Största utmaningen byggindustrierna har i dagens läge är att reducera onödiga kostnader och onödigt arbete samt att effektivisera arbetet i form av tid och pengar. Detta är en fråga och en undersökning som gjorts ett flertal gånger under de senaste åren eftersom att det är ett stort problem inom de flesta byggbranscher. Denna rapport är skriven i uppdrag av Peab i syfte att identifiera slöserierna och kritiska störningar, för att sedan ta fram åtgärdsförslag för att reducera slöseriet av tiden och kostnaderna för framtida projekt Fyra olika, slutförda anläggningsprojekt har undersökts i uppdrag av Peab belägna i Stockholm. Dessa projekt omfattar ombyggnad av en vägkorsning samt nybyggnad av gång- och cykelbanor. Dessa fyra projekt varierar i omfattning och ger en mer varierad resultat i jämförelse med fyra stycken liknande projekt. Faktainsamlingen för detta arbete har mestadels omfattat lean construction med de olika sorters slöseri som finns i byggbranschen samt de olika principerna och metoderna lean construction omfattar, så som Just-In-Time. Andra studier gällande byggprocessen har även gjorts, mer specifikt produktions skedet. Skillnaden mellan värdeskapande och icke värdeskapande tid har behandlats, samt angående riskhanteringen och hur en riskhantering genomförs. Intervjuer har även genomförts i syfte att identifiera de mest kritiska slöserierna och störningar. Fakta framtagen från intervjuerna har redovisats i resultatet. Där framkom det att de fyra mest kritiska slöserierna var fel- och omarbeten, väntetider, onödiga transporter och onödiga arbeten. Sammanfattningsvis har åtgärdsförslag med hjälp av lean construction, intervjuer samt kunskap från denna rapport framtagits för att minska på dessa störningar och slöseri med hjälp av t.ex. Jidoka och PDCA för att öka tids- och kostnadseffektiviteten i produktionen. Kortfattat kan begreppet slöseri och störning definieras på olika sätt. Där slöseri är en aktivitet som inte bidrar med något till verksamheten, och en störning är ett moment som stör arbetet. / The biggest challenge construction companies are facing at the moment is reducing the unnecessary costs and labor as well as to streamline the work. This is a matter and an investigation that has been done multiple times in recent years because this is a major problem in most construction companies. This report is commissioned by Peab for the purpose of identifying wastes and critical disorders, then drafting action proposals to reduce waste of time and costs. Four different, completed construction projects have been investigated, commissioned by Peab, and are located in Stockholm. These projects include the reconstruction of a roadway intersection and new construction of pedestrian and cycle tracks. These four projects vary in scale, giving a more varied result compared to four very similar projects The gathering of information for this work has mostly included lean construction with the various waste in the work industry, as well as the different principles and methods of lean construction, such as Just-In-Time. Other studies on the construction process have also been made, more specifically the production phase, the planning of the work. The difference between value creation time and non-value creation time has been dealt with, as well as risk management and how to conduct a risk analysis. Interviews have also been conducted with the aim of identifying the most critical wastes and interferences. The gathering of facts from the interviews has been reported in the results. It emerged that the four most critical wastes were defects/rework, waiting, transportation and extra processing. In summary, action proposals using lean construction, interviews and the knowledge from this report have been developed to reduce these disturbances and wastages with help of for example Jidoka and PDCA to increase time and cost efficiency in the production process. In short, the concept of waste and disturbance can be defined differently. Waste is an activity that does not contribute anything to the business, and a disturbance is a matter of disturbing the work.

Just-In-Time Software Defect Prediction (JIT-DP) focuses on predicting errors in software at change-level with the objective of helping developers identify defects while the development process is still ongoing, and improving the quality of software applications. This work studies deep learning techniques by applying attention mechanisms that have been successful in, among others, Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. We introduce two networks named Convolutional Neural Network with Bidirectional Attention (BACNN) and Bidirectional Attention Code Network (BACoN) that employ a bi-directional attention mechanism between the code and message of a software change. Furthermore, we examine BERT [17] and RoBERTa [57] attention architectures for JIT-DP. More specifically, we study the effectiveness of the aforementioned attention-based models to predict defective commits compared to the current state of the art, DeepJIT [37] and TLEL [101]. Our experiments evaluate the models by using software changes from the OpenStack open source project. The results showed that attention-based networks outperformed the baseline models in terms of accuracy in the different evaluation settings. The attention-based models, particularly BERT and RoBERTa architectures, demonstrated promising results in identifying defective software changes and proved to be effective in predicting defects in changes of new software releases. / Just-In-Time Defect Prediction (JIT-DP) fokuserar på att förutspå fel i mjukvara vid ändringar i koden, med målet att hjälpa utvecklare att identifiera defekter medan utvecklingsprocessen fortfarande är pågående, och att förbättra kvaliteten hos applikationsprogramvara. Detta arbete studerar djupinlärningstekniker genom att tillämpa attentionmekanismer som har varit framgångsrika inom, bland annat, språkteknologi (NLP). Vi introducerar två nätverk vid namn Convolutional Neural Network with Bidirectional Attention (BACNN), och Bidirectional Attention Code Network (BACoN), som använder en tvåriktad attentionmekanism mellan koden och meddelandet om en mjukvaruändring. Dessutom undersöker vi BERT [17] och RoBERTa [57], attentionarkitekturer för JIT-DP. Mer specifikt studerar vi hur effektivt dessa attentionbaserade modeller kan förutspå defekta ändringar, och jämför dem med de bästa tillgängliga arkitekturerna DeePJIT [37] och TLEL [101]. Våra experiment utvärderar modellerna genom att använda mjukvaruändringar från det öppna källkodsprojektet OpenStack. Våra resultat visar att attentionbaserade nätverk överträffar referensmodellen sett till träffsäkerheten i de olika scenarierna. De attentionbaserade modellerna, framför allt BERT och RoBERTa, demonstrerade lovade resultat när det kommer till att identifiera defekta mjukvaruändringar och visade sig vara effektiva på att förutspå defekter i ändringar av nya mjukvaruversioner.

The aim of this thesis is to discuss the ethical issues which arise by nuclear deterrence. I have taken the position that the use of nuclear weapons is morally wrong. Nuclear deterrence is kind of a preventive measure, but not a way of fighting a war. Therefore, I used the ‘just war theory’ as a starting point to formulate analytical questions through which I have interpreted my material. The analytical questions are based on proportionality, utilitarianism, deontology and the ‘Doctrine of double effect’. I have used contemporary material by political scientists which form a symposium where they discussed on the topic of ‘just deterrence’. In my thesis, I argue that the liberty, life and happiness must be defended, but not to any price. I argue that we must see the value life itself has, because if our life, liberty and happiness is threatened, we have nothing to defend. The question that arises is whether there is an ethical approach which can help us understand these questions.

The purpose of this study was to enhance the understanding of how a production company can improve the transportation and storage of materials that are to be used shortly at the assemblylines, and to provide recommendations for improvements. The empirical section of the study was conducted through interviews and observations. Problems were identified and improvements were suggested. By implementing these improvements suggestions, the company can increase efficiency and reduce transportation needs and gain more free space within the work area. This will enable the company to achieve quicker setups to get a demand- based production, which can strengthen the companies competitiveness in the market.

ABSTRACT Date: 2nd June 2024  Level: Master thesis in Product and Process Development, advanced level, 30 credits Institution: School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Mälardalen University Author: Raiman Darman, 25th April 2000, Jasmin Alhaj, 12th Mars 1998 Title: Improving the Material Flow through Just-in-time Tutor: Ola Wassenius & Oliver Söderlund, ABB Robotics, Mats Ahlskog, Mälardalen University  Keywords: Material flow,  Just-in-time, Lean production, Warehouse management system Purpose: The purpose of this master thesis is to explore how Just-in-time principles can be applied to improve the internal material flow and to identify necessary functionalities in the warehouse management system to support Just-in-time. Research questions:  Q1: How can the material flow in production systems be improved by implementing Just-In-time? Q2: What type of functionality is needed in the warehouse management system to support Just-in-time? Method: This study employs qualitative research and an abductive approach to achieve its objectives. Data collection is categorized into secondary research, involving a review of existing literature, and primary research, which includes a case study conducted through interviews and observations. Both semi-structured and unstructured interviews were employed with the case company and the benchmarking organization. The use of benchmarking allows for the comparison of organizational practices, challenges, and outcomes, aiding in identifying areas for improvement and gaining insights into effective strategies. Conclusion: Addressing the first research question, the material flow can be improved by transitioning to a pull-based system and implementing concepts such as supermarkets and point-of-use storage. Furthermore, integrating automated systems for tracking cart availability and establishing clear protocols for standardized work procedures are crucial. Real-time communication and coordination between departments, facilitated by advanced solutions like real-time visibility screens, are also ways of improving the material flow.  Addressing the second research question, it's critical to integrate the internal WMS with the SAP ERP software, address communication gaps, provide comprehensive user training and support, streamline task sequencing, and conduct regular system updates and maintenance. / SAMMANFATTNING Datum: 2 juni 2024 Nivå: Examensarbete i produkt- och processutveckling, avancerad nivå, 30 hp Institution: Akademin för Innovation, Design och Teknik, IDT, Mälardalens universitet  Författare: Raiman Darman, 25 april 2000, Jasmin Alhaj, 12 mars 1998 Titel: Förbättra materialflödet genom Just-in-time Handledare: Ola Wassenius & Oliver Söderlund, ABB Robotics, Mats Ahlskog, Mälardalens Universitet Nyckelord:  Materialflöde, Just-in-time, Lean production, lagerhanteringssystem Syfte: Undersöka hur Just-in-time-principer kan tillämpas för att förbättra det interna materialflödet och att identifiera nödvändiga funktioner i lagringshanteringssystemet för att stödja Just-in-time.  Frågeställningar: F1: Hur kan materialflödet i produktionssystemen förbättras genom att implementera Just-in-time? F2: Vilken typ av funktionalitet behövs i lagerhanteringssystemet för att stödja Just-in-time? Metod: Denna studie använder kvalitativ forskning och en abduktiv metod för att uppnå sina mål. Datainsamlingen kategoriseras i sekundär forskning, med en genomgång av befintlig litteratur, och primär forskning, som inkluderar en fallstudie genomförd genom intervjuer och observationer. Både semistrukturerade och ostrukturerade intervjuer används med caseföretaget och benchmarkingorganisationen. Användningen av benchmarking gör det möjligt att jämföra organisatoriska metoder, utmaningar och resultat, vilket hjälper till att identifiera områden för förbättringar och få insikter i effektiva strategier. Slutsats: Genom att ta itu med den första forskningsfrågan kan materialflödet förbättras genom att gå över till ett pull-baserat system och implementera koncept som stormarknader och point-of-use. Dessutom är det avgörande att integrera automatiserade system för att spåra vagnens tillgänglighet och upprätta tydliga protokoll för standardiserade arbetsprocedurer. Kommunikation i realtid och koordinering mellan avdelningar, underlättat av avancerade lösningar som skärmar i realtid, är också sätt att förbättra materialflödet. För att ta itu med den andra forskningsfrågan är det viktigt att integrera det interna WMS med SAP ERP-programvaran, åtgärda kommunikationsluckor, tillhandahålla omfattande användarutbildning och support, effektivisera uppgiftssekvenseringen och genomföra regelbundna systemuppdateringar och underhåll.

This project examines the safety management of civil aircraft accident investigation authorities in International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Member States, with particular emphasis on the independence of the investigations. The research aims to establish the current level of resources and methodology adopted by Member States’ accident investigation authorities. The output of this work not only identifies the current situation but informs initiatives for some of the States in the process of establishing their investigation capability. ICAO Annex 13 was analysed and found to be based on the principle of independent accident investigations. Also, a four dimensional measuring index (4DMI) has been developed to measure the independence of accident investigations in ICAO Member States. Data were collected from 45 States and are presented in the thesis. As a result of applying the 4DMI to the collected data, the States were ranked according to their scores, and divided into four categories of independence. Analysis of the four categories and the scores from the four dimensions revealed that States approach the concept of investigation independence in different ways; however, there are several practices that are common within the highest independence category and several other practices that are common within the lowest independence category. The research recommends that States should work towards improving their overall investigation independence by implementing the seven identified practices in the High-Independence category and distance themselves from the five practices identified as common in the Low-Independence category.

published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration

<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p><p>Overtime the execution and control of business activities to meet and even exceed customer satisfac-tion has become an absolute top priority. This is because with an increase in the demand for diverse products and services of quality in unprecedented numbers, there is an automatic injection of complexi-ty into the activities and processes which companies undertake in order to fulfill customer satisfaction. This complexity which could be logistical in nature is usually centered on the provision of quality prod-ucts and services on a timely basis for customer satisfaction. In order to keep this complexity aspect in check while fulfilling customer satisfaction, there is the need to manage the different facets of complex-ity that relate to quality and agility.</p><p><strong>Purpose</strong></p><p>The purpose of this study is to understand the managerial actions on the logistical challenges of quality and agility in a Newspaper Distribution Company.</p><p><strong>Method</strong></p><p>In order to fulfill the purpose, the authors undertook a qualitative-single case study following an induc-tive approach. Interviews were conducted with two managers and these were basically face-to-face in-terviews though we also conducted some of the interviews by phone.</p><p><strong>Findings</strong></p><p>Managing complexity challenges of quality and agility requires the utilization of Total Quality Manage-ment (TQM), Just-in-Time (JIT) and Information flow (IF). Through the utilization of TQM, quality standards are enhanced through continuous improvement and the pursuit of excellence in the activities of the company. JIT as a philosophy helps in the elimination of waste and in the speeding up of processes within a company’s supply chain that result to the timely delivery of goods and services to customers in order to enhance customer satisfaction. Also, Information flow through the aid of diverse technologies such as mobile phones, radio phones, the internet, the World Wide Web, Customer Rela-tionship Management systems, Structured Query Language relational database but also word of mouth transmission have helped in the facilitation of decision making in the company relating to the delivery of quality products and services in an agile or responsive manner for customer satisfaction.</p><p><strong>Practical and Theoretical Implication</strong></p><p>The attainment of the requisites of agility while maintaining delivery quality may not be sufficient to enhance customer satisfaction. The information in the model provides management with a pathway to follow in solving logistical challenges towards enhancing customer satisfaction. The study offers theory development opportunities.</p><p><strong>Originality</strong></p><p>A model of logistical complexity management was designed for the attainment of customer satisfaction.</p>

Since their introduction to the United States from Japan in the 1980s, inter-organizational cooperation practices between buyers and suppliers have provided lower costs, shorter development and production cycles, and higher levels of quality and productivity. Many studies of interorganizational cooperation have relied on transaction cost economicsframeworks,which ignore cultural differences. Few studies have analyzed inter-organizational cooperation in Mexico, a less-developed country (LDC) with a cultural and industrial environment differentfromthe U.S. This study is concerned with the influence of interorganizational trust, individualism and collectivism (indcol), and the superordinate goal ofjust-in-time/total quality management (JIT/TQM) on inter-organizational cooperation.

Byggindustrin är reglerad av avtal, överenskommelser och består av flera metoder samt att materialet är beroende av vilken typ av byggnad som ska konstrueras. Varje nytt byggprojekt är en unik produkt på en helt ny plats. Vilket skiljer sig från tillverkningsindustrin, som producerar produkter i fabrik. Från studiens syfte har tre frågeställningar utformats. Metoden som använts för att uppnå syftet och besvara frågeställningar har varit kvalitativ och kvantitativ. Den insamlade data är främst från intervjuer och tidigare studier. Studien har visat att tidigare bygglogistikanalyser saknar eller har otydlig definition av avgörande faktorer och detaljer kring konstruktion av fastigheter samt dess transporter. Analysen av tidigare bygglogistikanalyser har resulterat i antaganden och användbara värden för att utföra en prognos för stadsutvecklingsprojektet Väsjön. Scenarioanalysen visade att projektet generar drygt 240 000 transporter som motsvarar cirka 200 ton koldioxidutsläpp vid bostadsproduktion av 4500 nya bostäder. Analysen visade möjligheten att minska både antalet transporter och utsläpp när olika logistiklösningarna introduceras, såsom en checkpoint- lösning, en terminallösning, en gemensam avfallshantering eller kombination av dem.