras åsikter inte tillmätes betydelse. Sociala myndigheter i de här fallen gör könade bedömningar, vilket åsidosätter fäderna samt tillmäter inte deras åsikter nog med relevans. / The purpose of this study was to examine how the fathers experienced that they were treated when in contact with social authorities regarding the custody of their children and how norms, perceptions and expectations can be understood related to fatherhood. This study used the theories intersectional perspective and hegemonic masculinity. In this study I used two autobiographies about fathers in child custody disputes. The result was analyzed using a thematic analysis and associated themes. From the books I chose two themes. These were: Notions of the father role and Powerlessness in parenting and in meetings with social authorities. The results show that social authorities make judgements about who is the best suited parent based on norms, perceptions and expectations depending on gender. The fathers experienced that they were sidelined in their role as fathers and that their opinions were not given any importance. Social authorities in these cases make judgements based on gender,disregard the fathers and does not attach enough importance to their views in these matters.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur professionella uppfattar relationen mellan våld och samarbetssvårigheter. Arbetet tar även fasta på hur dessa uppfattningar konstrueras i familjerätt kontra domstol. Fem semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med tre familjerättssekreterare, en domare och en advokat som arbetar med familjerättsliga mål på olika platser, runt om i Sverige. Intervjuerna genomfördes via Microsoft Teams, ansikte mot ansikte och per telefon. Det empiriska materialet som intervjuerna genererade analyserades med en tematisk analys. Det socialkonstruktivistiska perspektivet användes vid analysarbetet tillsammans med tidigare forskning, där fokus främst har legat på perspektivets syn på begreppen kön, makt och kunskap. Tidigare forskning har visat att domstol inte beaktar våld i vårdnadstvister i tillräckligt stor utsträckning samtidigt som flera studier också visat att familjerätten inte heller tar hänsyn till våld i deras arbete. Resultatet visade att begreppet samarbetssvårigheter beskrivs som intressekonflikter av familjerättssekreterare och som värdekonflikter av domare och advokat. De professionella hade en varierad uppfattning kring samarbete mellan föräldrar i de fall då våld förekommit. Majoriteten av informanterna beskrev att ett samarbete där det förekommit våld präglas av en maktobalans mellan föräldrar. Slutligen visade resultatet att advokaten och samtliga familjerättssekreterare bedömde uppgifterna om våld som trovärdiga, trots att det inte styrkts genom dom. Domstolen är av den uppfattningen att det behöver finnas någon omständighet som bekräftar uppgifter om våld, vilket följaktligen påverkar domstolens slutgiltiga bedömning kring uppgifter om ostyrkt våld. Studien visade däremot inte vilka våldsformer informanterna hade i beaktning när de delgav författarna sina beskrivningar.

This study explores and critically examines the role of indigenous mechanisms (the Inter-Tribal Reconciliation Conferences-ITRCs) in resolving tribal conflicts in South Darfur State of Western Sudan. The fundamental question raised by this study is: have these reconciliation conferences- 1989-2009- been able to address the root causes of the tribal conflicts and are they capable of serving the same role that they once did? Tribal leadership structures, such as Native Administration (NA) and their mechanisms of conflict resolution/management in Darfur, have been subjected to highly significant changes over time. The question is to what extent these changes further fuelled tribal conflicts and/or have negatively affected the capability of the NA and the ITRCs to deal with these conflicts? This thesis relies on archive records and reports of the ITRCs and data generated through interviews conducted with key informants. Through a detailed analysis the study: 1) presents a detailed account of the major conflicts and their causes in South Darfur; 2) identifies the changing identities of the protagonists and of the perceived causes; 3) assesses the effectiveness of the agreements reached by these conferences when considered alongside the causes identified. Analysis of the ITRCs shows that tribal conflicts in Darfur (from1980s), and South Darfur in particular, were connected to the wider political conflict in the Sudan and the region respectively. The analysis suggests that the history of neglect/marginalisation of the region by successive governments, and the political manipulation of the NA and local government, have negatively affected the performance of these institutions. The experience of the ITRCs indicates that they were unable to address the underlying causes of the tribal conflicts, such as land disputes, the manipulation of the NA and local government, rape and mass killings.

Fastighetsbildning i Sverige är en process som innebär förändringar i fastighetsindelningengenom både nybildning och ombildning av fastigheter. Genom dessa åtgärder anpassasfastigheterna till förändrade behov och markanvändningen effektiveras. Avstyckning ochklyvning är två olika fastighetsbildningsåtgärder som regleras i fastighetsbildningslagen.Genom dessa åtgärder nybildas nya fastigheter. Ur ett fastighetsbildningsperspektivhandläggs klyvning och avstyckning på liknande sätt. Studien syftar till att undersöka i vilken mån dessa bildningsåtgärder kan sammanföras ifastighetsbildningslagen. Studien syftar även på att undersöka vad konsekvenserna blir omdessa åtgärder skulle sammanföras. Dessutom vad det skulle innebära för de berördaaktörerna som till exempel det Statliga Lantmäteriet (SLM) och den kommunalalantmäterimyndigheten (KLM). Målet med examensarbetet är att öka kunskapen om dessa två fastighetsbildningsåtgärderoch redovisa hur detta skulle påverka de berörda aktörerna om åtgärderna skullesammanföras i fastighetsbildningslagen. Förhoppningsvis leder detta arbete till att nå enlösning om en förbättring i fastighetsbildningslagen. För att besvara arbetets frågeställningar har intervjuer med förrättningslantmätare från detStatliga och kommunala Lantmäteriet genomförts. Den kvalitativa metoden i form avintervjuer har kompletterats med den kvantitativa metoden i form av data som harinhämtats från det Statliga Lantmäteriet. Inhämtat data behandlar inkomna och beslutfattade ärenden i avstyckning och klyvning. En juridisk metod genom dagens regelverkkring åtgärderna har studerats för att få en förståelse på hur lagstiftningen i dag är. Av arbetets resultat framgår det att avstyckning är den vanligaste nybildningsåtgärden tillskillnad från klyvning som förekommer väldigt sällan. Trots det resultatet är det intemöjligt i dag att sammanföra samtliga åtgärder i fastighetsbildningslagen då varje åtgärduppfyller sin funktion i respektive kapitel i lagstiftningen. Vidare drar slutsatsen att SLMoch KLM påverkas på samma sätt om en eventuell lagändring skulle ske. Lagstiftningengällande klyvning i dag gör det svårt för det Statliga lantmäteriet (SLM) och denkommunala lantmäterimyndigheten (KLM) att handlägga klyvningar på ett effektivt sättutan tvister. / Real estate formation in Sweden involves changes in property divisions through both thecreation of new properties and the reorganization of existing ones. These measures aim toadapt properties to changing needs and improve land use efficiency. Subdivision anddivision are two distinct procedures regulated by the Real Estate Formation Act that resultin the creation of new properties. From a real estate formation perspective, subdivisionand division are handled in similar way. This study aims to investigate the extent to which these formation procedures can beintegrated into the real estate formation legislation. The study also examines theconsequences of merging these procedures and the implications for stakeholders, such asthe State Land Survey and the Municipal Land Survey. The objective of this thesis is to increase knowledge about these two real estate formationprocedures and to elucidate how their integration into the legislation would impact theinvolved stakeholders. The hope is that this work will contribute to finding a solution forimproving the real estate formation legislation. To answer the research questions,interviews were conducted with cadastral surveyors from both the State and MunicipalLand Survey offices. The qualitative method of interviews was completed by thequantitative method using data obtained from the State Land Survey. The collected datapertains to incoming cases and decisions made in subdivision and division procedures.Additionally, a legal analysis of the current regulations governing these procedures wasconducted to gain an understanding of the existing legislation. The results of the study indicate that subdivision is the most common procedure forcreating new properties, whereas division occurs very rarely. Despite this finding, it iscurrently not possible to merge all the procedure serves its purpose within its respectivechapter of this legislation. Furthermore, the study concludes that both the State LandSurvey and the Municipal Land Survey would be similarly affected if a potential legalamendment were to take place. The existing legislation concerning division poseschallenges for the State Land Survey and the Municipal Land Survey in effectively handlingdivision procedures without disputes.

Cultural diversity has shown to play a tremendous impact on influencing the teams performance in an international business. Shared beliefs, values and systems of conducting work-related tasks originating from cultural differences significantly enhances the abilities for the team to perform on a higher note. This thesis aims to investigate the challenges of a multicultural manager regarding disputes originating from concepts such as awareness, communication and decision making, trust building and to spark creativity. The primary data was collected through nine in-depth interviews with managers who handle culturally diverse teams. After analyzing the interviewees it was concluded that multicultural managers need to acknowledge there are cultural differences within the team in order to develop a suitable communication style and therefore generate trust.