Purpose: The purpose of this study was three-fold. Firstly, it examined whether there was a positive relationship between the two burnout dimensions of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, for career women in particular. Secondly, this relationship was further examined by considering whether stressful life events and racial differences moderated the association between emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation. Thirdly, racial differences in depersonalisation were assessed. Motivation for study: In the fast paced environment of the 21st century, individuals are faced with increased demands which they need to address at an ever-increasing rate. This can translate into burnout, which is quickly becoming an epidemic. Existing theories on burnout postulate that burnout and its dimensions develop in a specific order, in that depersonalisation develops from increased levels of emotional exhaustion. Although several studies have tested this theory, limited research exists on how the relationship between emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation may be influenced by negative factors outside of the work environment (i.e., stressful life events). In addition, the relationship between the burnout dimensions has not been assessed in relation to racial differences in the unique cultural context of South Africa. Studies have shown that burnout is detrimental both on an individual and collective level, and can result in extensive cost implications for organisations. Therefore, this research could assist organisations, perhaps including South African organisations, to understand which factors may accelerate the occurrence and development of burnout and its dimensions. Subsequently, organisations may be advised to introduce tailored interventions to reduce or prevent burnout from occurring. Research design, approach, and method: A post-positivistic quantitative research strategy was used with a sample of 31 female participants, aged between 25 and 60 years of age. Participants were employed at a higher education institution in South Africa. Data were obtained through the use of an online questionnaire consisting of three measurement scales: the emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation scales from the Maslach Burnout Inventory General survey, and a stressful life events checklist. Data were analysed through the use of hierarchical multiple regression analysis and a one-way ANOVA. Main Findings: The results contradicted previous studies on burnout dimensions as the relationship between emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation was not significant. Furthermore, both stressful life events and race did not have a significant impact on the relationship between emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation. Finally, the different racial groups assessed in this study did not differ significantly in terms of levels of depersonalisation. Practical Implications: Based on the findings of this study, organisations should not gear burnout interventions toward specific groups of women, that is, women experiencing greater stressful life events or women from specific racial groups, as these factors do not appear to have an influence on the occurrence of burnout or its dimensions. In addition, the occurrence of depersonalisation does not seem to be avoided by addressing levels of emotional exhaustion in women. Contribution/value-add: The study makes a knowledge contribution to the existing gap in burnout research regarding the development of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, and the impact that stressful life events and race can have on this relationship. Even though the hypotheses were not supported, it adds value by equipping organisations with additional information regarding which factors to include or exclude when designing interventions to address burnout. / Mini Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Human Resource Management / MCom / Unrestricted

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The aim of this instrumental study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Emotional Exhaustion Scale (EES) in a sample of 233 private university students of psychology with ages between of 16 and 44 years old (M = 20.9). The factor analysis reveals that the EES presents a one-dimensional structure (a factor that explains 43.361% of the total variance) and there was a significant and positive correlation between anxiety and depression and a significant and negative correlation with Academic Self-Efficacy. Furthermore, regarding reliability, the ordinal alpha is adequate (.853). To conclude, the EAPESA has suitable psychometric properties to continue validation studies, which reaffirms its use as an instrument to evaluate emotional exhaustion. / El objetivo del estudio instrumental fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Cansancio Emocional (ECE) en una muestra de 233 estudiantes de Psicología de una universidad privada con edades comprendidas entre 16 y 44 años (M=20.9). El análisis factorial realizado revela que la ECE presenta una estructura unidimensional (factor que explica 43.361% de la varianza) y se encontró una correlación positiva y significativa con Ansiedad y Depresión, y correlación negativa y significativa con Autoeficacia Académica. Por otro lado, con relación a la confiabilidad, el coeficiente alfa ordinal es adecuado (.853). Se concluye que la ECE cuenta con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para seguir con estudios de validación, apoyando así su uso como instrumento de evaluación del cansancio emocional.

Sammanfattning: Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor kan konfronteras med traumatiska händelser i sitt dagliga arbete. Dessa händelser kan leda till en fara för sjuksköterskors hälsa i form av posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (PTSD), sekundär traumatisk stress (STS) eller utbrändhet. Hanteringsstrategier är individuella och har en stor betydelse för sjuksköterskors återhämtning. Syfte: Hur påverkas sjuksköterskor av traumatiska händelser och hur hanterar de uppkomna känslor. Metod: En kvalitativ innehållsanalys valdes som metod där 14 bloggar analyserades. Sökningen genomfördes osystematiskt via sökmotorn Google. Analysen resulterade i två kategorier och sju underkategorier. Resultat: Sjuksköterskor kände en fysisk och emotionell utmattning på grund av de traumatiska upplevelserna. Personligheten förändrades. Att stänga av sina känslor eller att frigöra sig från dem var möjliga hanteringsstrategier. En positiv inställning till livet samt acceptans av egna känslor, sammanhållning i team och erfarenhet har bidragit positivt i hanteringsprocessen. Slutsats: Genom att sjuksköterskor upplever traumatiska händelser i sitt arbete är risken för ohälsa stor. Utbrändhet och PTSD kan utvecklas hos sjuksköterskor och påverkar vårdandet negativt. Klinisk betydelse: Studiens resultat kan användas av verksamhetschefer och sjuksköterskor för att öka kunskapen i området. Programansvariga på högskolor kan inkludera studien i utbildningsinnehållet för att även förbereda studenter inför sin kommande praktik. / Summary: Background: Nurses can be confronted with traumatic events in their daily work. These events can lead to danger to nurses' health in the forms of posttraumatic stress syndrom, secondary traumatic stress or burnout. Management strategies are individual and have a significant importance to nurses’ recovery. Purpose: How traumatic incidents affect nurses and how they cope with arising feelings. Method: A qualitative content analysis was chosen as a method where 14 blogs were analyzed. The search was carried out unsystematically through the Google search engine. The analysis resulted in two main categories and seven subcategories. Result: The nurses felt a physical and emotional exhaustion because of their traumatic experiences. The personality changed. Turning off their emotions or to free themselves from them were possible management strategies. A positive attitude to life and acceptance of their own feelings and cohesion in the team has contributed positively in the management process. Conclusion: Traumatic events process a major risk to nurses’ health. They may develop burnout or PTSD that may affect caring negatively. Clinical significance: The research results can be used by business managers and nurses to increase knowledge to the area. Editors in charge in colleges can include this study for educational purposes in order to prepare students for future practice.

This thesis attempted to examine stressors associated with the psychiatric technician profession and levels of burnout amongst them. This was accomplished through the use of a survey which included demographic data, the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI‑HSS), an adaptation of the Nursing Stress Scale (NSS) and a self‑care assessment tool. A total of three research questions were examined statistically including levels of burnout on subcategories (personal accomplishment, emotional exhaustion and depersonalization), most common stressors identified by psychiatric technicians and percentage of participants who utilized therapy to cope with work related stress. The survey was made available via survey monkey and posted on the website for the California Association of Psychiatric Technicians website and via links posted on Union Chapter social media pages. A total of 123 Psychiatric Technicians participated in the study. Results indicated high levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment among psychiatric technicians. Results indicate that extended work hours and staffing minimums were significant issues impacting union members. Also significant among participants, was high level of difficulty attending work due to work related stress during the last three months. For future research, it is recommended that similar studies of psychiatric technicians be conducted to provide further insight into burnout, how it happens and how to avoid it.

A significant amount of previous research has addressed burnout among mental health professionals who work with individuals with severe and persistent mental disorders. Multiple issues can contribute to burnout including organizational factors, severity of client diagnosis, and low quality supervision (Lasalvia et al., 2009, Ballenger-Browning et al., 2011, Kozlawska, Nunn, & Cousens, 1997). The purpose of this study is to identify the most critical elements of burnout among public mental health professionals. This study is a systematic review, using 10 key articles, of existing literature on elements of burnout and contributing factors to developing burnout in public mental health professionals. The search yielded three major categories of dynamics: client specific characteristics, individual worker characteristics, and organizational/environmental characteristics. Identifying the red flag contributors to burnout in this segment of social work will be essential informing clinician’s practice in public mental health. Additionally, the findings from this study may be effective in macro practice in informing large-scale trainings for social workers as well as policy and legislation.

Emotions are recognized as central to organizational life. The dialogue on the role of emotion in organizational life is furthered here by addressing the role that gendered display rules and associated expectations play in shaping individuals' expressed (rather than felt) responses to emotional exchanges within the organization. The role of gender in shaping intraorganizational emotional display rules is examined as it interplays at social, organizational and individual normative levels. In this context, emotions and emotional displays at work are seen as affecting individual's subjective social place in organizations. It is argued that gendering influences within the organization make social place marking more difficult and may result in increased forms of emotional labor, particularly surface acting/emotional dissonance, which may lead to emotional exhaustion in employees. A laboratory experiment was conducted using videotaped vignettes to represent more and less levels of gendering in emotional interactions. Findings indicate that there were no main effects for level of gendering as operationalized by this study on emotional dissonance, emotional exhaustion and subjective social place. Exploratory data analyses conducted further examine these relationships and point out the importance of the sex of the employee involved in the emotional exchange. This study points towards theoretical and empirical implications for how emotions are interpreted not only by members of different sex categories, but also for other dimensions of diversity in the organization and associated consequences.

The aim of the study – investigate the motivation factors of surgical profile nurses work. The objectives of the study: 1. To investigate of satisfaction with work, to identify the motivation positive factors, emotional exhaustion of nurses, which are working in the surgical profile departments and operating-theaters. 2. To investigate negative factors (emotional exhaustion, salary, nursing load). 3. To give the offers for the main problems solutions. Hypothesis – the nurses motivation, which are working in the operating-theaters or surgical profile departments, is the same. Methodology: Investigative – nurses, which are working in Kaunas University of Medicine clinic, departments of orthopedics and traumatology, neurosurgery, childrens surgery in the operating-theaters and departments. Investigation method – Questionnaire-based inquiry, emotional scale. Statistical analysis has been made by Microsoft Excel 2003 program. The obtained findings were processed using SPSS for Windows 12.0 statistical software package. The results and conclusions of the study: 70% of all nurses are satisfied with theirs job, ‘cause they are „responsible for what they��re doing“. The bigger pay could induce to work better even 82,5% of nurses. Almost for the half of nurses, working in the departments, the motivation for better work could be financial support-awards; for the third of operating-theaters nurses – the compliments of the heads. Statistically significant (p = 0,002) was the emotional... [to full text]

Tyrimo tikslas - išsiaiškinti priekabiavimo, patiriamo mokytojų darbe sąsajas su pasitenkinimu darbu bei emociniu išsekimu. Tyrime dalyvavo 8-ių Kauno mokyklų mokytojai. Bendras respondentų skaičius – 361 mokytojas (310 moterų, 31 vyras, 10 respondentų nenurodė lyties). Tiriamųjų amžiaus vidurkis 45,2 metai. Kolegų priekabiavimui darbe įvertinti buvo naudojama priekabiavimo darbe skalė (WHS) (Björkqvist, Österman, 1992). Klausimynas sudarytas iš 24 klausimų. Atlikus priekabiavimo darbe skalės atsakymų į klausimus faktorinę analizę, buvo išskirti penki faktoriai, keturi iš jų toliau naudoti tyrimo duomenų analizei (žeminimas, žlugdymas, atskyrimas, įžeidinėjimas). Buvo įtraukti trys papildomi klausimai, kolegų priekabiavimo aspektams atskleisti. Pasitenkinimui darbu nustatyti, naudotas Paul Spector - pasitenkinimu darbu klausimynas (JSS) (Spector, 1985), į kurį įeina devynios subskalės. Klausimynas leidžia įvertinti bendrąjį pasitenkinimo darbu lygį bei atskirus pasitenkinimo darbu aspektus. Emocinei savijautai įvertinti naudota emocinio išsekimo skalė, skirta mokytojams (The MBI-ES), sudarytoja - Christina Maslach. Į skalę įeina devyni klausimai. Emocinis išsekimas leidžia įvertinti emocinių resursų pereikvojimą ir išsekimą dėl darbo (Maslach, Jackson, Leiter, 1996). Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad didesnis kolegų priekabiavimas darbe susijęs su mažesniu pasitenkinimu darbu. Nustatyta, kad aukštesnis kolegų priekabiavimo mokytojų darbe lygis susijęs su aukštesniu emocinio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The research purpose – to analyze relations among work harassment, job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion, perceived in teachers’ work. There were 361 teachers (310 – women, 31 – men, 10 respondents did not indicate their sex), who participated in the research. The respondents were from 8 Kaunas’ schools. The average age of the participants – 45,2 years. For the assessment of work harassment, Work Harassment Scale (WHS) was used, developed by K. Björkqvist and K. Österman, in 1992. Factor analysis was done, five factors were developed, four factors were used for the further data analysis. Factors were named as follows: disruption, humiliation, alienation, indignity. For the deeper assessment of work harassment, three additional questions were used. For the assesment of job satisfaction, Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) was used (Spector, 1985). The questionnaire consists of 9 scales. It allows to assess job satisfaction and it’s aspects. For the assessment of emotional exhaustion, Emotional Exhaustion scale was used. The scale was specifically developed for teachers by Christina Maslach (The MBI-ES). Emotional Exhaustion scale measures overextention of emotional resources and exhaustion from job (Maslach, Jackson, Leiter, 1996). The results showed that higher level of work harassment is related to lower job satisfaction. The results revealed that higher level of work harassment is related to higher level of emotional exhaustion. Teachers, who observed work harassment... [to full text]

Darbo objektas: stresas, socialinė frustracija, emocinis išsekimas, emocinis atsparumas mokytojų darbe. Tyrimo problema. Daugelis mokslinių tyrinėjimų patikimai identifikuoja specifinius mokymo proceso stresorius ir jų neigiamą poveikį mokytojų sveikatai bei gerovei. Mokytojo darbe svarbu tai, kad dėl socialinės frustracijos keičiasi psichinį stresą išgyvenančio žmogaus elgesys, atsiranda nesąmoningos reakcijos į stresorių (nesąmoningi psichologinės gynybos mechanizmai, dirbtini autoriteto palaikymo būdai ar streso „kaukės“). Mokslinių tyrimų apžvalga leid��ia teigti, kad sąmoningi streso įveikimo būdai turi būti siejami su patiriamo streso atpažinimu – tai leidžia kontroliuoti stresinių įvykių poveikį ir ugdyti atsparumą stresui. Atsparumą stresui darbe didina žmogaus pasitenkinimas darbu, taip pat pakankamas savigarbos lygis. Mokslinėje literatūroje nėra pateikiama kompleksinių tyrimų, susijusių su stresu mokytojų darbe. Šio tyrimo pagalba buvo siekiama mokytojų patiriamo streso lygį analizuoti sąryšyje su socialine frustracija, emociniu išsekimu, taip pat įvertinti tiriamųjų emocinio atsparumo lygį. Tyrimo tikslas - ištirti ir įvertinti Kauno ir Punsko gimnazijose dirbančių mokytojų patiriama stresą, socialinę frustraciją, emocinį išsekimą bei emocinį atsparumą. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti Kauno ir Punsko gimnazijose dirbančių mokytojų patiriamo streso lygį, socialinę frustraciją, emocinį išsekimą bei emocinį atsparumą. 2. Palyginti Kauno ir Punsko mokytojų patiriamo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Work’s subject: stress, social frustration, emotional exhaustion, emotional hardiness in teachers’ work. So far there is no nonfiction literature which would present complex research concerning stress at teachers work. Numerous researches helped to explore only the level of stress but not stress itself. While doing this research I was trying to explain what are the reasons of experienced stress levels and what kind of consequences cause it. A lot of scientific researches credibly identify specific teaching process of stressor and there’s negative affection on teachers health and welfare. Psychical process of stress develops syndrome of emotional exhaustion theory. In teachers’ work important is that emotional frustration changes psychical stress at affected person and unmeant reaction to stressor. Deliberate options of overcoming stress concerns with identification of it, which let us to control stressful events effect and training hardiness of stress. On the way of changing people’s behavior reaction to stress in interpersonal relations it is important to form their self-respect. Hardiness of stress at work higher person’s pleasure of his/her job. Purpose of the research – to examine and evaluate teachers of Kaunas and Punskas gymnasiums affected by stress, emotional exhaustion, social frustration and emotional hardiness. 1. Evaluation of teachers working in Kaunas and Punskas gymnasiums affected by different levels of stress, emotional exhaustion, social frustration and... [to full text]