Submitted by Nara Lays Domingues Viana Oliveira (naradv) on 2015-08-29T12:29:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 toledo.pdf: 1115967 bytes, checksum: 3d18256995ce98a6a4234aa54a77dcfe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-29T12:29:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 toledo.pdf: 1115967 bytes, checksum: 3d18256995ce98a6a4234aa54a77dcfe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-24 / Nenhuma / Trata-se de uma análise da Justiça Distributiva no âmbito da promoção do esporte nacional em suas três dimensões: o desporto de educação e o desporto de rendimento e o desporto de participação. O objetivo foi verificar se o esporte educacional, em razão da sua natureza de ser um bem humano fundamental, tem recebido, como regra, tratamento diferenciado em relação ao esporte de competição (formal ou não formal). Como método, utilizou-se a comparação das Leis Orçamentárias Anuais da União do decênio 2004-2013 para que se pudesse obter um amplo conjunto de informações sobre o objeto analisado tanto em termos quantitativos quanto em termos qualitativos. Como resultado, observou-se uma discrepância distributiva e o descumprimento da norma constitucional em ambos os aspectos pesquisados, o que permitiu a confirmação da hipótese de que a promoção do esporte nacional não vem seguindo as diretrizes constitucionais estabelecidas, seja em relação à regra ou à exceção previstas no ordenamento constitucional. / This study is about the analysis of Distributive Justice in promoting the national sport in its three dimensions: the sport education, sport performance and sport participation. The purpose was to verify if the sport education, being a fundamental human right, has received, mostly, different treatment compared to competitive sport (whether formal or informal). For methods, was used the comparison of the Brazilian Federal Budget of the decade 2004-2013 in order to get a wide range of information about the analyzed object in quantitative and in qualitative terms. As a result, there was a distributive discrepancy and noncompliance of constitutional rule in both aspects studied, which allowed the confirmation of the hypothesis that the national sport promotion is not following the constitutional guidelines established, whether in relation to the rule or the exception provided in constitutional order.

O presente trabalho busca fazer a estimação de duas versões do limite superior de desigualdade de oportunidades para o Brasil e para dois grandes grupos regionais, o Norte-Nordeste e o Centro-Sul. Através do cálculo deste limite em suas duas versões, podemos distinguir os efeitos diretos e indiretos das circunstâncias individuais que influenciam o rendimento dos indivíduos, que foram captadas no estudo. / The present study seeks to estimate two versions of the upper limit of inequality of opportunities for Brazil and for two large regional groups, the North-Northeast and the Center-South. By calculating this limit in its two versions, we can distinguish the direct and indirect effects of the individual circumstances which were captured in the study, that influence the income of the individuals.

As organizações estão inseridas num contexto de grande competitividade, no qual mudam as bases de suas vantagens competitivas. Essas mudanças contextuais causam impactos nos processos de gestão e nas relações entre pessoas e organizações. De um lado, as organizações procuram diferenciar o desempenho das pessoas, de acordo com suas competências ou impactos nos objetivos estratégicos do negócio. De outro, as pessoas ganham autonomia e espírito crítico, ou seja, questionam os critérios adotados para diferenciar, reconhecer e recompensar seu desempenho no trabalho. Por estes motivos considera-se necessário estudar a questão da percepção dos funcionários sobre Justiça Distributiva, a qual se torna um dos principais fatores intervenientes na qualidade do ambiente organizacional das empresas contemporâneas quando estas orientam suas decisões sobre pessoas pela meritocracia. Considerando esses aspectos, o objetivo geral desta dissertação foi investigar se há ou não diferenças significativas entre os resultados das variáveis que indicam a percepção de Justiça Distributiva e os demais fatores componentes do clima organizacional de um conjunto diferenciado de organizações brasileiras. A pesquisa foi realizada com 139.230 funcionários de um grupo de 481 empresas que pretendem se destacar pela qualidade do seu ambiente de trabalho. Do ponto de vista metodológico, esta pesquisa se caracteriza como quantitativa, descritiva, com perspectiva temporal transversal e utiliza o método survey. Os principais resultados deste estudo são: a Justiça Distributiva se confirma como um componente essencial para avaliação do Clima Organizacional e se configura como um fator crítico entre os demais analisados, pois apresenta o menor resultado quando se trata da percepção dos funcionários. A correlação e a diferença significativa entre as dimensões estudadas comprovam que o fator Justiça é o que menos contribui para um resultado favorável de clima organizacional e que o índice desse fator está associado aos dos demais fatores. Em relação ao perfil dos funcionários constatou-se que sexo não influencia a percepção a respeito de Justiça Distributiva. Contudo, é possível que idade e tempo de casa afetem positivamente o escore desse fator, mas certamente o aumento da escolaridade afeta negativamente os índices de percepção positiva de Justiça Distributiva. / Organizations are embedded in a highly competitive context, which changes their competitive advantages bases. These contextual changes impacts on management processes and relationships among people and organizations. Organizations seek to differentiate peoples\' performance according to their skills or impact on strategic business objectives. On the other side, people gain autonomy and critical spirit, so they question criteria adopted to differentiate, recognize and reward their performance at work. For these reasons it is considered necessary to study the issue of employees\' perception about Distributive Justice which becomes one of the main factors involved in the quality of contemporary enterprises organizational environment that take decisions based on meritocracy. Considering these aspects, the objective of this thesis was to investigate significant differences among variables results that indicate Distributive Justice perception and other factors involved in organizational environment of a Brazilian organizations differentiated set. The research involved 139.230 employees of 481 companies that intend to highlight the quality of their work environment. From the methodological point of view, this research is characterized as quantitative, descriptive, cross-temporal perspective and uses the survey method. The main results of this study are: because Distributive Justice shows the lowest result by the employees perception, it is confirmed as an essential component to evaluate organizational environment and configures as a critical factor among the other factors tested. Correlation and significant difference among studied dimensions prove that the Justice factor is the one that less contributes to the favorable organizational environment and the index of this factor is associated with the other factors. Concerning employees\' profile, it was discovered that sex do not influence Distributive Justice perception. However it is possible that age and time of permanence in the company positively affect this factor score, increased level of schooling probably affects the rates of Distributive Justice positive perception in a negative way.

Este trabalho tem como objeto a análise conceitual da produção acadêmica de teses e dissertações sobre o tema Ações Afirmativas (AAs) no Brasil, no período compreendido entre 1987 e 2010. A abordagem metodológica utilizada foi pautada na pesquisa qualitativa de natureza bibliográfica. A principal fonte de dados foi o Banco de Teses e Dissertações da Capes/MEC. A escolha da amostra, composta de 206 textos acadêmicos, se deu com base na utilização do termo ação afirmativa como categoria de busca. Dessas amostras, foram analisados, por meio de mapas conceituais, 35 trabalhos completos, de modo a atender ao critério de proporcionalidade entre o tema AAs e as demais categorias que emergiram da análise do corpo de dados com utilização software Atlas.ti. Incialmente foi realizada a leitura crítica e a seleção de categorias pertinentes ao tema, posteriormente utilizou-se o software para confirmar e/ou desconfirmar essas categorias. Com esse procedimento foi possível não somente extrair o foco dado por cada trabalho acadêmico, como a abordagem teórica, a metodológica, a posição dos autores em relação ao tema AAs, a população alvo eleita por cada autor, como também identificar os autores/teóricos recorrentes ao tema AAs utilizados para fundamentar esses trabalhos. Para demonstrar os resultados optou-se pela análise dos mapas conceituais de modo descritivo e ainda por apresentá-los no apêndice II de modo ilustrativo. Como resultado identificou-se que a grande maioria dos trabalhos refere-se as AAs a partir da aplicação de políticas públicas de redução das desigualdades, como o sistema de cotas relacionado ao acesso da população negra no sistema de ensino superior. Quanto ao posicionamento dos autores em relação a essas ações, foram raros os trabalhos que se posicionaram contra as AAs. De modo geral, os autores estudados entendem que esta é uma forma de justiça distributiva e de reparação social das desigualdades entre diferentes segmentos e grupos sociais. Considera-se que este estudo se faz importante na medida em que é crescente no ensino superior no Brasil, nos últimos anos, a utilização deste recurso político de equalização das desigualdades sociais. Este estudo mostra um diagnóstico do perfil da produção acadêmica e permite identificar as áreas de estudo e os temas mais frequentemente associados às AAs. Pretende-se com ele, contribuir com um marco teórico-conceitual para que novas pesquisas possam ser realizadas de modo a enriquecer o campo de estudos das ciências sociais, em especial sobre o tema AAs

Esta dissertação trata dos fundamentos teóricos da responsabilidade civil a partir da perspectiva exposta na obra de Emest Weinrib. A questão central do trabalho refere-se, de um lado, à discussão da abordagem formalista, que permite a compreensão do direito e de sua autonomia em relação a outras esferas - em especial à política - e, de outro lado, à relação entre o formalismo e a fundamentação da responsabilidade civil na justiça corretiva. Por fim, o trabalho analisa as críticas oferecidas ao arcabouço teórico weinribiano, procurando discutir os limites da obra de Weinrib e as possíveis falhas de interpretação dos próprios críticos. / This thesis examines the theoretical foundation of the concept of tort as presented in the work of Ernst Weinrib. It discusses both the formalist approach to torts, which allows for the understanding of Law as autonomous from other areas - notably, from politics - and, on the other, the connections between formalism and the theoretical foundation of the concept of tort from the standpoint of corrective justice. This thesis also analyses the criticism Weinrib\'s work has received, discussing the limits of Weinrib\'s contribution and the possible flaws of some critical approaches.

Cette thèse développe une théorie de nos devoirs globaux de justice en accord avec notre expérience commune du devoir en général comme ayant une origine purement a priori. La base de cette théorie consiste en un nouveau type de constructivisme, que j’appelle « constructivisme téléologique » dans la mesure où il réhabilite la notion kantienne de téléologie pure pratique. Dans l’introduction, je jette les bases du constructivisme téléologique en montrant que toutes les théories déontologiques d’inspiration kantienne sont intérieurement téléologiques, dans la mesure où les principes de justice, bien que premiers par rapport au bien, sont eux-mêmes définis en lien avec les fins prescrites a priori par la raison. Dans le chapitre 1, je m’appuie sur la doctrine Rawlsienne du Droit des Peuples pour développer une théorie de la justice internationale qui reconnaît le rôle normatif joué dans la déduction de nos devoirs de justice par une certaine idée de la société internationale. Dans le chapitre 2, je détermine les conditions auxquelles cette théorie est compatible avec le constructivisme téléologique. Dans les chapitres 3 et 4, je définis le constructivisme téléologique comme une approche qui fait dépendre le choix des premiers principes non seulement du respect pour une procédure de réflexion idéale, mais aussi de la reconnaissance de la fin morale finale prescrite purement a priori par la raison. Finalement, dans le chapitre 5, j’explique comment le constructivisme téléologique différencie entre les devoirs éthiques et les devoirs de justice. En conclusion, je reviens sur la spécificité du constructivisme téléologique en tant qu’approche distincte en théorie politique. / This dissertation provides an account of our global duties of right and justice in line with our common experience of duty in general as having a purely a priori origin. The basis of this account is formed by a new type of constructivism, which I call “teleological constructivism” insofar as it rehabilitates the Kantian notion of pure practical teleology. In the introduction, I prepare the ground for teleological constructivism by showing that all Kantian-inspired deontological theories are internally teleological insofar as the principles of right and justice, though prior to the good, are themselves defined in relation to a final end prescribed purely a priori by reason. In chapter 1, I draw on Rawls’ doctrine of the Law of Peoples to develop an institutionalist account of international justice which recognizes the normative role played by a certain idea of international society in the deduction of our distributive obligations. In chapter 2, I further specify the terms of this account to make it compatible with teleological constructivism. In chapters 3 and 4, I go deeper into the definition of teleological constructivism as an approach that makes the choice of the first principles depend not only on respect for a procedure of ideal reflection, but also on the recognition of a final moral end prescribed purely a priori by reason. Finally, in chapter 5, I explain how teleological constructivism differentiates between ethical and juridical duties and argue for the superiority of the contractualist view over the property-based account of our duties of justice. In conclusion, I discuss the specificity of teleological constructivism as a distinct approach in political theory.

Orientador: Marcelo Santos / Banca: Gabriel Henrique Burnatelli de Antonio / Banca: Milton Lahuerta / Resumo: A presente dissertação verificou a discussão que houve no Supremo Tribunal Federal na Ação de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental 186, que resultou no reconhecimento da constitucionalidade das ações afirmativas para o ensino superior e foi normatizada por meio da Lei 12711/2012. Para tal, observou-se a fixação do sistema de cotas no ensino superior sob a ótica do repertório de teoria de justiça, em especial pela perspectiva de ser pertinente ou não a aplicação dos princípios norteadores da justiça distributiva, de acordo com a abordagem dos teóricos Rawls e Dworkin, tendo em vista que ambos apresentam em suas obras a possibilidade de enquadramento da educação como um dos recursos escassos ou primários, a ser distribuído. Pela aproximação de alguns preceitos existentes sobre liberdade ou igualdade abordados por outros teóricos, tais como o desenvolvimento das capacidades, preceituado por Sen, ou do reconhecimento, como apresentado por Honneth e Fraser, foi permitido que tais princípios também compusessem esse estudo, pois estão presentes no debate atual sobre justiça distributiva ou redistribuição de recursos. A linha de investigação orientou-se por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica a respeito de teoria de justiça distributiva, justiça como equidade, distribuição de recursos, política de cotas, reconhecimento. A abordagem sobre as políticas públicas denominadas de ações afirmativas, ainda que estas não se restrinjam ao estabelecimento de cotas no acesso à educação, se fez por ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This dissertation verified the discussion that occurred in the Federal Supreme Court in the Action of Breach of Basic Precept 186, which resulted in the recognition of the constitutionality of affirmative actions for higher education and was regulated by Law 12711/2012. For this, it was observed the fixation of the quota system in higher education from the perspective of the repertoire of justice theory, especially from the perspective of whether or not it is relevant to apply the guiding principles of distributive justice, according to the theoretical approach Rawls and Dworkin, considering that both present in their works the possibility of framing education as one of the scarce or primary resources to be distributed. By the approximation of some existing precepts on liberty or equality addressed by other theorists, such as the development of abilities, as prescribed by Sen, or of recognition, as presented by Honneth and Fraser, it was allowed that such principles also composed this study, since they are present in the current debate on distributive justice or redistribution of resources. The research line was guided by bibliographical research on the theory of distributive justice, justice as equity, distribution of resources, quota policy, recognition. The approach to public policies known as affirmative action, even if these are not restricted to the establishment of quotas on access to education, was verified through the discussion in the ADPF 186, which made possible t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Organizational commitment has been a topic of extensive interest in the organizational behavior literature since the 1950's. It has been associated with workforce stability, decreased absenteeism, organizational citizenship behaviors, and decreased turnover. This study focuses on the relationships between organizational commitment and turnover; particularly amongst K-12 school principals. A principal of a school is much like the CEO of a company. Principals impact schools in many ways. They supervise staff, develop culture, implement and enforce rules, guide instruction and ensure that all students receive a quality education. The United States is facing a shortage of principals. Many principals are nearing retirement age. Others are simply choosing to leave the profession. In many cases there are shortages of applicants and/or qualified candidates for available positions. Many teachers hold administrative credentials but, for various reasons, choose not to pursue the principalship. School systems are facing difficulties filling principal positions. One potential solution is to endeavor to keep current principals on the job. Organizational commitment is highly correlated with intent to stay; promoting the suggestion that schools may retain principals for longer periods where organizational commitment is significantly higher. This study focuses on the impact of job autonomy, psychological empowerment, and distributive justice on organizational commitment. The study uses data from a web-based survey of 1,078 principals. The data were collected from K-12 principals in the Midwest United States. The sample includes elementary and secondary principals from public, private/parochial schools, and charter schools. Hypotheses regarding the impact of job autonomy, psychological empowerment, and distributive justice on organizational commitment were tested using multiple regression and path analysis. Increases in each of these variables were found to be significantly associated with increases in organizational commitment. In addition, some support was found for the moderating effects of distributive justice and demographic variables on the relationship between job autonomy and organizational commitment, and on the relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational commitment. Implications for those who supervise principals are discussed. For instance, principals may be provided latitude and discretion in terms of the scheduling and sequencing of supervisory work, and may employ consultative, mutual-means approaches in principal evaluation. School systems should, moreover, provide appropriate professional development in order to increase feelings of self-efficacy. Recommendations for future research are also suggested, including replicating the study in other regions and with other organizational types, as well as including other variables, such as perceived organizational support, resistance to change, conflict, and teamwork.

There have been good arguments made for the development of aggressive affirmative action policies with the end goal of quickly moving black South Africans into corporate and high ranks within management of organisations. One of the central arguments in favour of aggressive AA policies is the risk of racial polarization post-apartheid should a quick fix not be initiated. It makes good business and economic sense for AA policies to be implemented as black consumers coupled with black managers will have the eventual end point of lower unemployment and crime, through job creation and security of the representative majority.

This thesis is a quantitative study of distributive justice between generations or age groups. It is theoretically informed by a synchronic generation approach and John Rawls’s theory of justice-as-fairness. The empirical part compares the economic positions of, and public spending on, children, adults and the elderly in 16 European countries. The theoretical part is used as a platform for the empirical analysis. In addition to Rawls, a discussion of distributive justice includes the classical theories of Plato and Aristotle and more recent utilitarian, egalitarian and desert-based theories. The synchronic generation approach is presented and compared to diachronic approaches to studies of generational relations. The synchronic approach is theorized by scholars working in the tradition of the social studies of childhood. The chapter on methods identifies children, adults and the old by way of age brackets, it presents indicators of public spending and income, and it points out empirical applications of equality, equal opportunity and the difference principle. The techniques of analyses are presented; descriptive analysis and OLS regression. The explanatory variables vary, but in all cases include economic performance, age structure and a modified version of Esping-Andersen`s classification of welfare states (Social Democratic, Conservative, Liberal and Southern European). Six research questions are answered in the empirical part, using official statistics from Eurostat, OECD and Statistics Norway. Over the past few decades there is an extensive growth on spending on the elderly, but spending on family and children does not decline. Multivariate analyses indicate that the size of old age and family and child benefits vary across welfare regimes. The Social Democratic and Conservative welfare states are more egalitarian and have lower poverty rates compared to the Liberal and Southern European welfare states. These regime variances are also seen in multivariate analyses of child poverty and old age poverty. Risk factors for child poverty are parental unemployment, children living with single parents, young parents, ethnic parents, and low educated parents. A multivariate analysis points to a link between the size of family and child benefits and fertility rates. / Children`s welfare: money, time and space