INTRODUÇÃO: Os desenluvamentos cutâneos são lesões graves e frequentemente há dificuldade para o cirurgião decidir qual o tratamento mais adequado a ser instituído, o reposicionamento e sutura do retalho ou o desengorduramento do retalho e enxertia da pele avulsionada. A conduta cirúrgica de reposicionamento e sutura do retalho é mais rápida e simples de ser realizada, mantém as características anatômicas e fisiológicas locais, mas frequentemente evolui com perda parcial ou total do retalho avulsionado. O tratamento cirúrgico de adelgaçamento do retalho desenluvado e enxertia da pele obtida tem a desvantagem de resultar em aspecto estético e protetivo inferiores, mas é o tratamento mais utilizado devido à maior taxa de integração do enxerto. Medicações com propriedades de aumentar a perfusão do retalho desenluvado podem permitir a conduta cirúrgica de reposicionamento e sutura do retalho ao seu leito original, mantendo as vantagens da cobertura cutânea original e preservando total ou parcialmente a viabilidade do retalho. Este estudo avaliou o efeito dos fármacos enoxaparina, pentoxifilina e alopurinol na diminuição da área de necrose de retalhos cutâneos avulsionados através da utilização de um modelo experimental de desenluvamento cutâneo em membros inferiores de ratos. MÉTODOS: Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos com 25 ratos em cada um deles. Os quatro grupos foram submetidos ao modelo proposto de desenluvamento de todo membro inferior, resultando em um retalho de fluxo distal que foi reposicionado ao leito e suturado. O grupo 1 (avulsão / controle) recebeu 1ml de solução salina via intraperitoneal. O grupo 2 (avulsão / enoxaparina) recebeu 1 ml de enoxaparina (320 UI/kg) via subcutânea. O grupo 3 (avulsão / pentoxifilina) recebeu 1 ml de pentoxifilina (25 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal. O grupo 4 (avulsão / alopurinol) recebeu 1 ml de alopurinol (45 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal. As medicações foram infundidas em dose única imediatamente após o reposicionamento e sutura do retalho avulsionado. Os animais foram observados até o 7° dia pós-operatório, quando foram sacrificados e o retalho desenluvado foi retirado e analisado. A área total do retalho e a área de necrose do retalho foram quantificadas para todos os animais e análise estatística foi realizada entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: a mediana da área total do retalho desenluvado (cm2) foi de 5,633 para G1, 5,353 para G2, 5,505 para G3 e de 5,870 para G4 (p = 0,7460). A mediana da área de necrose do retalho desenluvado (cm2) foi de 3,368 para G1, 1,663 para G2, 2,297 para G3 e de 1,888 para G4 (p < 0,0001). Houve diferença estatística entre os pares G1 e G2, G1 e G3, G1 e G4 (p < 0,05). A relação entre a área de necrose e área total do retalho desenluvado para os quatro grupos foi de 63,34% (G1), 32,71% (G2), 41,7% (G3) e 34,85% (G4) (p < 0,0001). Houve diferença estatística entre os pares G1 e G2, G1 e G3, G1 e G4 (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Houve diminuição da área de necrose em retalhos cutâneos avulsionados em membros inferiores de ratos com a utilização das medicações enoxaparina (G2), pentoxifilina (G3) e alopurinol (G4) quando comparados ao grupo controle (G1). Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos terapêuticos com relação à área de necrose nos retalhos cutâneos avulsionados (G2 x G3; G2 x G4; G3 x G4) / INTRODUCTION: Degloving injuries may be a challenge when it comes to deciding the surgical approach to be used. Repositioning of the flap and suturing is faster and more straightforward, but often leads to total or partial loss of the avulsed flap. Skin flap deffating and grafting of the detached flap have the disadvantages of resulting in poor aesthetic appearance and being less protective, but they have been the most widely used due to the higher rate of graft take. Pharmacological agents with vascular properties that enhance the viability of the reattached flap could be beneficial to patients with degloving injuries. This study evaluated the effects of enoxaparin, pentoxifylline and allopurinol in reducing necrosis area of avulsed skin flaps through a degloving experimental model in the hind limb of rats. METHODS: Rats were grouped in four groups with 25 rats each. The four groups were subjected to the proposed degloving model of hind limb, resulting in a reverse flow flap. The flap was then repositioned and sutured. Group 1 (avulsion / control) received 1 ml saline solution intraperitoneally. Group 2 (avulsion / enoxaparin) received 1 ml of enoxaparin (320 IU/kg) subcutaneously. Group 3 (avulsion / pentoxifylline) received 1 ml of pentoxifylline (25 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Group 4 (avulsion / allopurinol) received 1 ml of allopurinol (45 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Saline solution and medications were infused in single dose after wound closure. The animals were observed until 7 days postoperatively, when they were sacrificed and the degloved flap was removed and analyzed by image processing software. The total area of the avulsed flap and the necrotic area were measured for all animals and statistical analysis was performed between groups. RESULTS: The median total flap area (cm2) was 5.633 for G1, 5.353 for G2, 5.505 for G3 and 5.870 for G4 (p = 0.7460). The median necrotic flap area (cm2) was 3.368 for G1, 1.663 for G2, 2.297 for G3 and 1.888 for G4 (p < 0.0001). There was statistical difference between pairs G1 and G2, G1 and G3, G1 and G4 (p < 0.05). The ratio between the necrotic flap area and total flap area was 63.34% (G1), 32.71% (G2), 41.7% (G3) and 34.85% (G4) (p < 0.0001). There was statistical difference between pairs G1 and G2, G1 and G3, G1 and G4 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There was a decrease in necrosis of the avulsed skin flap in the hind limbs of rats with the use of medications enoxaparin (G2), pentoxifylline (G3) and allopurinol (G4) compared to the control group (G1). There was no statistically significant difference in the necrosis area of avulsed skin flaps between treatment groups (G2 x G3; G2 x G4; G3 x G4)

INTRODUÇÃO: Os desenluvamentos cutâneos são lesões graves e frequentemente há dificuldade para o cirurgião decidir qual o tratamento mais adequado a ser instituído, o reposicionamento e sutura do retalho ou o desengorduramento do retalho e enxertia da pele avulsionada. A conduta cirúrgica de reposicionamento e sutura do retalho é mais rápida e simples de ser realizada, mantém as características anatômicas e fisiológicas locais, mas frequentemente evolui com perda parcial ou total do retalho avulsionado. O tratamento cirúrgico de adelgaçamento do retalho desenluvado e enxertia da pele obtida tem a desvantagem de resultar em aspecto estético e protetivo inferiores, mas é o tratamento mais utilizado devido à maior taxa de integração do enxerto. Medicações com propriedades de aumentar a perfusão do retalho desenluvado podem permitir a conduta cirúrgica de reposicionamento e sutura do retalho ao seu leito original, mantendo as vantagens da cobertura cutânea original e preservando total ou parcialmente a viabilidade do retalho. Este estudo avaliou o efeito dos fármacos enoxaparina, pentoxifilina e alopurinol na diminuição da área de necrose de retalhos cutâneos avulsionados através da utilização de um modelo experimental de desenluvamento cutâneo em membros inferiores de ratos. MÉTODOS: Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos com 25 ratos em cada um deles. Os quatro grupos foram submetidos ao modelo proposto de desenluvamento de todo membro inferior, resultando em um retalho de fluxo distal que foi reposicionado ao leito e suturado. O grupo 1 (avulsão / controle) recebeu 1ml de solução salina via intraperitoneal. O grupo 2 (avulsão / enoxaparina) recebeu 1 ml de enoxaparina (320 UI/kg) via subcutânea. O grupo 3 (avulsão / pentoxifilina) recebeu 1 ml de pentoxifilina (25 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal. O grupo 4 (avulsão / alopurinol) recebeu 1 ml de alopurinol (45 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal. As medicações foram infundidas em dose única imediatamente após o reposicionamento e sutura do retalho avulsionado. Os animais foram observados até o 7° dia pós-operatório, quando foram sacrificados e o retalho desenluvado foi retirado e analisado. A área total do retalho e a área de necrose do retalho foram quantificadas para todos os animais e análise estatística foi realizada entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: a mediana da área total do retalho desenluvado (cm2) foi de 5,633 para G1, 5,353 para G2, 5,505 para G3 e de 5,870 para G4 (p = 0,7460). A mediana da área de necrose do retalho desenluvado (cm2) foi de 3,368 para G1, 1,663 para G2, 2,297 para G3 e de 1,888 para G4 (p < 0,0001). Houve diferença estatística entre os pares G1 e G2, G1 e G3, G1 e G4 (p < 0,05). A relação entre a área de necrose e área total do retalho desenluvado para os quatro grupos foi de 63,34% (G1), 32,71% (G2), 41,7% (G3) e 34,85% (G4) (p < 0,0001). Houve diferença estatística entre os pares G1 e G2, G1 e G3, G1 e G4 (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: Houve diminuição da área de necrose em retalhos cutâneos avulsionados em membros inferiores de ratos com a utilização das medicações enoxaparina (G2), pentoxifilina (G3) e alopurinol (G4) quando comparados ao grupo controle (G1). Não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos terapêuticos com relação à área de necrose nos retalhos cutâneos avulsionados (G2 x G3; G2 x G4; G3 x G4) / INTRODUCTION: Degloving injuries may be a challenge when it comes to deciding the surgical approach to be used. Repositioning of the flap and suturing is faster and more straightforward, but often leads to total or partial loss of the avulsed flap. Skin flap deffating and grafting of the detached flap have the disadvantages of resulting in poor aesthetic appearance and being less protective, but they have been the most widely used due to the higher rate of graft take. Pharmacological agents with vascular properties that enhance the viability of the reattached flap could be beneficial to patients with degloving injuries. This study evaluated the effects of enoxaparin, pentoxifylline and allopurinol in reducing necrosis area of avulsed skin flaps through a degloving experimental model in the hind limb of rats. METHODS: Rats were grouped in four groups with 25 rats each. The four groups were subjected to the proposed degloving model of hind limb, resulting in a reverse flow flap. The flap was then repositioned and sutured. Group 1 (avulsion / control) received 1 ml saline solution intraperitoneally. Group 2 (avulsion / enoxaparin) received 1 ml of enoxaparin (320 IU/kg) subcutaneously. Group 3 (avulsion / pentoxifylline) received 1 ml of pentoxifylline (25 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Group 4 (avulsion / allopurinol) received 1 ml of allopurinol (45 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Saline solution and medications were infused in single dose after wound closure. The animals were observed until 7 days postoperatively, when they were sacrificed and the degloved flap was removed and analyzed by image processing software. The total area of the avulsed flap and the necrotic area were measured for all animals and statistical analysis was performed between groups. RESULTS: The median total flap area (cm2) was 5.633 for G1, 5.353 for G2, 5.505 for G3 and 5.870 for G4 (p = 0.7460). The median necrotic flap area (cm2) was 3.368 for G1, 1.663 for G2, 2.297 for G3 and 1.888 for G4 (p < 0.0001). There was statistical difference between pairs G1 and G2, G1 and G3, G1 and G4 (p < 0.05). The ratio between the necrotic flap area and total flap area was 63.34% (G1), 32.71% (G2), 41.7% (G3) and 34.85% (G4) (p < 0.0001). There was statistical difference between pairs G1 and G2, G1 and G3, G1 and G4 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There was a decrease in necrosis of the avulsed skin flap in the hind limbs of rats with the use of medications enoxaparin (G2), pentoxifylline (G3) and allopurinol (G4) compared to the control group (G1). There was no statistically significant difference in the necrosis area of avulsed skin flaps between treatment groups (G2 x G3; G2 x G4; G3 x G4)

The general aim of this thesis is to describe and analyse the role of primary care in health care systems in terms of health, health care utilisation and costs, and to study the feasibility of retrieval of data from computerised medical records to monitor medical quality. The thesis includes five studies, a systematic literature review, a register study of utilisation of hospital and primary care, a study based on data from computerised medical records of individual patients cost for primary care, and two studies of management of respiratory infections in primary care based on data from computerised medical records of twelve health centres. The general findings of the literature review were that an expansion of the primary care component of the health care system would most likely result in better health, lower hospital care consumption and lower expenses for care. The personal physician and continuity of care were core elements to achieve this, and the significance of the way primary care is organised and funded was evident. In the register study fifty health centres were compared. Age and rates of outpatient hospital visits were the most important factors explaining the variation of rates of hospitalisations between the health centres’ areas. Hospital district also influenced hospitalisation rates in the different health centres’ areas, indicating that the health care structure in the district per se was an important factor. The rates of visits to general practitioners correlated negatively with rates of hospitalisations. The study of costs in primary care showed that the variation in the costs of the individual patients was substantial, also within age groups and within the diagnosis-related Adjusted Clinical Groups (ACG). Age and gender explained a smaller part of the variation in costs per patient in primary care. Adding the ACG weight had a major influence on improving the ability to explain the variation in costs at patient level. The ACG system might be of value in the calculation of weighted capitation in Swedish primary care, but appears to be sensitive to the thoroughness with which physicians register diagnoses. The retrieval of data from computerised medical records comprised a total number of 19 965 encounters for respiratory tract infections i.e. 199 per 1000 inhabitants during the year 2001. Most frequent diagnoses were common cold, acute tonsillitis, and acute bronchitis. The number of antibioticprescriptions was 7 961, accounting for 47% of the episodes. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were phenoxymethylpenicillin (61%), tetracyclines (18%) and macrolides (8%). A rapid test was performed in 43% of the encounters: for C-reactive protein (CRP) in 31%; for Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci (StrepA) in 22%; and both tests were performed in 10% of the encounters. The findings in the study indicate that StrepA and CRP tests were used too frequently and often with minor contributions to patient management. The frequencies of tests and of antibiotic prescriptions varied greatly between health centres in a way that hardly could be explained by differences in morbidity. Computerised medical records provided a source of clinical information, which might be a feasible and pragmatic method for studying daily practice, and for follow-up of adherence to guidelines in general practice.

No description available.

No description available.

Dissertação(mestrado)- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Escola de Enfermagem, 2011. / Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-01-02T16:52:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 daianegauterio.pdf: 3507564 bytes, checksum: 6f393ecaff709e470512ea9006cc8595 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-01-04T00:44:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 daianegauterio.pdf: 3507564 bytes, checksum: 6f393ecaff709e470512ea9006cc8595 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-04T00:44:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 daianegauterio.pdf: 3507564 bytes, checksum: 6f393ecaff709e470512ea9006cc8595 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / O objetivo geral do estudo foi propor diagnósticos de enfermagem direcionados a idosos institucionalizados, a partir de características definidoras, referentes às possíveis reações adversas e interações dos medicamentos utilizados. Os objetivos específicos foram: identificar perfil dos idosos institucionalizados, tendo como foco a utilização de medicamentos e possíveis reações adversas e interações, relacionando-os a títulos de diagnósticos de enfermagem da North American Nursing Diagnoses Association; indicar diagnósticos de enfermagem que representem contribuição para o cuidado de enfermagem em uma instituição de longa permanência para idosos; confirmar, junto com enfermeiros, assistenciais/docentes, experts, os diagnósticos de enfermagem, a fim de que façam parte da proposta de cuidados de enfermagem para idosos institucionalizados. Trata-se de estudo exploratório, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, efetuado em duas etapas. Na primeira, foram utilizados dados de um banco originado da pesquisa “Perfil de idosos residentes numa Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPIs): proposta de ação de enfermagem/saúde”, quando foram selecionados 39 idosos que faziam uso de medicação. Nessa etapa, foi realizada a identificação do perfil dos institucionalizados, tendo como foco a utilização de medicamentos. A partir de características definidoras manifestadas pelos idosos, foram estabelecidos os títulos de diagnósticos de enfermagem, considerando-se o processo de raciocínio diagnóstico de Risner e a Classificação da North American Nursing Diagnoses Association. Na segunda etapa da pesquisa, foi alcançada a confirmação dos diagnósticos de enfermagem estabelecidos, por enfermeiros experts, através da técnica Delphi de validação de conteúdo. Os achados referentes ao perfil dos idosos evidenciaram maior número de mulheres; idade entre 80-89 anos; a maioria sabe ler e constitui-se de viúvas. As doenças do aparelho circulatório são as mais frequentes. Os idosos usam em média 3,7 medicamentos e 30,8% deles utilizam polifarmácia. Os medicamentos mais usados foram para as intercorrências do sistema cardiovascular. Verificou-se a presença de medicamentos considerados impróprios para idosos. Foram identificados 11 diagnósticos de enfermagem, enviados para a confirmação por experts; desses, sete atingiram 70% ou mais de concordância. São eles: Risco de quedas, Eliminação urinária prejudicada, Constipação, Memória prejudicada, Intolerância à atividade, Perambulação e Fadiga. Os diagnósticos obtidos, integraram junto com as prescrições de enfermagem, uma proposta de cuidados de enfermagem ao idoso institucionalizado que faz uso de medicamentos. Os idosos institucionalizados e utilizam medicamentos podem apresentar maior fragilidade; por isso, a identificação de diagnósticos permite um melhor direcionamento do cuidado de enfermagem, por possibilitar reconhecimento prévio das necessidades manifestadas por eles e fornecer subsídios para estabelecimento de intervenções de enfermagem fundamentadas e adequadas aos mesmos. / Proposing nursing diagnosis for institutionalized elderly is the general purpose of the present study, based on defining features, referring to possible adverse reactions and interaction of the medicines used. The specific purposes were: identifying the profile of the institutionalized elderly patients, focusing on the use of medicines and possible adverse reactions and interactions, relating them to nursing diagnosis titles from the North American Nursing Diagnoses Association; indicating nursing diagnosis which represent a contribution to nursing care at an institution of long-term stay for elderly patients; confirming, with nurses, assistants/professors, experts, the nursing diagnosis, in order to have these as part of a nursing care proposal for institutionalized elderly patients. It is an exploratory, descriptive study, with a quantitative approach, developed in two phases. In the first one, data was used from a research named “The profile of resident institutionalized elderly at a long-term stay institution for elderly: a proposal of nursing/health action”, when 39 patients using medication were selected. In this phase, the identification of the patients’ profile was performed focusing on the use of medicines. From the defining features manifested by the elderly ones, the nursing diagnosis titles were defined, considering the Risner’s diagnosis reasoning process and the Classification from the North American Nursing Diagnoses Association. In the second part of the research, a confirmation of nursing diagnosis definition by expert nurses was reached, through the use of the Delphi technique for content validation. The findings referring to the elderly profiles highlighted a higher number of women; aging between 80-89; most know how to read and are widows or widowers. The circulatory system diseases are the most frequent ones. The patients use, in average, 3,7 medicines and 30,8% of them make use of polypharmacy. The most frequent medicines used were for complications of the cardiovascular system. The presence of inappropriate medicines for elderly patients was noticed. Eleven nursing diagnosis were identified, sent to be confirmed by experts; and, from these, seven had a 70% or more agreement. They are the following: Risk of falls, impaired urinary elimination, Constipation, memory failure, intolerance to activity, Perambulation and Fatigue. The diagnosis obtained, integrated with the nursing prescriptions, a proposal of nursing care to institutionalized elderly patients making use of medications. The elderly patients who are at institutions and make use of medicines may present higher weakness; therefore the identification of diagnosis enables a better guidance towards nursing care, as it brings previous acknowledgment to the needs manifested by them and supplies subsidies to define adequate and based nursing goals to serve these patients. / O objetivo general de este estudio fue proponer diagnósticos de enfermería específicos a la población institucionalizada, desde la definición de las características relacionadas con las posibles reacciones adversas y las interacciones de los fármacos utilizados. Los objetivos específicos fueron: identificar el perfil de los ancianos del estudio , centrándose en el uso de drogas y sus posibles reacciones adversas e interacciones, en relación a los diagnósticos de enfermería de la North American Nursing Diagnosis Association; indican diagnósticos de enfermería que representan la contribución a la atención de enfermería en un Hogar para Ancianos; confirmar, junto con las enfermeras, asistenciales/ profesoras, experts los diagnósticos de enfermería, de modo que hacen parte de los cuidados de enfermería propuestos para los ancianos institucionalizados. Este es un enfoque exploratorio, descriptivo y con um enfoque cuantitativo. La investigación se llevó a cabo en dos etapas. Al principio, se utilizaron los datos de una base de datos de origen en la investigación: "Perfil de los ancianos residentes en un Hogar para Ancianos: propuesta de acción de enfermería/salud”. Fueron selecionados 39 ancianos que estaban utilizando medicación. Este paso se realizó para identificar el perfil de los ancianos institucionalizados, centrándose en el uso de drogas. De las características que definen expresadas por los ancianos se establecieron los títulos de los diagnósticos de enfermería, teniendo en cuenta el proceso de razonamiento de diagnóstico de Risner y la clasificación de la North American Nursing Diagnosis Association. En la segunda etapa de la investigación se obtuvo la confirmación de los diagnósticos establecidos en la etapa anterior por enfermeras experts, utilizando la técnica Delphi para validar el contenido. Los resultados sobre el perfil de los ancianos mostraron mayor número de mujeres, la edad de 80 a 89 años, peuden leer y son viudas. Enfermedades del sistema circulatorio son las más frecuentes. El uso medio de medicamentos fue 3,7 por ancianos y el uso de polifarmacia fue 30,8%. Los fármacos más utilizados fueron las complicaciones del sistema cardiovascular. Se encontro el uso de medicamentos considerados inapropriados parar los ancianos. Se identificaron 11 diagnósticos de enfermería que se enviaron para su confirmación por experts, entre los cuales siete presentaron 70% o más de acuerdo. Estos son: Riesgo de caídas, Eliminación urinaria alterada, Estreñimiento, Problemas de memoria, Intolerancia a la actividad, Paseo y la Fatiga. Estos diagnósticos integrados com las prescripciones de enfermaría son una propuesta de una atención de enfermería para los ancianos institucionalizados em uso de medicamentos. Los ancianos residentes em instituciones y que usan drogas pueden ser más frágiles, por lo tanto, identificar los diagnósticos permite uma mejos dirección de los cuidados de enfermería, al permitir el reconocimiento prévio de las necesidades expresadas por ellos y conceder subvenciones para el establecimento de las intervenciones de enfermería motivado y adecuado para ellos.

Em estudo com pacientes portadores de síndrome metabólica atendidos em centro de saúde-escola, vinculado ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), avaliou-se a adesão ao tratamento (medicamentoso e não medicamentoso) e a associação/correlação entre o acesso e uso de medicamentos e o nível de conhecimento dos fatores de risco cardiovascular e adesão. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - Universidade de São Paulo (USP) - em 30 de outubro de 2006 (Protocolo No 395) e compreendeu duas etapas: a primeira compreendeu o corte transversal para a avaliação da adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso e a associação/correlação entre as variáveis; a segunda, que compreendeu a coorte prospectiva com acompanhamento de 12 meses, com avaliações trimestrais, teve o objetivo de avaliar o nível de adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso e não medicamentoso. Utilizou-se a Medida de Adesão ao Tratamento (MAT), uma variação do Teste de Morisky-Green, para a avaliação do comportamento do paciente em relação ao uso de medicamentos. Para a avaliação do tratamento não-medicamentoso, utilizaram-se os seguintes parâmetros: redução de 10% do peso corporal total e realização de atividades físicas em sessões de no mínimo 30 minutos de duração e com a freqüência de pelo menos três vezes por semana. Identificou-se 243 pacientes, dos quais 75 (30,9%) foram incluídos no estudo. O índice médio de adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso foi de 5,44 pontos (desvio-padrão = 0,68), em uma escala de 1 a 6. Não houve nenhuma associação/correlação estatisticamente significante entre as variáveis analisadas e adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. Entre os 75 pacientes incluídos, 59 (78,7%) apresentaram nível de conhecimento sobre os fatores de risco cardiovascular que variou de regular a bom. As questões relacionadas à dieta e dislipidemia apresentaram os menores níveis de acerto, 33% e 38%, respectivamente. Dos 75 pacientes, 45 (60%) compareceram para todas as avaliações trimestrais. Observou-se que houve alteração significativa da adesão média ao tratamento medicamentoso ao longo dos momentos avaliados. O momento inclusão diferiu significativamente dos momentos 6, 9 e 12 meses, apresentando escore de adesão significativamente menor (p < 0,05). Ao final dos 12 meses, 14 (31,1%) pacientes praticavam atividades físicas. Não houve alteração significativa com relação freqüência e duração das atividades (p=0,889 e p=0,419, respectivamente). Os pacientes portadores de síndrome metabólica que participaram deste estudo apresentaram índices elevados de adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. No entanto, a avaliação dos parâmetros de adesão ao tratamento não medicamentoso foi indicativa de baixa adesão. / In a study including metabolic syndrome patients being treated in a Health-Medical School Center under the Public Brazilian Healthcare System (SUS), patient compliance with non-drug and drug treatment was evaluated as well as association/correlation between access to and use of medicines and the level of knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the College of Pharmaceutical Sciences - University of São Paulo (USP) - on October 30th, 2006 (Protocol Number 395) and it was performed in two parts: the first one was a cross-sectional study with the objective of evaluating patient compliance with drug treatment and determining association/correlation between analyzed variables; the second one was a prospective study, with a 12-month follow-up and evaluations performed every three months, aimed at evaluating patient compliance with drug and non-drug treatment. The Measure Treatment Adherence (MTA), a variation of the Morisky-Green Test was used to assess patient behavior associated with the use of medicines. Parameters to evaluate compliance with a non-drug treatment were: to achieve a 10% weight reduction in total body weight and to perform a minimum of 30 minutes of activity at least three-times a week. Among 243 identified patients, 75 (30.9%) were included in this study. An average compliance score was 5.44 points (standard-deviation = 0.68), in a 1 to 6 scale. None of the analyzed variables showed association/correlation with compliance with drug treatment. Among the 75 evaluated patients, 59 (78.7%) showed a good or regular level of knowledge about cardiovascular risk factors. The questions related to diet and dyslipidemia showed the lowest proportion of patients who answered them correctly, 33% and 38%, respectively. Among the 75 patients included, 45 (60%) patients attended all scheduled evaluations. There were statistically significant differences between compliance score during a 12-month follow-up. Compliance score at inclusion moment was significantly lower than compliance score at 6, 9 and 12-month follow-up (p < 0.05). At the end of follow-up period, 14 (31.1%) patients practiced physical activities. There were no statistically significant differences with regard to frequency and duration of activities (p=0.889 and p=0.419, respectively). Patients involved in this research exhibited high level of compliance to drug treatment. Therefore the evaluation of parameters related to compliance with non-drug treatment indicated low patient compliance.

A violência interpessoal de modo singular atinge as mulheres e é perpetrada principalmente pelos parceiros íntimos, entre os fatores associados aos episódios de violência por parceiro íntimo encontra-se o consumo de álcool e drogas ilícitas. Inúmeros estudos evidenciam a associação do consumo pelo parceiro íntimo de substâncias psicoativas (álcool e drogas ilícitas) e situações de violência contra a parceira, contudo o uso feminino e sua influencia é ainda pouco explorado. O consumo aumentado de medicamentos (anfetaminas, antidepressivos e tranqüilizantes) pelas mulheres que sofreram violência é evidenciado, sendo ainda discutido se o uso feminino tanto de medicamentos quanto o de drogas ilícitas e/ou álcool seriam agentes que incrementam o risco de episódios violentos ou seria uma forma de lidar com a violência sofrida durante a vida. Deste modo, foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico de corte transversal com 435 mulheres usuárias de um serviço de atenção primária a saúde, buscando uma análise descritiva da ocorrência de violência (sexual, física e psicológica) perpetrada pelo parceiro íntimo contra a mulher e possíveis relações com o uso de álcool e drogas ilícitas entre os parceiros e as mulheres estudadas, incluindo o uso de medicamento por parte delas. Os resultados evidenciam que as mulheres seguem o perfil da população em geral, contudo com freqüências superiores em relação as cores auto-referidas: preta e pardo, número de parcerias informais e média de anos de escolaridade. Apesar das diferenças estatisticamente significativas encontradas em relação ao uso de álcool e ou drogas ilícitas (cocaína e maconha) pelos parceiros e uso de drogas ilícitas (maconha) e medicamentos (para acalmar e diminuir a tristeza) pelas entrevistadas, ainda é necessário outros estudos que aprofundem o sentido desta relação, principalmente entre pessoas com o perfil semelhante ao da população em geral ou em serviços de atenção primária a saúde. / The interpersonal violence,in a peculiar way, affects women and is perpretated mainly by their close companions, among the factors associated with episodes of violence from close companions we find the consumption of alcohol and forbidden drugs. Many studies have reinforced the association of the consumption of psychoactive substances by the close companion (alcohol and forbidden drugs) with violent situations towards the female companion,however,the feminine use and its influence is still little explored.The raised consumption of medicines (anfetamines,antdepressants and tranquilizers) by then women who suffered any violence is highlighted, yet being discussed weather the feminine use of medicines as much as forbidden drugs and/or alcohol would be agents that would increase the risk of violent episodes or it would be a way to deal with the violence suffered through life. Therefore, there has been an epidemiologic study covering 435 women users of a health service, aiming a descriptive analyse from the violent occurrence (sexual, physical and psychological) perpretaded by the partner against the woman and possible linkages with the use of alcohol and drugs among the partners and women under this study,including the medicines the women take. The results lead to the fact that the women follow the profile of the general population,however, with a higher frequency in relation to the self -reffered ethnies: black and half breed, number of informal relationships and scholar average. Dispite the differences statistically meaningful found in relation to the abuse of alcohol and/or other drugs by the partners and the use of cannabis along with some medicines (to calm down and ease down the sorrow) by the interviewed women, it is still necessary other studies which could go deeper into the sense of this relation,mainly among the people with the profile of the general population or in the basic health services

Background: There is a widespread and increasing use of psychoactive prescription drugs, such as opioid analgesics, anxiolytics, hypnotics and anti-epileptics, but their use is associated with a risk of drug use disorder, misuse and abuse. Today, these are globally recognized and emerging public health concerns. Aim: The aim of this thesis is to estimate the prevalence of psychoactive prescription drug (PPD) use disorders, misuse and abuse, and to investigate the association with some potential risk factors. Methods: A study using register data from forensic cause of death investigations investigated and described cases of fatal unintentional intoxication with tramadol (Study I). Based on register data on spontaneously reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reported cases of tramadol dependence were investigated and summarised (Study II). In a study in suspected drug-impaired drivers with a toxicology analysis confirming the intake of one out of five pre-specified PPDs, the prevalence of non-prescribed use was assessed and associated factors were investigated (Study III). From a cohort of patients initiating prescribed treatment with pregabalin, using data on prescription fills, a study investigated longitudinal utilisation patterns during five years with regards to use of the drug above the maximum approved daily dose (MAD), and factors associated with the utilisation patterns (Study IV). Results: In the first study, 17 cases of unintentional intoxications were identified, of which more concerned men, the median age was 44 years and the majority used multiple psychoactive substances (alcohol, illicit drugs and prescription drugs). The second study identified 104 spontaneously reported cases of tramadol dependence, in which more concerned women, the median age was 45 years, and a third reported a history of substance abuse and 40% of past psychoactive medication use. In the third study, more than half of the individuals suspected of drug-impaired driving used the drug without a recent prescription. Non prescribed use was most frequent in users of benzodiazepines and tramadol, and was more likely in younger individuals and in multiple-substance users. In the last paper five longitudinal utilisation patterns were found in pregabalin users, with two patterns associated with a particularly high risk of doses above the maximum approved dosing recommendation. This pattern of use was associated with male sex, younger age, non-urban residency and a recent prescribed treatment with an antiepileptic or opioid analgesic drug. Conclusions: This thesis shows that psychoactive prescription drug use disorders, misuse and abuse occur and may have serious and even fatal consequences. The prevalence varies between different drugs and populations. Abuse and misuse seem to be more common in young people. Fatal intoxications and misuse of prescribed drugs may be more common in men, while drug use disorders following prescribed treatment may be more common in women and non-prescribed use equally distributed between women and men. Individuals with a history of mental illness, substance use disorder or abuse, or of past use of psychoactive medications are likely important risk groups. In summary, the findings suggest a potential for improvements in the utilisation of psychoactive prescription drugs. The results may be useful in the planning of clinical and regulatory preventive interventions to promote the rational, individualised and safe use of such drugs.

Background: The ideal treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is a highly debated issue. Opposition to pharmacological treatments has resulted in the popular use of non-pharmacological measures which are not necessarily efficacious for the management of ADHD. Objectives: The primary aim was to evaluate the treatment of children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD in South Africa. Methods: The study consisted of two parts, a drug utilisation review (DUR) and questionnaire-based surveys. The DUR was conducted using a database containing central nervous system (CNS) drug prescriptions which were dispensed during 2008. A total of 21 650 prescriptions dispensed to 7 202 patients constituted the Primary study population which was analysed. The questionnaires were distributed to the parents/caregivers of children diagnosed with ADHD. A response rate of 20.81 percent was obtained. Results: The average age of patients in the DUR was 11.60 ±3.01 years. Male patients represented 74.09 percent (5 336: n = 7 202) of patients. Methylphenidate was the most commonly prescribed of the two drugs indicated for the treatment of ADHD (85.89 percent, 18 956: n = 21 650). A prescribing bias by practitioners in different parts of South Africa was identified. Drug holidays were identified during March and December of 2008. The average age of patients in the questionnaire was 10.67 ±2.83 years, with a male patient majority (86.11 percent, 31: n = 36). Methylphenidate was the most commonly used prescription treatment (93.75 percent, 30: n = 32). Drug holiday use was reported in 56.25 percent (18: n = 32) of patients. Most participants reported supplement use (83.33 percent, 30: n = 36), but 86.67 percent (26: n = 30) of these participants did not find them useful. Conclusion: ADHD is a poorly understood disorder which affects people in all spheres of life. Treatment of the disorder should be individualised and based on scientifically proven effectiveness. Further studies, both in South Africa and worldwide, need to be conducted on the treatment of ADHD