Este trabalho tem como objeto a análise conceitual da produção acadêmica de teses e dissertações sobre o tema Ações Afirmativas (AAs) no Brasil, no período compreendido entre 1987 e 2010. A abordagem metodológica utilizada foi pautada na pesquisa qualitativa de natureza bibliográfica. A principal fonte de dados foi o Banco de Teses e Dissertações da Capes/MEC. A escolha da amostra, composta de 206 textos acadêmicos, se deu com base na utilização do termo ação afirmativa como categoria de busca. Dessas amostras, foram analisados, por meio de mapas conceituais, 35 trabalhos completos, de modo a atender ao critério de proporcionalidade entre o tema AAs e as demais categorias que emergiram da análise do corpo de dados com utilização software Atlas.ti. Incialmente foi realizada a leitura crítica e a seleção de categorias pertinentes ao tema, posteriormente utilizou-se o software para confirmar e/ou desconfirmar essas categorias. Com esse procedimento foi possível não somente extrair o foco dado por cada trabalho acadêmico, como a abordagem teórica, a metodológica, a posição dos autores em relação ao tema AAs, a população alvo eleita por cada autor, como também identificar os autores/teóricos recorrentes ao tema AAs utilizados para fundamentar esses trabalhos. Para demonstrar os resultados optou-se pela análise dos mapas conceituais de modo descritivo e ainda por apresentá-los no apêndice II de modo ilustrativo. Como resultado identificou-se que a grande maioria dos trabalhos refere-se as AAs a partir da aplicação de políticas públicas de redução das desigualdades, como o sistema de cotas relacionado ao acesso da população negra no sistema de ensino superior. Quanto ao posicionamento dos autores em relação a essas ações, foram raros os trabalhos que se posicionaram contra as AAs. De modo geral, os autores estudados entendem que esta é uma forma de justiça distributiva e de reparação social das desigualdades entre diferentes segmentos e grupos sociais. Considera-se que este estudo se faz importante na medida em que é crescente no ensino superior no Brasil, nos últimos anos, a utilização deste recurso político de equalização das desigualdades sociais. Este estudo mostra um diagnóstico do perfil da produção acadêmica e permite identificar as áreas de estudo e os temas mais frequentemente associados às AAs. Pretende-se com ele, contribuir com um marco teórico-conceitual para que novas pesquisas possam ser realizadas de modo a enriquecer o campo de estudos das ciências sociais, em especial sobre o tema AAs

O presente trabalho busca fazer a estimação de duas versões do limite superior de desigualdade de oportunidades para o Brasil e para dois grandes grupos regionais, o Norte-Nordeste e o Centro-Sul. Através do cálculo deste limite em suas duas versões, podemos distinguir os efeitos diretos e indiretos das circunstâncias individuais que influenciam o rendimento dos indivíduos, que foram captadas no estudo. / The present study seeks to estimate two versions of the upper limit of inequality of opportunities for Brazil and for two large regional groups, the North-Northeast and the Center-South. By calculating this limit in its two versions, we can distinguish the direct and indirect effects of the individual circumstances which were captured in the study, that influence the income of the individuals.

Esta dissertação trata dos fundamentos teóricos da responsabilidade civil a partir da perspectiva exposta na obra de Emest Weinrib. A questão central do trabalho refere-se, de um lado, à discussão da abordagem formalista, que permite a compreensão do direito e de sua autonomia em relação a outras esferas - em especial à política - e, de outro lado, à relação entre o formalismo e a fundamentação da responsabilidade civil na justiça corretiva. Por fim, o trabalho analisa as críticas oferecidas ao arcabouço teórico weinribiano, procurando discutir os limites da obra de Weinrib e as possíveis falhas de interpretação dos próprios críticos. / This thesis examines the theoretical foundation of the concept of tort as presented in the work of Ernst Weinrib. It discusses both the formalist approach to torts, which allows for the understanding of Law as autonomous from other areas - notably, from politics - and, on the other, the connections between formalism and the theoretical foundation of the concept of tort from the standpoint of corrective justice. This thesis also analyses the criticism Weinrib\'s work has received, discussing the limits of Weinrib\'s contribution and the possible flaws of some critical approaches.

In this I will explore the ethical challenge of global climate change by analysing three accounts of how responsibility for climate change should be distributed. I explore why it is valuable to view climate change as part of a bigger ethical problem of resources, distribution and global justice. Furthermore, I will argue that a road towards change by a cosmo political theory of justice is the most reasonable option. The theme of my argumentation is that the challenge of global climate change should be understood as a problem between human beings, not between states, or via schemes for distribution or rigid systematic solutions. Many theories of justice fail to do so with challenging and potentially dangerous consequences. / I den här uppsatsen så kommer jag utforska klimatförändringar som etisk utmaning. Jag undersöker varför det är värdefullt att se klimatförändringar som en del av ett större problem som handlar om resurser, distribuering och global rättvisa. Jag kommer undersöka tre möjliga vägar till en lösning på klimatförändringar som etiskt problem och hävda att en kosmopolitisk rättviseteori är det rimligaste alternativet. Klimatförändringens utmaning måste förstås som ett problem människor emellan och inte stater emellan genom planer för distribuering av resurser eller någon annan mer eller mindre regid systematisk lösning. Många rättviseteorier lyckas mindre väl med detta med utmanande och potentiellt farliga konsekvenser som resultat.

Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS) / There have been good arguments made for the development of aggressive affirmative action policies with the end goal of quickly moving black South Africans into corporate and high ranks within management of organisations. One of the central arguments in favour of aggressive AA policies is the risk of racial polarization post-apartheid should a quick fix not be initiated. It makes good business and economic sense for AA policies to be implemented as black consumers coupled with black managers will have the eventual end point of lower unemployment and crime, through job creation and security of the representative majority. / South Africa

Most - if not all - conflicts in international relations have - to an extent - something to do with sovereignty. On the theoretical side, we learn at University that either considered as a strong concept or one that has lost relevance, it is still discussed. On the practical side, the prerogatives a State has over its people and territory appear to be the highest. Within these ideal and real backgrounds, there are various sovereignty disputes around the world that struggle between legal and political limbo, status quo and continuous tension with various negative consequences for all the involved parties (e.g. violation of human rights, war, arms trafficking, only to name a few). It is increasingly clear that the available remedies have been less than successful, and a peaceful and definitive solution is needed. This thesis proposes a fair and just way of dealing with certain sovereignty conflicts. Part One presents the core argument to work out the structure upon which this thesis will be developed. There is a traditional idea that sovereignty must be unshared and unlimited. I argue that in actual fact both in theory and in practice sovereignty is always limited. Thereby, I consider how shared sovereignty is possible—how a State can limit itself and stay sovereign. Chapter One, the Introduction, presents the basic constitutive elements of this thesis. Chapter Two examines if sovereignty can be (in fact, may actually be) limited, and therefore can be shared. To show this I use both criticism of the best known theories of sovereignty and investigation of the historical facts. Part Two explores the minimum elements that must be acknowledged conceptually, legally and realistically in order to give flesh to shared sovereignty and the way it needs to work if we want a peaceful understanding amongst the parties concerned. Chapter Three appraises ‘shared sovereignty’ and similar expressions used in political and legal literature. In order to do that, I show which notions of shared sovereignty are not relevant. Chapter Four examines how a relevant notion can be developed, using the analogy of self-ownership. Chapter Five discusses the main remedies applied at international level in sovereignty issues and why proposed alternatives to shared sovereignty will not solve the problem. Part Three considers how distributive justice theories can be in tune with the concept of sovereignty and explores the possibility of a solution for sovereignty conflicts. I argue that shared sovereignty can be that solution based on Rawlsian principles. Chapter Six introduces and explores a new conception of shared sovereignty. Chapter Seven evaluates what sorts of institutions and arrangements could, and would best, realise shared sovereignty so defined by showing in outline how it might be applied to territory, population, government and law. Chapter Eight brings together the main points of this thesis, and shows possible further implications.

As organizações estão inseridas num contexto de grande competitividade, no qual mudam as bases de suas vantagens competitivas. Essas mudanças contextuais causam impactos nos processos de gestão e nas relações entre pessoas e organizações. De um lado, as organizações procuram diferenciar o desempenho das pessoas, de acordo com suas competências ou impactos nos objetivos estratégicos do negócio. De outro, as pessoas ganham autonomia e espírito crítico, ou seja, questionam os critérios adotados para diferenciar, reconhecer e recompensar seu desempenho no trabalho. Por estes motivos considera-se necessário estudar a questão da percepção dos funcionários sobre Justiça Distributiva, a qual se torna um dos principais fatores intervenientes na qualidade do ambiente organizacional das empresas contemporâneas quando estas orientam suas decisões sobre pessoas pela meritocracia. Considerando esses aspectos, o objetivo geral desta dissertação foi investigar se há ou não diferenças significativas entre os resultados das variáveis que indicam a percepção de Justiça Distributiva e os demais fatores componentes do clima organizacional de um conjunto diferenciado de organizações brasileiras. A pesquisa foi realizada com 139.230 funcionários de um grupo de 481 empresas que pretendem se destacar pela qualidade do seu ambiente de trabalho. Do ponto de vista metodológico, esta pesquisa se caracteriza como quantitativa, descritiva, com perspectiva temporal transversal e utiliza o método survey. Os principais resultados deste estudo são: a Justiça Distributiva se confirma como um componente essencial para avaliação do Clima Organizacional e se configura como um fator crítico entre os demais analisados, pois apresenta o menor resultado quando se trata da percepção dos funcionários. A correlação e a diferença significativa entre as dimensões estudadas comprovam que o fator Justiça é o que menos contribui para um resultado favorável de clima organizacional e que o índice desse fator está associado aos dos demais fatores. Em relação ao perfil dos funcionários constatou-se que sexo não influencia a percepção a respeito de Justiça Distributiva. Contudo, é possível que idade e tempo de casa afetem positivamente o escore desse fator, mas certamente o aumento da escolaridade afeta negativamente os índices de percepção positiva de Justiça Distributiva. / Organizations are embedded in a highly competitive context, which changes their competitive advantages bases. These contextual changes impacts on management processes and relationships among people and organizations. Organizations seek to differentiate peoples\' performance according to their skills or impact on strategic business objectives. On the other side, people gain autonomy and critical spirit, so they question criteria adopted to differentiate, recognize and reward their performance at work. For these reasons it is considered necessary to study the issue of employees\' perception about Distributive Justice which becomes one of the main factors involved in the quality of contemporary enterprises organizational environment that take decisions based on meritocracy. Considering these aspects, the objective of this thesis was to investigate significant differences among variables results that indicate Distributive Justice perception and other factors involved in organizational environment of a Brazilian organizations differentiated set. The research involved 139.230 employees of 481 companies that intend to highlight the quality of their work environment. From the methodological point of view, this research is characterized as quantitative, descriptive, cross-temporal perspective and uses the survey method. The main results of this study are: because Distributive Justice shows the lowest result by the employees perception, it is confirmed as an essential component to evaluate organizational environment and configures as a critical factor among the other factors tested. Correlation and significant difference among studied dimensions prove that the Justice factor is the one that less contributes to the favorable organizational environment and the index of this factor is associated with the other factors. Concerning employees\' profile, it was discovered that sex do not influence Distributive Justice perception. However it is possible that age and time of permanence in the company positively affect this factor score, increased level of schooling probably affects the rates of Distributive Justice positive perception in a negative way.

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Thesis advisor: Uzi Segal / This dissertation consists of three chapters analyzing preferences for randomization in social choice problems. The first two chapters are related and in the fields of distributive justice and social choice. They concern allocation of an indivisible good in social choice problems where efficiency is at odds with equality. The last chapter addresses a social choice problem from an individual's perspective using decision theoretical analysis. In this dissertation I demonstrate why randomization may be an attractive policy in social choice problems and demonstrate how individuals may have preferences over the precise method of randomization. The first chapter is titled "Live and Let Die." This paper discusses how to allocate an indivisible good by social lottery when agents have asymmetric claims. Intuition suggests that there may exist agents who should receive zero probability in the optimal social lottery. In such a case, I say that these agents have weak claims to the good. This paper uses a running example of allocating an indivisible medical treatment to individuals with different survival rates and reactions to the treatment in order to provide conditions for consistency of weak claims. As such, I develop two related assumptions on a social planner's preferences over lotteries. The first -- survival rate scaling -- states that if an individual has a weak claim, then his claim is also weak when survival rates increase proportionally. The second -- independence of weak claims -- states that if an individual has a weak claim, then his removal does not affect others' probabilities of receiving the treatment. These assumptions imply that a compatible social welfare function must exhibit constant elasticity of substitution, which results in potentially-degenerate weighted lotteries. The second chapter is titled "Why is Six Afraid of Seven? Bringing the "Numbers" to Economics." This chapter discusses the numbers problem: the question of if the numbers of people involved should be used to determine whether to help certain people or to help certain other people. I discuss the main solutions that have been proposed: flipping a coin, saving the greater number, and proportionally weighted lotteries. Using the economic tools of social choice, I then show how the model of the previous chapter, "Live and Let Die," can be extended to address numbers problems and compare the implications of prominent social welfare functions for numbers problems. I argue that potentially-degenerate weighted lotteries can assuage the main concerns discussed in the literature and I show that both the Nash product social welfare function as well as constant elasticity of substitution (CES) social welfare functions are compatible with this solution. Finally, I discuss a related problem known as "probability cases," in which individuals differ in survival chances rather than numbers of individuals at risk. When the model is extended to allow for both asymmetries in survival chances and numbers of individuals in groups, CES results in potentially-degenerate weighted lotteries whereas Nash product does not. The third chapter is titled "All Probabilities are Equal, but Some Probabilities are More Equal than Others," which is joint work with Professor Uzi Segal of the Economics Department at Boston College and Professor Shlomo Naeh of the Departments of Talmud and Jewish Thought at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In this chapter we compare preferences for different procedures of selecting people randomly. A common procedure for selecting people is to have them draw balls from an urn in turn. Modern and ancient stories (for example, by Graham Greene and the Talmud) suggest that such a lottery may not be viewed by the individuals as "fair.'' In this paper, we compare this procedure with several alternatives. These procedures give all individuals equal chance of being selected, but have different structures. We analyze these procedures as multi-stage lotteries. In line with previous literature, our analysis is based on the observation that multi-stage lotteries are not considered indifferent to their probabilistic one-stage representations. As such, we use a non-expected utility model to understand the preferences of risk-averse individuals over these procedures and show that they may be not indifferent between them. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS) / As local textile manufacturing come under pressure from global competition, the competitive advantage of organisations in this sector have become an important research topic. As a key input in the manufacturing process, human resources can either be a burdensome cost or a source of competitive advantage for organisations in the textile industry. The effectiveness of human resources depends to a large extend on the ability of organisations to keep them motivated and productive.