Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:10:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SandraPA_DISSERT_.pdf: 6038687 bytes, checksum: 3a64b39d14e021c1abe47d90598f9430 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-22 / Our study refers to the state of Rio Grande do Norte against the deployment of oil activity in their territory. In this sense the aim of this work was to analyze the presence of the loop space of the oil production system linked to objects and actions on the Rio Grande do Norte territory. From the so-called "oil shock", an event that caused global developments in several countries, Petr?leo Brasileiro S/A (PETROBRAS) increased investments in drilling geological basins in Brazil. In the year 1973 was drilled in the sea area well which led to commercial production of oil and gas in Rio Grande do Norte. From that point on were added in some parts of the Potiguar territory, large systems of coupled objects to actions caused by several agents. In this context, geographic situations have been reorganized due to an unprecedented space circuit production accompanied by a new circle of cooperation. In the state happen all instances of the circuit: the production, distribution and consumption. In light of the theory of the geographical area seek to direct our thoughts to the operation of these bodies, and they are linked to material and immaterial flows multiscales. This perspective allows us to think the territory of Rio Grande do Norte entered into a new territorial division of labor characterized by specialization regional production. Oil activity was implemented in the territory of Rio Grande do Norte at a time marked by productive restructuring of various economic sectors. The oil sector has been acting increasingly linked the scientific and informational, with a view to increasing productivity. The presence of this circuit demanded the territory, specifically the Mossor?, an organizational structure that is different from the vast system nationally integrated private commercial corporations to small corporations, all of them relating directly or indirectly to PETROBRAS. The flows between companies whose headquarters are located in distant states and even countries have generated a continuous movement of goods, people, information and ideas, which is also causing new materialities in the territory / Nosso estudo se remete ao estado do Rio Grande do Norte frente ? implanta??o da atividade petrol?fera em seu territ?rio. Nesse sentido o objetivo geral do trabalho consistiu em analisar a presen?a do circuito espacial da produ??o petrol?fera vinculado ao sistema de objetos e de a??es presentes no territ?rio norte-rio-grandense. A partir do chamado choque do petr?leo , acontecimento mundial que causou desdobramentos em v?rios pa?ses, a Petr?leo Brasileiro S/A (PETROBRAS) aumentou os investimentos em perfura??es nas bacias geol?gicas brasileiras. No ano de 1973 foi perfurado em ?rea mar?tima o po?o que deu origem ? produ??o comercial de petr?leo e g?s no Rio Grande do Norte. Desse momento em diante foram acrescentados em algumas parcelas do territ?rio potiguar, grandes sistemas de objetos, juntamente, ?s a??es provocadas por agentes diversos. Nesse contexto, situa??es geogr?ficas foram reorganizadas em fun??o de um in?dito circuito espacial de produ??o acompanhado de um novo c?rculo de coopera??o. No estado acontecem todas as inst?ncias do circuito: a produ??o, a distribui??o e o consumo. ? luz da teoria do espa?o geogr?fico procuramos direcionar as nossas reflex?es ao funcionamento destas inst?ncias, estando elas ligadas a fluxos materiais e imateriais multiescalares. Essa perspectiva nos autoriza a pensar o territ?rio norte-rio-grandense inserido em uma nova divis?o territorial do trabalho marcada pela especializa??o regional produtiva. A atividade petrol?fera implantou-se no territ?rio norte-rio-grandense em um momento marcado pela reestrutura??o produtiva de diversos segmentos econ?micos. O setor petrol?fero passou a atuar cada vez mais atrelado ?s bases cient?ficas e informacionais, tendo em vista o aumento da produtividade. A presen?a desse circuito demandou ao territ?rio, mais especificamente a Mossor?, uma diversa estrutura organizacional que ocorre desde o vasto sistema nacionalmente integrado de corpora??es comerciais privadas at? as pequenas empresas, todas elas relacionando-se diretamente ou indiretamente com a PETROBRAS. Os fluxos entre empresas, cujas sedes localizam-se em estados e mesmo pa?ses distantes, t?m gerado um movimento cont?nuo de produtos, pessoas, informa??es e ideias, o que vem provocando tamb?m novas materialidades no territ?rio

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Labor relations in recent decades have been marked by a series of changes that resulted in the restructuring process, whose effects are visualized by means of informality, flexibility and precariousness of working conditions. Within this context is our stage research and analysis, namely, the Exchange Fair, located in the city of Aracaju-SE. This fair for many years and until today coalesced a large part of the hand labor that was not absorbed by the formal labor market. Because it is a fair that historically the government did not exercise any direct control / supervision, had always been marked by practices not only informal but also imprint illegal / illicit. Simultaneously to this conjuncture reported noted a rise in the number of women in the labor market. You can identify this situation not only nationally, but also in the field this empirical research. Clearly the increase in the number of workers in the Fair of the Exchanges in recent years. In this scenario we have analyzed in this study the social relations of gender in informal employment through the Fair of the Exchanges in the city of Aracaju-SE, giving special emphasis, the configuration assumed by the sexual division and instability that focuses especially on the labor, female labor, compared to the changes that the world of work comes through. Therefore, we conducted 15 semi-structured interviews or non-directive to marketers Fair Exchanges, among these, 8 women and 7 men. Similarly, also produced a survey of some socioeconomic indicators. The results achieved through the research show that women are still subjected to a sexual division of labor asymmetric, since they are blamed almost exclusively for domestic chores within their homes, as well as the activities they perform outside the home are also linked those assignments directly taken as feminine, ie, extension of the housework. But we also want to emphasize some changes that signal a new phase of women´s work, although this is not enough for see a break with the call "sexualization of occupations." / As relações de trabalho nas últimas décadas foram marcadas por uma série de mudanças que resultou no processo de reestruturação produtiva, cujos efeitos são visualizados por meio da informalidade, flexibilização e precarização das condições de trabalho. Dentro desse contexto está o nosso palco de investigação e análise, a saber, a Feira das Trocas, situada na cidade de Aracaju-SE. Esta feira durante muitos anos e até os dias atuais aglutinou uma grande parte da mão-de-obra que não era absorvida pelo mercado de trabalho formal. Por se tratar de uma feira em que historicamente o poder público não exercia nenhum tipo de controle direto/fiscalização, sempre fora marcada por práticas não apenas informais, mas também de cunho ilegal/ilícito. Simultaneamente a essa conjuntura relatada se observa uma ascensão do número de mulheres no mercado de trabalho. É possível identificar essa situação não somente em âmbito nacional, como também no campo empírico dessa pesquisa. É evidente o aumento do número de trabalhadoras na Feira das Trocas nos últimos anos. Diante desse cenário buscou-se analisar neste estudo as relações sociais de gênero no trabalho informal através da Feira das Trocas no município de Aracaju-SE, atribuindo-se especial destaque, a configuração assumida pela divisão sexual e a precarização que incide, especialmente, sobre a mãode- obra feminina, frente às transformações que o mundo do trabalho vem atravessando. Para tanto foram realizadas 15 entrevistas semiestruturadas ou não-diretivas com comerciantes da Feira das Trocas, dentre estas, 8 mulheres e 7 homens. Do mesmo modo, também se elaborou um levantamento de alguns indicadores socioeconômicos. Os resultados alcançados através da pesquisa demonstram que as mulheres ainda estão submetidas a uma divisão sexual do trabalho assimétrica, visto que elas são responsabilizadas quase que exclusivamente pelas tarefas domésticas dentro dos seus lares, bem como as atividades que elas exercem fora de casa também estão vinculadas diretamente àquelas atribuições tidas como femininas, isto é, extensão dos afazeres domésticos. Contudo, queremos também enfatizar algumas alterações que sinalizaram para uma nova fase do trabalho das mulheres, muito embora esta não seja suficiente para que visualizássemos uma ruptura com a chamada sexualização das ocupações .

Orientadores: Rosana Aparecida Baeninger, Cláudio Salvadori Dedecca / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T02:58:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_RicardoAntunesDantasde_D.pdf: 2476858 bytes, checksum: 3e574f8dd7aa7c976f8e00dadf8d16e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Esta tese analisa as características, tendências e expressões regionais da mobilidade espacial dos cortadores de cana no estado de São Paulo, com o objetivo de compreender suas articulações aos processos multi-escalares que estruturam o Complexo Agroindustrial (CAI) canavieiro nas regiões de Ribeirão Preto e Presidente Prudente. As questões são abordadas a partir do conceito de divisão espacial do trabalho, que possibilita abordar tanto as dinâmicas regionais do complexo canavieiro, quanto às distintas formas de articulação da mobilidade espacial a estas. São utilizados os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: revisão bibliográfica relativa às diversas questões abordadas; trabalho com diversas fontes de informações estatísticas, especialmente Censo Demográfico 2000, Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) em suas versões para a década de 2000, mesmo período para o qual são considerados os dados do Relatório Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego; e, trabalho de campo nas regiões de Ribeirão Preto e Presidente Prudente, voltado principalmente à realização de entrevistas qualitativas com os cortadores de cana. A expansão das atividades canavieiras durante a década de 2000, vinculada à introdução dos veículos flex-fuel no Brasil e às boas possibilidades de exportação do etanol e do açúcar, significou um aumento do número de trabalhadores. Em função da histórica importância dos trabalhadores migrantes, originários de algumas das regiões mais pobres, para o mercado de trabalho do complexo, se registra o aumento da quantidade de pessoas envolvidas nos fluxos, marcados pelo aumento da diversidade das origens que se expressam distintamente nas regiões produtoras. Embora não configure uma novidade em termos de deslocamento populacional, a mobilidade dos cortadores de cana tem suas espacialidades transformadas. Regiões de origem específicas e múltiplas áreas de destino, lugares e atividades econômicas diversas, constituem uma mobilidade circular, que estrutura territórios circulatórios, integrando perspectivas macro e micro, além da questão das redes. No âmbito das dinâmicas regionais de Ribeirão Preto e Presidente Prudente, verifica-se que a mobilidade dos cortadores de cana expressa diferenciações quanto à articulação do CAI canavieiro e se coloca como estruturadora de inserções e posições dos centros urbanos nas redes regionais. A partir dos resultados obtidos, busca-se contribuir para os debates relativos às causas, motivações e efetivação da mobilidade circular no contexto da mobilidade espacial da população no momento histórico atual, além da questão regional. São demonstrados os impactos sociais da expansão das atividades canavieiras, muitas vezes encobertos pelo apelo dos biocombustíveis e das possibilidades de exportação. Nesse sentido, apresentam relevância no sentido da reflexão sobre os rumos que o processo de desenvolvimento econômico vem tomando no Brasil e como a sociedade o vem considerando / Abstract: This dissertation analyses the characteristics, tendencies and regional expressions of sugarcane cutters? spatial mobility in São Paulo state, in order to understand its articulations to the multi-scale processes that structure the sugarcane Agro-industrial Complex in Ribeirão Preto's and Presidente Prudente's regions. The questions are addressed through the concept of spatial division of labor, which allows approaching the regional dynamics of the sugarcane complex and the various forms of articulation of spatial mobility to those. The following procedures are used: bibliographical revision, concerning the different questions addressed; quantitative work with information from various sources, especially IBGE Demographic Census 2000, Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) for the 2000's decade, same period of data from Relatório Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) of Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego; and, fieldwork at the Ribeirão Preto's and Presidente Prudente's regions, directed primarily to qualitative interviews with the sugarcane cutters. The expansion of sugarcane activities during 2000?s decade, related to flex-fuel vehicles introduction in Brazil and the good possibilities of ethanol and sugar exportation, meant an increment in the number of workers. Considering the historical importance of migrant workers, from some of the poorest regions of the country, to the complex labor market, a growth in the number of people involved in the flows is observed, a process characterized by an increase of origins diversity, which has distinct expressions in the production regions. Although not being a novelty in terms of population displacement, the sugarcane cutters mobility has its spatialities transformed. Specific origin regions and multiple destination areas, diverse places and economic activities constitute a circular mobility, which structure circulatory territories, integrating macro and micro perspectives and the migrant network question. Concerning the regional dynamics of Ribeirão Preto and Presidente Prudente, it is observed that the sugarcane cutters mobility expresses distinctions regarding the sugarcane Agro-industrial Complex articulations and puts itself as a structuring part of urban centers insertions and positions in regional nets. From the results obtained, the following contributions are searched: the debate around causes, motivations and effectuation of circular mobility on the context of population spatial mobility in recent historical period; and the regional question. The social impacts of sugarcane activities expansion are shown, questions that a lot of times are obscured by the biofuels appeal and the exportation possibilities This way, it is relevant considering the reflections about the directions the economic development processes are taking in Brazil and how the society has been considering it / Doutorado / Demografia / Doutor em Demografia

Using data from a national survey, this study examines income and other key variables (division of labor and work-family conflict) and their relationship to marital satisfaction. This study builds upon the body of research regarding working couples and women's increased participation in the paid labor force as well as evaluates the findings in the context of data gathered from the recent United States census. Results from this study also are compared to the findings of other key studies. Emergent data may be used to prepare counselors to work more effectively with couple clients and to assist employers in the development of work life policies for dual career and dual earner employees. Results from the multiple regression revealed no direct effects of income on marital satisfaction. For this sample, increases in work family conflict contributed to less marital satisfaction as did the presence of children. Increased participation in household chores by respondents' partners contributed to increased marital satisfaction. No differences were observed by gender. Limitations of the study, recommendations for further research, and implications for practitioners also are addressed.

La mediación de la relación entre el ser humano y la naturaleza es a través del trabajo. El trabajo transforma el ser humano, el cuerpo y las relaciones con otros seres humanos. La división sexual del trabajo surge con la sociabilidad del trabajo y la división sexual del trabajo se expresa a la relación de poder. Nuestra hipótesis inicial era que la división sexual del trabajo en el asentamiento, fue poco a poco permitiendo que las mujeres a desarrollar una conciencia crítica emancipadora ante la realidad material a la que están presentadas. Este estudio fue construido desde la perspectiva del materialismo dialéctico e histórico en vista de que el conocimiento se basa en la esencia de las relaciones. A partir de este método tiene como objetivo discutir el trabajo de la mujer, que hace referencia al conjunto de la sociedad como un proceso histórico, por lo tanto, sujetos a cambios. Utiliza el concepto de territorio, categoría geografía, con el fin de entender la forma de establecer las relaciones de poder. El Proyecto de Acuerdo 13 de mayo se encuentra en el municipio de Japaratuba, estado de Sergipe, es el fruto de la lucha por la tierra en manos de campesinas y campesinos, sin tierra debido a la concentración de tierras, presenta las características, valores y acciones opuestas a lo que clase dominante impone como estándar. En este poblado hay un grupo de mujeres que trabajan con la agroecología ya través de este modelo de producción se manifiesta su expresión sociopolítica. El trabajo de estas mujeres no sólo produce alimentos, pero dignifica su vida, porque se sienten realizadas con los frutos de su trabajo. Frente a la comprensión de que el movimiento es en espiral, se cree que las campesinas y campesinos siempre crean nuevas formas y alternativas, la construcción de nuevas vías para el desarrollo del territorio. En PA 13 de mayo a través de la producción agroecológica ve una posible solución que pueda garantizar mejores condiciones para la familia. / A mediação da relação entre o ser humano e a natureza ocorre por meio do trabalho. O trabalho transforma o ser humano, tanto o corpo quanto nas relações com outros seres humanos. A divisão sexual do trabalho surge com a sociabilidade do trabalho e na divisão sexual do trabalho se expressa à relação de poder. Nossa hipótese inicial foi de que a divisão sexual do trabalho no assentamento, gradativamente foi permitindo à mulher a construção de uma consciência crítica emancipatória diante da realidade material a qual está submetida. Este estudo foi construído na perspectiva do materialismo histórico e dialético tendo em vista que o conhecimento esteja pautado na essência das relações. A partir desse método visa discutir o trabalho feminino, referenciando a totalidade da sociedade como processo histórico, portanto, passível de transformações. Utiliza-se do conceito de território, categoria da geografia, a fim de entender como se estabelecem as relações de poder. O Projeto de Assentamento 13 de Maio, localizado no município de Japaratuba, estado de Sergipe, é fruto do processo de luta pela terra realizada por camponesas e camponeses sem terra por causa da concentração fundiária brasileira, apresenta características, valores e ações opostos ao que a classe dominante impõe enquanto padrão. Nesse assentamento há um grupo de mulheres que trabalha com a agroecologia e através deste modelo de produção manifesta sua expressão sociopolítica. O trabalho dessas mulheres produz não só alimento, mas dignifica sua vida, pois se sentem realizadas com os frutos do seu trabalho. Diante de uma compreensão que o movimento é espiral, acredita-se que as camponesas e camponeses criam sempre novas formas e alternativas, construindo novos caminhos para o desenvolvimento do território. No PA 13 de Maio através da produção agroecológica vê-se uma saída possível que pode assegurar melhores condições para a família.

Cette thèse porte sur les inégalités dans le vécu de l’allaitement maternel. Elle vise à : 1) étudier où se situent les aspirations prénatales d’allaitement des mères et leurs réalités postnatales; 2) explorer la manière dont les différences sociales peuvent façonner le vécu de l’allaitement maternel ; 3) saisir leur articulation. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, la collecte des données s’est déroulée en quatre volets : un suivi longitudinal du prénatal au postnatal avec 20 femmes primipares; la tenue de journaux de bord par les mères ; des entretiens semi-dirigés avec 21 professionnelles de l’allaitement ; de l’observation lors de cours prénataux et de soutien à l’allaitement. Comme l’échantillon est composé de mères qui expérimentaient l’allaitement pour la première fois, les écarts entre l’imaginaire et le réel ont entraîné des désillusions pour la totalité des participantes, et ce, à différents niveaux : 1) entre les aspirations initiales et les recommandations de la santé publique (allaitement exclusif jusqu’à six mois et poursuite jusqu’à deux ans et plus) ; 2) entre les aspirations des mères et les réalités d’allaitement ; 3) entre la conception normée d’un allaitement dit « réussi » selon les recommandations de la santé publique et cette même conception telle que vécue par les femmes. Ensemble, le vécu des mères et l’expérience des professionnelles permettent de montrer qu’en réalité, ce sont les interactions constituant la positionnalité des femmes qui « contraignent » l’allaitement. Ils contraignent dans les deux sens du terme : pour le limiter ou au contraire pour le rendre moralement obligatoire. L’analyse du discours des participantes rend compte du fait que ces contraintes à l’allaitement sont inégalement distribuées et se basent principalement sur des rapports sociaux de sexe/genre, d’ethnicité, de classe, d’immigration et de « race ». Finalement, une tendance émerge parmi les professionnelles de l’allaitement rencontrées, la majorité estimant qu’elles font varier leurs pratiques en fonction de la clientèle, que cette différenciation est nécessaire et que d’y arriver est un motif de fierté. Si les catégorisations ont tendance à exagérer l’homogénéité des groupes et à produire des stéréotypes, elles ont également des effets concrets sur les services. Cette thèse permet de mieux comprendre l’ambivalence au cœur de l’expérience de l’allaitement ainsi que les rapports complexes qu’ont les mères avec les recommandations de la santé publique, la promotion de l’allaitement et les professionnelles de l’allaitement. / This thesis examines diversity and inequalities in breastfeeding experiences. It seeks to: 1) understand how mothers’ initial breastfeeding aspirations compare with their post-birth realities; 2) explore how inequalities related to gender, “race”, class, and immigrant status influence breastfeeding experiences from the perspective of both mothers and breastfeeding professionals; and 3) capture how mothers articulate and make sense of their diverse experiences . In this study, four data collection techniques were used: longitudinal semi-structured interviews with 20 first-time mothers conducted when they were pregnant and then approximately six months after the birth of their child; documentary analysis of maternal diaries; semi-structured interviews of 21 breastfeeding professionals; and observation during prenatal classes and breastfeeding support sessions. As the sample is composed of women attempting breastfeeding for the first time, many women felt disillusioned by three types of discrepancies they felt between what they imagined breastfeeding would be and the reality of their experiences: 1) between the initial aspirations and recommendations of public health and medical literature; 2) between their own expectations and their lived realities of breastfeeding; and 3) between the standardized conceptions of successful breastfeeding experiences according to public health recommendations and the concept of success as experienced by the women. Further, the data from both mothers and breastfeeding professionals demonstrate that constraints on breastfeeding are unevenly distributed and founded mainly on social relations such as sex, gender, ethnicity, class, immigration, and race. This study also discovered a tendency among breastfeeding professionals to pride themselves on their ability to differentiate between their clientele on the basis of these categories. While sometimes appropriate, these classifications tend to exaggerate the homogeneity of subgroups, relying on and reproducing stereotypes. An important implication of this is that such practices lead to substantial differences in the services rendered by these professionals. Overall, this thesis provides a better understanding of the ambivalence at the center of the breastfeeding experience and the complex relationships mothers undertake with public health recommendations, the promotion or encouragement of the act of breastfeeding and breastfeeding professionals.

Thesis (Ph.D. Commerce (Human Resource Management)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / This thesis addresses work-life conflict, a topical phenomenon for the career progression and wellbeing of women. Notwithstanding a lot of interest in the topic, as well as various endeavours after treaties and legislation to support women in the workplace it continues to be a subject of research interest since work-life balance has not been achieved yet. The current study intended to explore what the women managers in the public sector of Limpopo Province understand by work-life conflict, as well as their experiences and to proffer a framework for understanding the work-life conflict of women managers. The study highlights that numerous working women are still inundated with non-work responsibilities, which results in conflict with the expected responsibilities in the work environment. The resultant work-life conflict continues to have career-limiting effects on women. The study employed a mixed-methods design to collect data. The quantitative part of the study used questionnaires to collect data and a total of 68 usable questionnaires were returned. For the qualitative part individual interviews were conducted with a total of 16 women. Given the mixed nature of the data, the research applied two genres of analytical techniques, viz. thematic analysis and non-parametric relational analysis. The findings of the study indicate that most of the women managers in the study understand work-life conflict to mean work-to-life interference. The women managers conceptualise life-to-work interference as a normal phenomenon, which serves as a function of maintaining homeostasis in their social structure. The results further suggested that only the workplace has to be changed for them to attain work-life balance. The women managers in the study also appear to experience physical and psychological health problems due to not coping with work-life conflict. The research results deliver invaluable information that can be employed in strategies that attempt to alleviate the negative experiences of work-life conflict by women managers. This study has developed an integrative framework for understanding the work-life conflict of women managers in the public sector. None of the existing theories has propounded any integrative framework for understanding the work-life conflict of women managers in the public sector. The current findings add to the knowledge on addressing the work-life conflict of women managers by delivering context-specific recommendations of what organisations can do to attain work-life balance. Key words: work-life conflict; coping strategies; public sector; women managers; work-life balance; Integrated work-life conflict framework

This research study examines the impact of international migration of household labor for Bosnian immigrant women living in Portland, Oregon. Bosnia is a society with enduring patriarchal traditions which assume that women are in charge of doing household chores. Men are in charge of providing for the family monetarily. Many Bosnian families migrated to the U.S. in the mid 1990's in order to escape the war in Bosnia. In this study I interview 10 of these Bosnian women, concerning the division of labor in their homes in Bosnia and their homes in U.S. After migrating to the U.S. the amount of work women did within the home lessened as their husbands became more involved in helping with various chores. The changes in the division of household labor did not subvert traditional gender roles. Wives transferred and adapted their views of gender performativity after they migrated to the United States. The results are consistent with research that states that migrant women focus more on advancement of their family rather on their own emancipation.

[pt] A fim de compreender os motivos pelos quais ainda se registra baixa participação de mulheres no mercado de trabalho do fotojornalismo, a pesquisa aqui relatada procura estabelecer um espaço de diálogo sobre as questões que circunscrevem a cultura jornalística e as relações de gênero, em especial no que se refere às experiências profissionais das mulheres no fotojornalismo. Para fundamentar a análise, foram adotadas as teorias do jornalismo e os estudos de gênero. Tomou-se como eixo a divisão sexual do trabalho para tentar explicitar como, historicamente, as assimetrias foram construídas e como elas se estabelecem nas experiências profissionais das fotojornalistas. O problema que deu origem à pesquisa surgiu da experiência de campo da própria pesquisadora, que percebeu o fotojornalismo como fonte de relações de poder estabelecidas em torno do gênero, que, por sua vez, se relacionam também com classe, raça e sexualidade. A partir das memórias de fotojornalistas sobre suas experiências profissionais, que usam os óculos da cultura profissional pelos quais os jornalistas e as empresas jornalísticas veem o mundo, tentou-se compreender como o fotojornalismo dialoga com as questões de gênero. Concluiu-se que os graus dos óculos precisam ser atualizados, pois a cultura profissional é produtora de desigualdades e hierarquias. Há a necessidade de se usarem novas lentes que possam fazer perceber a importância de incluir as experiências das mulheres à cultura profissional jornalística de maneira equânime. Novas lentes essas que incorporem às questões de gênero, classe, raça e sexualidade colocadas em perspectiva e atravessamentos. / [en] The research aims to understand the reasons for the low participation of women in the photojournalism job market with the purpose of establishing a space for dialogue on the issues that circumscribe journalistic culture and gender relations, especially with regard to refers to the professional experiences of women in photojournalism. For that, it uses theories of journalism and gender studies as the theoretical bases for the study. It takes as its axis the sexual division of labor to try to understand how, historically, asymmetries were constructed and how they are established in the professional experiences of photojournalists. The research problem stems from the researcher s own experience in the field, where in the role of photojournalist she perceived him as the source of the power relations established around gender that are also related to class, race and sexuality. From the memories of photojournalists about their professional experiences, who in turn wear the glasses of professional culture, through which journalists and news companies see the world, she tried to understand how photojournalism dialogues with gender issues. It was concluded that the degrees of the glasses need to be updated because the professional culture produces inequalities and hierarchies. There is a need to use new lenses that can make it clear the importance of including women s experiences in their own professional journalistic culture. These new lenses that incorporate gender, class, race and sexuality issues put into perspective and crossings.

本篇論文主要探討新創科技公司產品創新分工網路之現況與績效，新創科技公司之兩大核心資源為創新與技術。公司成長與獲利通常來自技術商品化之價值，一般而言公司很少可完全依賴內部資源進行獨立創新。創新社群以技術為核心，社群中的組織必須顯著地參與一項新技術的商品化工作，主要辨認指標是垂直互補性資產與資訊流通。產業分工網路是企業內部組織和企業彼此間的結合型態，用以產生附加價值，其價值鏈活動是透過良好的協調以造成差異化或成本降低。資訊科技是改變價值活動的執行方式及價值鏈活動中各種連結的性質，影響競爭範圍並塑造新產品。 本研究以國內研發新產品或技術之新創科技公司為研究對象，以個案方式運用分析模式將企業之內外在因素、SWOT及產業能力作深入分析，並訪談中小企業實證研究分工網路活動，探索新創科技公司產品創新分工網路之現況以及產業系統(研究/製造)供應鏈績效，研究結果發現： 1、台灣產業仍屬於「不完全的概念設計與試製生產分離型」分工網路。新創科技公司之產品普遍缺乏品牌形象，且因資源缺乏，無法以全球市場為行銷對象，在設備上的投資、產品與製造的選擇上沒有自主性，限制台灣人才的創新能力及新創科技公司之成功。 2、新創科技公司在產品創新上提昇產品之附加價值，製程上依賴中小企業的「專業分工」及「彈性互補」，充分利用體系資源，調整出最佳效率。但在成熟市場中，採取追隨者的競爭腳步以及成本領導策略，因此無法將產品附加價值回饋於產業分工體系。 3、台灣中小企業普遍在資訊化方面嚴重落後，無法在新的且分散化的產業分工中，以虛擬、組織模組化的分工原理運作，因此人工成本優勢喪失後，其「彈性」、「快速」的核心競爭能力亦在衰退中。 4、中小企業與新創科技公司因價值鏈之市場顧客面不完整，以供應鏈管理觀點檢討發現：管理方法、產品流程、風險與獲利架構、文化與態度觀念、變革升級等構面皆尚待加強。 / I his thesis is mainly in finding out the reality and performance on the network in division of labor for product innovation of a technology startup company. The two core resources of a technology startup company are innovation and techniques. The growth and earning of such company normally come from the value of technology commercialization. Generally, such company could hardly rely on its internal resources completely for independent innovation. Innovative community centers on techniques and the community organization must involve in the commercialization of a new technique significantly, and the main identifying indicator is the vertical complementary assets and the information flow. Industrial network in division of labor is the connecting pattern of the international organization of a business entity with other business, which is for creating added value. The value chain activities are made through sound coordination to generate differentiation and cost-down.Information technology is for changing the performing manner value activities,as well as the natures of connection among various chain activities. It serves to affect the scope of competition and to form new products. This research targeted at the technology startup companies involved in the research and development of new products or new techniques, and case study approach is employed to analyze the internal and external factors of a company,SWOT and industrial capacity with analytical modes. Face to face interview with medium and small enterprises were conducted to empirically demonstrate the activities of the network in division of labor, and to investigate the reality and industrial system (research / manufacturing) supply chain performance of new innovative network in division of labor. The findings are: 1.Industries in Taiwan are still in the stage of“Incomplete Conceptual Design and Pilot Production Separated Network in Division of Labor”level.Technology startup companies are generally lack of brand image. And, with the lack of resources, they are unable to target at the global market for marketing. There is less autonomy in the investment in equipment and options of products and manufacturing. These have limited the talents in Taiwan in their innovation capability and the success of technology startup companies. 2.The technology startup companies promote the added value of their innovative products, and in manufacturing, they rely on the specialization and flexible complement of medium and small enterprise to adjust to the best efficiency by fully utilize the system resources. However, in a matured market, they adopted the follower approach and cost-lead strategies, that they could not feed back the added value of products to the system in division of labor. 3.Generally the medium and small enterprises are having serious information gap, that they are unable to employ the diversification principle in the new and spread-over industrial diversification with virtual, organization modular.Therefore, after losing the labor cost advantage, the core competitiveness in flexibility and speed are also in their way down. 4.Medium and small enterprise, and the technology startup companies have the short of incomplete customer dimension in their value chain, it is found,in the view point of supply chain management, they need to strengthen and improve their managerial approach, product flow, risk and profit structure,culture and attitude and changes and upgrading. Subject Terms (Key Word)： - technology startup company - technology commercialization - network in division of labor - innovation community - value chain - supply chain management