<p>For many retailers, manufacturers, and wholesalers, inventory is their single largest investments of corporate assets. Problems such as stock-outs and bullwhip effect due to sales fluctuation and poor visibility are normal for manufactures. Unnecessary activities, in the purchasing process internally and externally, such as double order handling, cost both money and time.</p><p>It is widely known that firms no longer can compete effectively in isolation of their suppliers and other entities. The future success of many businesses depends on co-operation and the co-ordination of efforts; making Supply Chain Management important. JIT and VMI are two of the philosophies that have been used to update supply chain relationships and management. By recognising your own supply weaknesses, the need for a supply strategy and a purchasing portfolio which classify suppliers emerges.</p><p>There is an interest in examining what possible benefits and drawbacks, JIT and VMI collaboration can bring and how they differ from each other. In order to have a successful collaboration and implementation, it is important to know what basis to choose suppliers on and understand what needs to be in place, internally and externally, before starting either a JIT or VMI relationship with different suppliers.</p><p>An inductive method was used in order to transform the literature review into a case study research. Explanatory and exploratory strategy was combined as well as qualitative and quantitative data collection such as oral interviews and written questionnaires. The case study was carried out at an accessory purchasing department at a large production company referred to as the “Focal company” in this thesis. Also, participating in the study were selected suppliers of the Focal company.</p><p>The literature review and the case study data was analysed which led to the results that:</p><p>• JIT and VMI can shorten lead time, improve quality and relationships if used properly, otherwise it can lead to increased inventory levels.</p><p>• Key factors for enabeling JIT and VMI are common goals, management commitment, accurate information and suitable software systems.</p><p>• Suitable suppliers for JIT and VMI are companies that have equal dependency and/or have interdependency and are willing and able to contribute to the competitive advantage of the buying firm.</p><p>• Supplier selection criteria are price, quality, delivery, flexibility, reliability organizational culture, structure and strategy.</p><p>• Implementation of JIT is not an option today at the Focal company.</p><p>• With a few IT-system updates, a little bit of education and training the Focal company and most of the suppliers in this study are ready for VMI.</p><p>• Because of the good balance of power and dependence in the relationships between the Focal company and their suppliers there is a good chance of a successful outcome.</p><p>• The Focal company’s rating criteria are well correlating with the literatures findings, which further support that they are ready to select suppliers for integrated relationships.</p>

Purpose - The purpose of the bachelor thesis is to describe the relationship between Third-party logistics (3PL) suppliers and car assemblers under Just-in-sequence (JIS). The paper refers to a case in the Spanish automotive industry and the main target is to identify and analyse the potential problems between both parts and explain how they work together. Methodology – The paper is based on a case study research, with the aid of interviews with people of the industry and participant-observations, to explain how this part of the supply chain works, the relationships along the chain and the difficulties of sequencing. Results – The paper identifies and analyses the potential problems between both parts and relates how a mistake from one of them can affect the other one. Then, the results are discussed and associated with some concepts of the theoretical framework. Limitations - The results of this case study can only be related to the Spanish automotive industry, for car assemblers that work under a JIS context with several 3PL suppliers. The case study only identifies and analyses the problems, solutions and measures for managing them are not provided.

The focus of this thesis is the normative base of moral liability to defensive harm. Many argue that liability is what makes it morally permissible to seriously injure or kill in self-defense or in the defense of others. Authors such as Jonathan Quong and Jeff McMahan argue that liability not only has important implications for the individual morality of self-defense, but that it plays a major role in the principles of just war conduct. How you determine when someone is liable will have a significant impact on when someone can be harmed. In this paper, I focus on the question of what a person must do to be morally liable to defensive harm. More specifically, I take a close look at Jeff McMahan’s moral responsibility account of liability and argue that it is unsatisfying as an explanation of when and why a person is liable. I then argue that an evidence-based account of liability better captures our moral intuitions surrounding liability. I end by considering an argument put forward by Quong on why we should not support an evidence-based account of liability. / Thesis (Master, Philosophy) -- Queen's University, 2012-09-30 12:44:32.85

Certains environnements ont besoin de plusieurs compilateurs, par exemple un pour le système d'exploitation, supportant la norme C/C++ complète, et l'autre pour les applications, qui supporte éventuellement un sous-ensemble de la norme, mais capable de fournir plus de performance. Le maintien de plusieurs compilateurs pour une plateforme cible représente un effort considérable. Il est donc plus facile d'implémenter et de maintenir un seul outil responsable des optimisations particulières au processeur ciblé. Il nous faut alors un moyen de relier ces compilateurs à l'optimiseur, de préférence, en gardant au passage certaines structures de données internes aux compilateurs qui, soit prendraient du temps, soit seraient impossible à reconstruire à partir du code assembleur par exemple. Dans cette thèse, nous introduisons Tirex, une représentation textuelle intermédiaire pour échanger des informations de bas niveau, déjà dépendantes de la cible, entre les compilateurs, les optimiseurs et les autres outils de la chaîne de compilation. Notre représentation contient un flot d'instructions du processeur cible, mais garde également la structure explicite du programme et supporte la forme SSA (Static Single Assignment). Elle est facilement extensible et très flexible, ce qui permet de transmettre toute donnée jugée importante à l'optimiseur. Nous construisons Tirex par extension de MinIR, une représentation intermédiaire elle-même basée sur un encodage YAML des structures du compilateur. Nos extensions de Tirex comprennent: l'abaissement de la représentation au niveau du processeur cible, la conservation du flot de données du programme, ainsi que l'ajout d'informations sur les structures de boucles et les dépendances de données. Nous montrons que Tirex est polyvalent et peut être utilisé dans une variété d'applications différentes, comme par exemple un environnement d'exécution virtuel (VEE),et fournit une base forte pour un environnement d'analyse du programme. Dans le cadre d'un VEE, nous présentons un interprèteur de la forme SSA et un compilateur just-in-time (JIT). Nous montrons comment l'interprétation d'une représentation au niveau du processeur cible élimine la plupart des problèmes liés à l'exécution en mode mixte. Nous explorons également les questions liées à l'interprétation efficace d'une représentation de programme sous la forme SSA.

This dissertation attempts to determine to what extent sections 88 and 90 of the Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964 comply with the constitutional right to just administrative action, read with the provisions of the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000. As international trade increases, it is increasingly important that the provisions of the Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964 which regulate the industry are regarded as constitutional as potential trade between South Africa and other countries may be lost if the said provisions are not seen as promoting administrative justice. As wide and far-reaching powers are conveyed upon an administrator acting in accordance with the provisions of sections 88 and 90 of the Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964, it is important that the said provisions are regarded as constitutional. As not only goods, but also vessels, vehicles and other property used in connection with the suspected goods may be seized in terms of the aforementioned sections, the danger of potential large-scale pecuniary losses to the trader immediately becomes evident. As the current provisions do not allow an affected party to state his or her case before the action in terms of sections 88 and 90 is taken by an administrator, nor require the administrator to provide reasons for his or her action, the legality of the said provisions are tested against the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, as effected by the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000. The remedies available to an affected party of an action in terms of the relevant sections of the Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964 are discussed in depth, together with the issue of the determination of the procedural fairness of such action. Certain practical guidelines in the exercising of powers in terms of the aforementioned sections are also given, providing an administrator with a minimum framework of responsibilities and guidelines in order to ensure that the legality of his or her action cannot be brought into dispute. As is evident from the content of this paper, the constitutionality of any action in terms of the relevant sections of the Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964 will almost always depend on the circumstances of the individual case. It is therefore of the utmost importance that an administrator applies his or her mind in a reasonably acceptable manner in order to ensure compliance with the administrative justice provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. The dissertation consists of a literary study, focusing on the latest developments regarding the promotion of justice in the international trade industry in South Africa, taking into account statutory provisions, case law, text books, journal articles as well as internet sources. / Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

This project examines the safety management of civil aircraft accident investigation authorities in International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Member States, with particular emphasis on the independence of the investigations. The research aims to establish the current level of resources and methodology adopted by Member States’ accident investigation authorities. The output of this work not only identifies the current situation but informs initiatives for some of the States in the process of establishing their investigation capability. ICAO Annex 13 was analysed and found to be based on the principle of independent accident investigations. Also, a four dimensional measuring index (4DMI) has been developed to measure the independence of accident investigations in ICAO Member States. Data were collected from 45 States and are presented in the thesis. As a result of applying the 4DMI to the collected data, the States were ranked according to their scores, and divided into four categories of independence. Analysis of the four categories and the scores from the four dimensions revealed that States approach the concept of investigation independence in different ways; however, there are several practices that are common within the highest independence category and several other practices that are common within the lowest independence category. The research recommends that States should work towards improving their overall investigation independence by implementing the seven identified practices in the High-Independence category and distance themselves from the five practices identified as common in the Low-Independence category.

This dissertation attempts to determine to what extent sections 88 and 90 of the Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964 comply with the constitutional right to just administrative action, read with the provisions of the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000. As international trade increases, it is increasingly important that the provisions of the Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964 which regulate the industry are regarded as constitutional as potential trade between South Africa and other countries may be lost if the said provisions are not seen as promoting administrative justice. As wide and far-reaching powers are conveyed upon an administrator acting in accordance with the provisions of sections 88 and 90 of the Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964, it is important that the said provisions are regarded as constitutional. As not only goods, but also vessels, vehicles and other property used in connection with the suspected goods may be seized in terms of the aforementioned sections, the danger of potential large-scale pecuniary losses to the trader immediately becomes evident. As the current provisions do not allow an affected party to state his or her case before the action in terms of sections 88 and 90 is taken by an administrator, nor require the administrator to provide reasons for his or her action, the legality of the said provisions are tested against the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, as effected by the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000. The remedies available to an affected party of an action in terms of the relevant sections of the Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964 are discussed in depth, together with the issue of the determination of the procedural fairness of such action. Certain practical guidelines in the exercising of powers in terms of the aforementioned sections are also given, providing an administrator with a minimum framework of responsibilities and guidelines in order to ensure that the legality of his or her action cannot be brought into dispute. As is evident from the content of this paper, the constitutionality of any action in terms of the relevant sections of the Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964 will almost always depend on the circumstances of the individual case. It is therefore of the utmost importance that an administrator applies his or her mind in a reasonably acceptable manner in order to ensure compliance with the administrative justice provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. The dissertation consists of a literary study, focusing on the latest developments regarding the promotion of justice in the international trade industry in South Africa, taking into account statutory provisions, case law, text books, journal articles as well as internet sources. / Thesis (LL.M. (Import and Export Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Ένα κεντρικό πρόβλημα της φιλοσοφίας ήταν πάντοτε το πρόβλημα της κατάκτησης του εαυτού μας. Πότε είμαι πραγματικά ο εαυτός μου; Ποιο είναι το οντολογικό νόημα της κατάκτησης του εαυτού μας; Αυτό το πρόβλημα έγινε ο άξονας γύρω από τον οποίο περιστρέφονται και άλλα προβλήματα με τα οποία χρειάστηκε να καταπιαστούμε: πώς θεμελιώνεται οντολογικά η γνώση και πώς είναι δυνατή η κατάκτησή της; Τι είναι η γνώση; Ποιο είναι το νόημα του χωρισμού της ψυχής από το σώμα; Ποιο είναι το νόημα του θανάτου; Αν στόχος είναι η έξοδος από το σπήλαιο, τότε υπάρχει κάτι που να με υποχρεώνει να επιστρέψω; Τελικά, στέκει αθεμελίωτο το αίτημα της δίκαιης πράξης; Καθώς προσπαθούμε να βρούμε τις απαντήσεις σε αυτά τα ερωτήματα, προτείνουμε τις δικές μας προσεγγίσεις σε σημαντικά πλατωνικά ζητήματα: τη σχέση της χειρωνακτικής και διανοητικής εργασίας, το νόημα της σωματικότητας, το νόημα του άλλου, το νόημα της μεθόδου, τη διαφορά και τη σχέση του φιλοσόφου και του πολιτικού. Μέσα από όλα αυτά τα προβλήματα, προσφέρουμε στο τέλος τη δική μας προσέγγιση γύρω από το πλατωνικό νόημα της κατάκτησης του εαυτού μας και ανοίγουμε ένα δρόμο για μία στέρεη προσέγγιση του πλατωνικού ευ πράττειν. Τον τελευταίο λόγο τον έχει ο τίμιος αναγνώστης μας, ο οποίος θα κρίνει την ποιότητα του αποτελέσματος. Εμπνευσμένοι από μία στιγμιαία σκέψη του Πλάτωνα στον Θεαίτητο, αφήνουμε στον επίλογο μία υπόθεση εργασίας: την θεμελίωση μιας ηθικής χωρίς a priori και χωρίς σχετικισμό: τις δύο συμπληγάδες κάθε προσπάθειας ηθικής θεμελίωσης. Και υποστηρίζουμε ότι μία τέτοια θεμελίωση μπορεί να αντληθεί από τη μαρξιστική σκέψη. / A basic problem of philosophy was always the problem of the conquest of ourselves. When am I really myself? What is the ontological meaning of the conquest of ourselves? This problem became the axle around which rotate more platonic problems we had to undertake: how is knowledge ontologically grounded on and how is it possible to acquire it? What is knowledge? What is the meaning of the soul-body separation? What is the meaning of death? If the exit from the cave is the final aim, then is there something that makes me to return? Eventually, is the request of the justice act without ontological foundation? As we are trying to find the answers for all this questions, we offer our one approach on important platonic issues: the relation between the manual and the mental labor, the meaning of corporality, the meaning of the other, the meaning of the method, the difference and the relation between the philosopher and the statesman. Through all this problems, we are finally offering our approach about the platonic meaning of the conquest of ourselves and we are opening a path for a solid understanding of the platonic just act. The last word is on our fair reader, who will judge the quality of the result. Inspired from an instantaneous thought of Plato in Theaetetus, we are offering a working hypothesis: the foundation of an ethic without apriori or relativism: those two symplegades of every attempt for an ethical foundation. And we are claiming that such a foundation can be derived from Marx’s thought.

Just-In-Time är ett måltillstånd som dagens tillverkningsindustrier strävar efter, vilket innebär att öka produktivtetet genom att minska ledtiden, öka kvaliteten och bli mer resurseffektiva. Tillverkningsindustrier är ineffektiva vad gäller att producera efter tillståndet Just-In-Time. Detta på grund av de högra kraven som kräver resurser, men även den ekonomsika aspekten i from av tid och kostand. Syftet med arbetet är att få ökad förståelse kring vilka förutsättningar krävs för Just-In-Time i en kundorderstyrd produktion. De verktyg och metoder som användes i arbetet var, värdeflödesanalys, spaghettidiagram, SMED och frekvensstudie. Metoderna som använts har även bidragit till att besvara problemformuleringen, Vilka förutsättningar krävs för att Just-In-Time ska kunna fungera i en kundorderstyrd produktion? De förutsättningarna är, stabilitet, standardisering, produktion i from av ett dragande system, minimering av lager, cykeltid och ställtid, FIFO samt takttid. Nyckelord: Just-In-Time (JIT), Lean production, ställtid, kvalitet, effektivitet, lager och kostnad

Cette recherche se propose trois objectifs : il s’agit, premièrement, de dégager les représentations et les causes que les patients tunisiens attribuent à la pathologie cancéreuse. Deuxièmement, de déceler les croyances en matière de contrôle perçu pour ce qui est de l’évolution de la maladie. Enfin, de chercher l’effet direct, médiatisé ou modéré d’un ensemble de variables personnelles, médicales et environnementales sur le coping de ces patients. Les résultats auxquels nous avons abouti, au moyen d’une étude quantitative, mettent en évidence l’effet direct du niveau socio-culturel du patient sur le choix du coping centré sur le problème. Cet effet se trouve médiatisé partiellement par un Lieu de contrôle-médecin, un fort sentiment d’efficacité personnelle et une tendance vers l’optimisme. En outre, une étude qualitative a fait émerger des notions comme celle d’optimisme réaliste, du coping religieux et de la croyance en un monde juste. De tels résultats sont en faveur de la conception et de la mise en place de programmes de formation et de développement des ressources humaines afin de promouvoir le système de santé du pays. / This research proposes three objectives: the first one consists in bringing out the representations and the causes that the Tunisian patients attribute to the cancerous pathology. The second is to identify the beliefs concerning the perceived control of the disease evolution. Finally, the third objective is to seek the direct, mediate or moderate effect of a set of personal, medical and environmental variables on the coping of these patients. The results which we have come to, by means of a quantitative study, highlight the direct effect of the socio-cultural level of the patient on the choice of the problem-focused coping. This effect is partially mediated by a doctor-health locus of control, a strong personal perceived efficacy and a tendency towards optimism. In addition, a qualitative study has led to the appearance of notions such as realistic optimism, religious coping and belief in a just world. Such results support both the conception and the establishment of programs for the training and the development of human resources in order to promote the country's health system.