Cette thèse est consacrée à la question du don dans le milieu humanitaire, sous l'angle des donateurs particuliers rarement questionnés à ce sujet. Les ONG ont de plus en plus de visibilité et utilisent, entre autre, les émotions pour inciter aux dons. Cependant puisque le sujet du don est étudié (comme par l'anthropologue Marcel Mauss, principalement), il convient de s'appuyer sur les analyses correspondant à cette thématique, tout en s'intéressant à une ONG française de Solidarité Internationale (Aide et Action) dont le principal domaine d'intervention est l'éducation et qui a mis en place le parrainage. L'organisation intervient dans différents pays pour venir en aide à des personnes vulnérables, notamment des enfants, ce via différentes actions basées sur le développement à long terme. Dans ce travail, il s'agit surtout de comprendre pourquoi les donateurs particuliers de cette ONG, à la fois les donateurs hebdomadaires ou trimestriels et ceux dénommés «parrains», donnent de l'argent. Le terrain s'est effectué par le biais de deux questionnaires, un pour chaque type de donateur, où furent posées des questions concernant, particulièrement, la manière dont l'ONG communique auprès des donateurs, les incitant par-là à poursuivre leur investissement. Par la suite, des entretiens ont permis de renforcer les données apportées par les questionnaires. / This thesis is devoted to the issue of donation in the humanitarian sector, from the perspective of individual donors who are rarely questioned about this subject. NGOs are increasingly present in the public eye and use, among other strategies, emotions to incite people to donate. However, since the theme of the gift has been studied (for example, by the anthropologist Marcel Mauss, mainly), we should be based on the analysis related to this theme and also focus on a French NGO ("Aide et Action") whose main sphere of action relates to education and has established the sponsorship. The organization operates in different countries in order to help vulnerable people, including children, through various actions based on long-term development. In this work, it is mainly to understand why do individual donors of this NGO, both weekly and quarterly and those referred to as "sponsors", give money. The fieldwork has been carried out through two questionnaires, one for each type of donors, in which questions were asked, in particular, about how the NGO communicates with donors, prompting thereby to continue their investment. Subsequently, interviews have strengthened data provided by the questionnaires.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Vania Vaz.pdf: 1092344 bytes, checksum: 9f84934ce923a4fe0bf42a63bde54108 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-09 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This research, "Faith Healers: their life experiences and the life of healing", is a narrative study of some Faith Healers who reside in the city of Irati, located in the Central-Southern region of Paraná State. The objectives of this project are the reflection about different aspects of these women s life experiences, the influence of their social relations in the development of their practices, as well as the representation of their multiple actions, which include the Faith Healers daily lives, their personal views, and their particular way of interpreting the universe, which involves the healing rituals. Such a universe is marked by demonstrations of religiousness and faith, which can also include other actions: the discovery and/or development of the Gift, connections with protective divine entities, the development of specific rituals, besides the meaning of the Christian and social roles performed by the healers in their service, which are interpreted in a particular way by each one of the possessors of the Gift of Healing. / Esta pesquisa, " As benzedeiras da cidade de Irati: suas experiências com o mundo, e o mundo da benzeção ", é um estudo de narrativas de algumas benzedeiras residentes na cidade de Irati, localizada na Região Centro-Sul do Estado do Paraná. Os objetivos deste trabalho consistem na reflexão sobre diferentes aspectos da experiência de vida dessas mulheres, a influência de suas relações sociais no desenvolvimento de suas práticas, bem como a apresentação das múltiplas ações que envolvem o cotidiano das benzedeiras, suas visões pessoais e seu modo particular de interpretação do universo que envolve os rituais de benzeção. Tal universo é pautado por demonstrações de religiosidade e fé, que inclusive chegam a compreender outras ações: a descoberta e/ou o desenvolvimento do " Dom ", relações com entidades divinas protetoras, o desenvolvimento de rituais específicos, além do sentido dos papéis social e cristão exercidos pelas benzedeiras em seu ofício, os quais são interpretados de maneira peculiar por cada uma das possuidoras do "Dom de Benzer"

Habilitationsschrift--Göttingen. / Bibliography: p. [201]-211.

Corinto, a terceira maior cidade do Império Romano, era constituída por muitos povos, culturas, filosofias, religiões, estilos de vida, e reconhecida como a mais helenista das cidades do NT. Era uma cidade cosmopolita mediada pela elite, dominada pelo poder estrangeiro, intelectualmente viva, materialmente próspera e moralmente corrupta. O ideal dos coríntios era o desenvolvimento do indivíduo. A cidade, reconstruída em 44 a C, foi repovoada por veteranos, pessoas de classes mais baixas, libertos vindos de Roma, deserdados romanos, escravos, apartados das comunidades de apoio e das suas tradições que constituíam suas identidades. O sistema dominante era o patronato escravagista. Corinto era submetida a Roma e tinha o latim como língua oficial. Nela se consolidaram os cultos mistéricos. A comunidade cristã de Corinto contrapõe-se ao contexto como sociedade alternativa. Os dons e carismas do Espírito tornam-se a discussão fundamental, conforme 1Cor 12-14. Paulo põe-se em defesa dos carismas da edificação e submete os demais dons à agape. O Deus Uno e Trino constitui a fundamento dos carismas, que na unidade do seu ser age e distribui a diversidade de carismas e dons, afim de suprir as necessidades do povo de Deus. Os fenômenos carismáticos / pentecostais testemunham as guerras, as migrações em massa, as calamidades, as mudanças sociais, filosóficas e teológicas, os contextos históricos que implicam profundas mudanças no ser e na comunidade humana. O êxtase marca a história ao longo dos séculos, sendo também uma das expressões do catolicismo atual, das igrejas históricas, bem como a diversidade de igrejas pentecostais e enfoques teológicos. / Corinth, the third largest city of the Roman Empire, was constituted by many peoples, cultures, philosophies, religions, lifestyles, and known as the most Hellenistic cities of the NT. It was a cosmopolitan city mediated by the elite, dominated by foreign powers, intellectually alive, materially prosperous and morally corrupt. The ideal of the Corinthians was the development of the individual. The city reconstructed in the 44th C, was populated by veterans, people of lower social classes, freed from Rome, disinherited Roman slaves, apart from supportive communities and traditions that constitute their identities. The patronage was the dominant system of slavery. Corinth was submitted to Rome and had Latin as official language. It was consolidated the mystery cults. The Christian community in Corinth opposed to the context as an alternative society. The gifts and charisms of the Spirit become a fundamental discussion, as 1 Cor 12-14. Paul points out in defense of the charisms of the building and submit the other gifts to the agape. The Triune God is the foundation of the charisms which the unity of his acts and be distributes a diversity of charisms and gifts in order to meet the needs of the people of God. The phenomena charismatic / Pentecostal witness wars, mass migrations, natural disasters and the social, philosophical and theological, historical contexts that involve profound changes in the being and the human community. The ecstasy marks the history over the centuries and is also one of the expressions of Catholicism today, the historic churches, as well as the diversity of Pentecostal churches and theological approaches.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 15 mai 2023) / Ce mémoire examine s'il est légitime pour une société démocratique d'utiliser les ressources publiques afin de promouvoir les dons privés. En effet, la majorité des démocraties libérales offrent des crédits d'impôt, des déductions fiscales ou des contributions au financement pour stimuler les dons de bienfaisance. Ces subventions publiques structurent fondamentalement le développement des secteurs philanthropiques et affectent la manière de pratiquer la bienfaisance. Or, elles privent les gouvernements d'importantes ressources en permettant aux philanthropes de décider la manière d'allouer les ressources publiques. De plus, les systèmes fiscaux sont généralement structurés de manière à favoriser les grands donateurs et donatrices. Ce travail s'intéresse à trois justifications normatives mobilisées dans le débat académique pour défendre l'existence de ces subventions et les confronte aux exigences d'une société démocratique. L'argument de l'assiette fiscale défend que l'utilisation de la propriété privée à des fins altruistes représente une perte pour les contribuables qu'il importe de soustraire du revenu imposable. L'argument de l'efficacité veut que les subventions produisent des biens et des services d'une plus grande valeur sociale que ceux financés directement par l'État avec l'impôt. L'argument du pluralisme soutient que la défiscalisation des dons décentralise le processus de financement de la société civile pour la rendre plus démocratique. Le mémoire conclut en rejetant la première justification et montre que les modalités des systèmes actuels n'engendrent pas les objectifs désirés par les deux autres. Il propose finalement des éléments de réforme pour les démocratiser et les conformer aux exigences normatives de ces deux arguments. / This work examines whether it is legitimate for a democratic society to use public resources to promote philanthropic donations. Indeed, most liberal democracies offer tax credits, tax deductions or matching funds to stimulate charitable giving. These public subsidies fundamentally structure the development of the philanthropic sectors and affect the way charity is practiced. Yet, they deprive governments of important resources by allowing donors to decide how to allocate public resources. In addition, tax systems are generally structured to favour large donors. In this work, we examine three normative justifications that have been employed by scholar in academic discourse to defend the existence of these subsidies and confronts them with the requirements of a democratic society. The tax base rationale argues that the use of private property for altruistic purposes represents a loss to donors that should be deducted from taxable income. The efficacity rationale holds that those subsidies produce goods and services of greater social value than those funded directly by the state through taxation. The pluralism rationale argues that tax-exempt donations decentralize the process of funding civil society to make it more democratic. We conclude by rejecting the first justification and shows that the modalities of the current systems do not generate the objectives desired by the other two. Finally, we suggest elements of reform to democratize those subsidies and to make them compliant with the normative requirements of these arguments.

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2009-2010 / Le domaine du génie tissulaire ouvre la voie à l'utilisation de nouvelles stratégies pour l'obtention de tissus de remplacement. Un soin particulier doit être porté lors de la production de ces substituts afin d'optimiser la quantité et la qualité des cellules prolifératrices présentes à l'intérieur de ces tissus. Nos analyses ont permis de déterminer que les caractéristiques du site de prélèvement cutané influençaient la quantité de cellules souches retrouvées in situ. De plus, nos expérimentations sur le modèle de peau reconstruite par auto-assemblage permet de préserver les cellules avec un cycle lent de division cellulaire, une caractéristique des cellules souches cutanées. Finalement, la cryopréservation, utilisée pour conserver les lignées de kératinocytes, n'influence pas la fonction des cellules souches épithéliales. Ces résultats suggèrent que les techniques utilisées pour la production de substituts cutanés sont optimales dans un contexte où la conservation des cellules souches est une nécessité.

Traditional disease surveillance can be augmented with a wide variety of open sources, such as online news media, twitter, blogs, and web search records. Rapidly increasing volumes of these open sources are proving to be extremely valuable resources in helping analyze, detect, and forecast outbreaks of infectious diseases, especially new diseases or diseases spreading to new regions. However, these sources are in general unstructured (noisy) and construction of surveillance tools ranging from real-time disease outbreak monitoring to construction of epidemiological line lists involves considerable human supervision. Intelligent modeling of such sources using text mining methods such as, topic models, deep learning and dependency parsing can lead to automated generation of the mentioned surveillance tools. Moreover, real-time global availability of these open sources from web-based bio-surveillance systems, such as HealthMap and WHO Disease Outbreak News (DONs) can aid in development of generic tools which will be applicable to a wide range of diseases (rare, endemic and emerging) across different regions of the world. In this dissertation, we explore various methods of using internet news reports to develop generic surveillance tools which can supplement traditional surveillance systems and aid in early detection of outbreaks. We primarily investigate three major problems related to infectious disease surveillance as follows. (i) Can trends in online news reporting monitor and possibly estimate infectious disease outbreaks? We introduce approaches that use temporal topic models over HealthMap corpus for detecting rare and endemic disease topics as well as capturing temporal trends (seasonality, abrupt peaks) for each disease topic. The discovery of temporal topic trends is followed by time-series regression techniques to estimate future disease incidence. (ii) In the second problem, we seek to automate the creation of epidemiological line lists for emerging diseases from WHO DONs in a near real-time setting. For this purpose, we formulate Guided Epidemiological Line List (GELL), an approach that combines neural word embeddings with information extracted from dependency parse-trees at the sentence level to extract line list features. (iii) Finally, for the third problem, we aim to characterize diseases automatically from HealthMap corpus using a disease-specific word embedding model which were subsequently evaluated against human curated ones for accuracies. / Ph. D.

Thèse de doctorat : Droit privé : Artois : 2007. / Notes bibliogr. Bibliogr. p. 706-848. Index.

La Croix-Rouge française est une association (loi 1901) et une entreprise à but non lucratif, reconnue d’utilité publique, et auxiliaire des pouvoirs publics. Engagée dans une « lutte contre toutes les souffrances humaines », depuis plus de 150 ans, la Croix-Rouge française œuvre dans quatre domaines d’intervention nationaux : le secours, la santé, la formation et les actions sociales, ainsi que dans un domaine international. La Croix-Rouge française fait aussi partie d’un réseau, le Mouvement international Croix-Rouge et Croissant-Rouge, composé du CICR, de la Fédération internationale et de Sociétés nationales, la Croix-Rouge française étant l’une d’elles. Les actions sociales Croix-Rouge française dispensées par les organes de proximité, les délégations locales, doivent parvenir à relever le défi humanitaire dans une conception d’aide d’urgence. Basé sur l’engagement bénévole, tout le système d’aide humanitaire repose sur le don. Ce qui fait vivre chaque délégation c’est à la fois les dons matériels reçus, notamment des particuliers et de l’Etat, les dons immatériels perçus, de temps, de compétences, des bénévoles et des volontaires, et enfin des dons transmis de l’association aux bénéficiaires tels que nourriture, vêtements, adresse postale... Le travail ethnologique présenté ici sous forme d’une monographie s’attache à étudier le système d’aide philanthropique développé par la délégation locale d’Orange (Vaucluse) dans sa dimension matérielle et symbolique. Pour cela l’étude va se centrer sur deux thèmes en particulier : l’aide alimentaire et les bénévoles, et proposer ainsi une analyse ethnologique du don alimentaire et de la dynamique relationnelle du bénévolat. / The French Red Cross is an association (law 1901) and a non-profit organization, recognized as a public benefit and a wellness and auxiliary to the government. Engaged in a "fight against all human suffering," for over 150 years, the French Red Cross works in four areas of national intervention: relief, health, education and social action, and in an international field. The French Red Cross is also part of a network, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, consisting of the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent and in National Societies including the French Red Cross. Social actions of the French Red Cross provided by local bodies, local delegations, must complete the challenge to design a humanitarian emergency assistance. Based on the volunteer, all the humanitarian aid system is based on gifts. What keeps alive every delegation is both material donations received, from individuals and the state, intangible donations received such as time, expertise, volunteers, and finally donations passed from the association to beneficiaries such as food, clothing, mailing address ... The ethnological study presented here as a monograph seeks to examine the system of philanthropy developed by the local delegation of Orange (Vaucluse) in its material and symbolic dimension. Thus, the study will focus on two particular themes : food aid and volunteers, and offer an ethnological analysis, of the gift of food and the relational dynamics of volunteerism.

Cette recherche est née de la volonté de mener une réflexion sur la pérennisation de la mendicité des talibés en milieu urbain sénégalais, notamment dans la ville de Dakar. Les talibés sont des enfants confiés par leurs parents à des maîtres coraniques pour l’apprentissage du Coran. À l'origine, cet apprentissage qui est une tradition religieuse se faisait exclusivement en zones rurales. Toutefois, depuis les années 1970, en raison des grandes sécheresses qui se sont abattues dans les zones rurales du Sénégal et qui ont appauvri les populations, s’est développée la migration vers les villes d’hommes et de femmes en quête de meilleures conditions de vie. L’enseignement coranique a été touché par ces mutations socio-économiques car depuis lors, certains maîtres coraniques qui sont avant tout des cultivateurs, s'installent dans les villes sénégalaises, accompagnés d’enfants destinés à être leurs talibés. Toutefois, arrivés en ville, ces enfants passent plus de temps dans les rues que dans les daaras (« écoles coraniques ») car leurs maîtres leur demandent de mendier quotidiennement et de leur ramener entre autres une somme d'argent fixée d'avance. Même si l’Etat sénégalais dispose de lois répressives contre la mendicité infantile, il arbore une attitude équivoque face à ce que des organisations internationales considèrent comme une exploitation infantile. Ainsi, pour appréhender la pérennisation du fait social qu’est la mendicité des talibés, cette thèse se propose d’étudier les pratiques sociales à l’égard des talibés mendiants, des pratiques qui consistent essentiellement à leur adresser des dons d’aumône. En plus des raisons religieuses et humanitaires qui peuvent justifier ces dons, ces derniers sont également effectués pour des raisons plus mystiques notamment après certaines divinations de marabouts de type féticheur/guérisseur/voyant. Comme on le verra dans le cœur de cette recherche, ces distributions d’aumône apparaissent ainsi tel un enchevêtrement de croyances religieuses et hétérodoxes. In fine, il s’agira à partir d’une méthodologie qualitative d’élucider et d’analyser les ambivalences tout comme les enjeux sociaux que recouvre la pérennisation de la mendicité des talibés dans la plupart des villes sénégalaises. / This research followed the will to lead an inspection about the perennation of children begging in Senegal urban areas. Talibes are children whose parents entrust to some koranic masters. At the very beginning, this kuranic teaching that is a religious tradition was solely organized in rural area. Even so, in the seventies, rural areas faced harsh droughts that empoverished its inhabitants. As a matter of fact, some men and women started leaving their villages in quest for better living conditions in Senegal big cities. Koranic teaching was also affected by these socio-economic mutations because since then, some koranic masters who are first and foremost growers, have set up in cities taking with them children who are meant to be their talibes. However, when the latter arrive in town they spend more time in the streets than into daaras (koranic schools) because their masters ask them to beg daily and to bring them among other things a specific amount of money. Thus, those children are at the same time talibes and beggars. Even though the Senegalese government owns repressive laws against children begging, it shows off an equivocal attitude towards this social phenomenon. In this way, to apprehend the perennation of children begging, this thesis aims to study and to re-examine social practices towards talibes-beggars. Those practices consist mainly in giving them alms. Apart from religious and humanitarian reasons that can justify those practices, the latter can also be operated for more mystical reasons namely after some divinations made by marabouts like fetishs, healers and diviners. The scope therefore is to elucidate and to analyze, through a qualitative methodology, both ambivalences and eventual issues involved in the perannation of talibes begging in most of senegalese cities.