Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:41:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Geliane_Toffolo.pdf: 7685578 bytes, checksum: 0fe74eed7d1a17dd70c51f4c0ae05593 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aims to bring out the result of the accomplished research with intends to check what are the problems that rules the actions and the contradictions in the socio and environmental practices at the urban Distributors and Gas Stations (DGSs) of the city of Francisco Beltrao/PR. So through a qualitative investigation, to understand how is manage the Environmental Education Process (EE) at these establishments. We have approached the concept of nature and aspects of its degradation and transformation. We have pointed out aspects of the public policy that would be interwoven of EE. It has also approached indicatives about Labor Union representative in the country, with the analysis of Collective Labor Conventions (CLC) of 2010/2011 and 2012/2013, a relationship signed between the Labor Union and Entities in their work relationship. We contemplate the different kinds of automotive fuels, its components and the activities developed, through the specific licensing legislation, installment, modernization and inspection, accomplished by CONAMA, CEMA and SEMA, by the technical rules accomplished by ABNT, INMETRO, NPT (Fire Station) and the dangers at these establishments. We have done an analysis of the location in relation to what is specified in the laws about installment, location and operation of DGSs; as well the water analysis in the rivers Lonqueador and Marrecas for the identification of product derived of fuels. We evaluate the proximity of some establishments and public routes close to such rivers. We have used for local analysis the CONAMA and SEMA resolutions in relation to proximity of DGSs to others business establishments, domestic buildings and water resources. It has been point out the environmental impacts as a result of some activities developed in the ground, in the waters, in the air and sounds, in the neighbourhood and to the workers. This essay is a diagnostic based on the laws and with our look on the proposed and the practiced in the relation socioenvironmental in the urban DGSs of Francisco Beltrao. It has brought some thoughts on the attitudes considered important in the relation of non formal EE, in the environment of these establishments. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo trazer o resultado da pesquisa realizada com o cunho de verificar quais são os problemas que regem as ações e as contradições existentes nas práticas organizacionais socioambientais nos Postos Revendedores de Combustíveis (PRCs) urbanos de Francisco Beltrão/PR e, assim, por meio de investigação qualitativa, entender como se desenvolve o processo de Educação Ambiental (EA) nesses estabelecimentos. Abordamos o conceito de natureza e aspectos da sua degradação e transformação. Apontamos aspectos das políticas públicas que estariam imbricados de EA. Abordamos indicativos sobre a representatividade sindical no município, com análise das Convenções Coletivas de Trabalho (CCT) de 2010/2011 e 2012/2013, relação firmada entre os sindicatos dos funcionários e empregadores, para compreendermos se os objetivos da EA foram respaldados pelas entidades na relação do trabalho existente nos PRCs. Contemplamos os tipos de combustíveis automotivos, seus componentes e as atividades desenvolvidas, por meio da legislação específica de licenciamento, instalação, readequação e fiscalização, elaboradas pelo CONAMA, CEMA e SEMA, pelas normas técnicas elaboradas pela ABNT, INMETRO, NPT (corpo de bombeiros) e os perigos existentes nesses estabelecimentos. Efetuamos análise da localização em relação ao especificado nas leis sobre a instalação, localização e operação dos PRCs; bem como análises da água nos rios Lonqueador e Marrecas para identificação de produtos derivados de combustíveis. Avaliamos a proximidade de alguns estabelecimentos e vias públicas de circulação de veículos a esses rios. Utilizamos, para a análise locacional, as Resoluções do CONAMA e da SEMA em relação à proximidade dos PRCs a outros estabelecimentos comerciais, residenciais e recursos hídricos. Apontamos os impactos ambientais gerados em determinadas atividades desenvolvidas no solo, nas águas, no ar e os sonoros, na vizinhança e aos trabalhadores. Esta dissertação é um diagnóstico baseado nas leis e com nosso olhar sobre o proposto e o vivido na relação socioambiental nos PRCs urbanos de Francisco Beltrão. Trazemos algumas reflexões sobre atitudes consideradas pertinentes na relação da EA não formal, no ambiente desses estabelecimentos.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:30:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Geliane_Toffolo.pdf: 7685578 bytes, checksum: 0fe74eed7d1a17dd70c51f4c0ae05593 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aims to bring out the result of the accomplished research with intends to check what are the problems that rules the actions and the contradictions in the socio and environmental practices at the urban Distributors and Gas Stations (DGSs) of the city of Francisco Beltrao/PR. So through a qualitative investigation, to understand how is manage the Environmental Education Process (EE) at these establishments. We have approached the concept of nature and aspects of its degradation and transformation. We have pointed out aspects of the public policy that would be interwoven of EE. It has also approached indicatives about Labor Union representative in the country, with the analysis of Collective Labor Conventions (CLC) of 2010/2011 and 2012/2013, a relationship signed between the Labor Union and Entities in their work relationship. We contemplate the different kinds of automotive fuels, its components and the activities developed, through the specific licensing legislation, installment, modernization and inspection, accomplished by CONAMA, CEMA and SEMA, by the technical rules accomplished by ABNT, INMETRO, NPT (Fire Station) and the dangers at these establishments. We have done an analysis of the location in relation to what is specified in the laws about installment, location and operation of DGSs; as well the water analysis in the rivers Lonqueador and Marrecas for the identification of product derived of fuels. We evaluate the proximity of some establishments and public routes close to such rivers. We have used for local analysis the CONAMA and SEMA resolutions in relation to proximity of DGSs to others business establishments, domestic buildings and water resources. It has been point out the environmental impacts as a result of some activities developed in the ground, in the waters, in the air and sounds, in the neighbourhood and to the workers. This essay is a diagnostic based on the laws and with our look on the proposed and the practiced in the relation socioenvironmental in the urban DGSs of Francisco Beltrao. It has brought some thoughts on the attitudes considered important in the relation of non formal EE, in the environment of these establishments. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo trazer o resultado da pesquisa realizada com o cunho de verificar quais são os problemas que regem as ações e as contradições existentes nas práticas organizacionais socioambientais nos Postos Revendedores de Combustíveis (PRCs) urbanos de Francisco Beltrão/PR e, assim, por meio de investigação qualitativa, entender como se desenvolve o processo de Educação Ambiental (EA) nesses estabelecimentos. Abordamos o conceito de natureza e aspectos da sua degradação e transformação. Apontamos aspectos das políticas públicas que estariam imbricados de EA. Abordamos indicativos sobre a representatividade sindical no município, com análise das Convenções Coletivas de Trabalho (CCT) de 2010/2011 e 2012/2013, relação firmada entre os sindicatos dos funcionários e empregadores, para compreendermos se os objetivos da EA foram respaldados pelas entidades na relação do trabalho existente nos PRCs. Contemplamos os tipos de combustíveis automotivos, seus componentes e as atividades desenvolvidas, por meio da legislação específica de licenciamento, instalação, readequação e fiscalização, elaboradas pelo CONAMA, CEMA e SEMA, pelas normas técnicas elaboradas pela ABNT, INMETRO, NPT (corpo de bombeiros) e os perigos existentes nesses estabelecimentos. Efetuamos análise da localização em relação ao especificado nas leis sobre a instalação, localização e operação dos PRCs; bem como análises da água nos rios Lonqueador e Marrecas para identificação de produtos derivados de combustíveis. Avaliamos a proximidade de alguns estabelecimentos e vias públicas de circulação de veículos a esses rios. Utilizamos, para a análise locacional, as Resoluções do CONAMA e da SEMA em relação à proximidade dos PRCs a outros estabelecimentos comerciais, residenciais e recursos hídricos. Apontamos os impactos ambientais gerados em determinadas atividades desenvolvidas no solo, nas águas, no ar e os sonoros, na vizinhança e aos trabalhadores. Esta dissertação é um diagnóstico baseado nas leis e com nosso olhar sobre o proposto e o vivido na relação socioambiental nos PRCs urbanos de Francisco Beltrão. Trazemos algumas reflexões sobre atitudes consideradas pertinentes na relação da EA não formal, no ambiente desses estabelecimentos.

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht wie rationale Entscheidungsfindungen in Transformationsländern katalysiert werden können, indem durch den Fokus auf die internationale Wertschöpfungskette Synergieeffekte zwischen den Unternehmen genutzt und in deren Folge die Transaktionskosten, für Investitionsentscheidungen in energieeffiziente Technologien und Prozesse zur Erfüllung der Emissionsreduktionen, gesenkt werden können. Es wird das Wirken der Marktmechanismen analysiert und der Fokus auf die Transformationstheorie sowie die Ingenieurwissenschaften gelegt. Das Supply Chain Management, als anwendungsorientierte Realwissenschaft mit expliziter Ausrichtung auf Wertschöpfungsprozesse, wird in Bezug auf strategische Investitionsentscheidungen im Allgemeinen und Investitionen in Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen im Speziellen, weiterentwickelt. Mit Hilfe einer empirisch basierten Fallstudie werden die abgeleiteten Erkenntnisse einer kritischen Prüfung unterzogen und beispielhaft dargestellt, wie das entwickelte Entscheidungsmodell eingesetzt werden kann.

O presente estudo teve como objetivos caracterizar a composição da regeneração natural, da chuva e do banco de sementes presentes sob a copa de três espécies de início de sucessão - Centrolobium tomentosum Guill. ex Benth. (Fabaceae), Cordia myxa L. (Boraginaceae) e Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) -, bem como avaliar as possíveis diferenças entre as comunidades que se formaram sob estas espécies. Tal estudo foi desenvolvido em uma área de mata restaurada, localizada no entorno da represa de abastecimento público do município de Iracemápolis (SP). Para tanto, foram marcados 15 indivíduos de cada espécie, sob os quais foram instalados dois coletores de sementes (1 m2 cada), de onde se coletou todos os propágulos depositados por um período de um ano, em coletas mensais. Sob cada um destes 45 indivíduos foi retirada uma amostra de solo (0,5 m x 0,5 m x 0,05 m), que foi posta a pleno sol, por oito semanas, para a avaliação da composição do banco de sementes. A regeneração natural foi avaliada na área de projeção das copas, em uma parcela circular de 2,5 m de raio, na qual se amostraram todos os indivíduos de espécies arbustivo-arbóreas de 0,3 m a 2,0 m de altura. A chuva de sementes sob M. azedarach apresentou-se com maior densidade e sob C. myxa com maior riqueza (p < 0,05). Igualmente, a maior densidade de emergentes do banco de sementes foi observada nas amostras sob M. azedarach e a maior riqueza foi observada sob C. myxa. Quanto à regeneração natural, as comunidades sob as três espécies diferenciaram-se em relação à diversidade de espécies, maior sob os indivíduos de M. azedarach, e à estrutura da comunidade, que se apresentou mais alta sob C. myxa (p < 0,05). A maior parte dos indivíduos e espécies amostradas, tanto na chuva quanto no banco e na regeneração natural, pertencem aos estágios iniciais da sucessão secundária, sendo que muitas, dentre as mais abundantes, são exóticas. As três espécies formam nichos de regeneração, permitindo a germinação e desenvolvimento de plântulas sob elas, influenciando, cada uma, na estrutura e composição das comunidades e contribuindo para a manutenção da diversidade. Por fim, alguns resultados obtidos através deste estudo são importantes para planejamento do monitoramento da área, o qual é fundamental para o emprego de medidas de intervenção, bem como para o entendimento da evolução da floresta que se forma. / The present study describes the composition of natural regeneration, seed rain and seed bank under three early species - Centrolobium tomentosum Guill. ex Benth. (Fabaceae), Cordia myxa L. (Boraginaceae) e Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) – and evaluatuation of the possible differences among understory regeneration. The study area, a restored area, is located at the margins of city water reservatory at Iracemápolis (SP). For the study, 15 individuals were selected and under their crown the seed rain was monthly sampled through of the material deposited in 90 1 m x 1 m traps (two by individual). The seed bank was evaluated by 45 soil samples removed from 0,5 m x 0,5 m plots and 5 cm depth, placed under full sun for a period of eight weeks. The natural regeneration was evaluated in circular plots (17 m2), under projection of the crown , where all individuals of timber species, between 0,3 m and 2,0 m tall, were counted and identified. The seed rain under M. azedarach showed higher mean density and under C. myxa higher mean number of species (p < 0,05). Identically, the higher density of seedlings was found in soil samples under M. azedarach and higher number of species under C. myxa. For natural regeneration, the communities showed differences in species diversity, being higher under individuals of M. azedarach, and structure, under individuals of C. myxa was found higher number of seedlings (p < 0,05). The majority of individuals and species sampled is from early secondary succession species, and those species, most of them are exotics. The three species create microsites, allowing the seed germination and growth of seedling under their crowns, acting on community structure and contributing for the maintenance of diversity. Some results obtained in this study are important for projection of monitoring of this restored area, which is fundamental for intervention actions, as well as to the understanding of evolution of the forest under formation.

[pt] O foco do presente estudo é desenvolvimento de uma heteroestrutura de dois semicondutores com capacidade de reduzir a taxa de recombinação elétron/buraco mediante uma intensa separação de carga, e ao mesmo tempo sendo sensível ao espectro de luz visível. A separação de carga estaria sendo alcançada por meio da injeção de elétrons livres dentro da banda de condução (BC) do TiO2 na forma de anatásio, provenientes do orbital molecular mais alto ocupado (HOMO) da acetilacetona (Acac), ligada às partículas de anatásio, seguida da sua injeção dentro dos orbitais d desocupados do Fe3+ localizados dentro da banda de energia proibida das nanofolhas de ferrititanatos. Ao mesmo tempo a absorção da luz visível poderia ser assegurada através das nanofolhas de ferrititanatos, considerando-se a interação dos níveis energéticos do Fe3+ com a luz e as bandas de valência e condução, bem como pela formação de complexo de transferência de carga (CTC), entre as nanopartículas de anatásio e Acac. Os nanohíbridos mesoporosos (as heteroestruturas) são produzidos pelas diferentes rotas de junção de nanofolhas de ferrititanato, obtidas da areia mineral ilmenítica e posteriormente esfoliadas, com nanopartículas de TiO2 modificadas com acetilacetona, estes útlimos formando CTC. As técnicas de caraterização empregadas tais como adsorção-dessorção de N2, espectroscopia de emissão de fotoluminescência (PL) e espectroscopia de refletância difusa (DRS), entre outras, confirmaram a formação das heteroestruturas mesoporosas sensíveis à luz visível e com forte mecanismo de separação de cargas. A fotodegradação do gás poluente NO no espectro de luz-visível por meio de vários nanohíbridos mesoporosos (fotocatalisadores) mostrou-se bem sucedida, exibindo uma eficiência até 7 vezes superior em comparação à atividade do material fotocatalítico padrão TiO2 (P-25 da Degussa). / [en] This work focues on the development of a heterostructure composed by two semiconductors, capable to decrease the electron/hole recombination rate through a robust charge separation, and at the same time, this nanohybrid is sensitive to visible light spectrum. The charge separation is achieved by the injection of free electrons within the conduction band (BC) of TiO2 in anatase form, which come from the highest-occupied-molecular-orbital (HOMO) of acetylacetone (Acac), linked to the anatase nanoparticles, followed by the injection into unoccupied Fe3+ d-orbital within band-gap energy of the ferrititanate nanosheets. Additionally, the absorption of visible light could be assured by ferrititanate nanosheets, considering the interaction of the energy levels of Fe3+ with visible light and the valence and conduction bands, as well as, the formation of the charge transfer complex (CTC), between the anatase nanoparticles and Acac. The mesoporous nanohybrids (called also as heterostructures) were produced by different routes of junction of two components: i) ferrititanate nanosheets, which were synthesized from ilmenite mineral sands, and then they were exfoliated into single layers and ii) TiO2 nanoparticles, modified with Acac, which formed the CTC. The characterization techniques, such as N2 adsorption-desorption, photoluminescence emission spectroscopy (PL) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and so on, confirmed the formation of the mesoporous heterostructures sensitive to visible light and with a robust mechanism of charge separation. The photodegradation of NO pollutant gas within the visible light spectrum through several mesoporous nanohybrids (photocatalysts) demonstrated being well succeeded, exhibiting an efficiency more than seven times higher than the activity benchmark TiO2 (Degussa P-25) photocatalyst.

Cette thèse porte sur le paradigme « Mobile Edge cloud» qui rapproche le cloud des utilisateurs mobiles et qui déploie une architecture de clouds locaux dans les terminaisons du réseau. Les utilisateurs mobiles peuvent désormais décharger leurs tâches de calcul pour qu’elles soient exécutées par les femto-cellules (FCs) dotées de capacités de calcul et de stockage. Nous proposons ainsi un concept de regroupement de FCs dans des clusters de calculs qui participeront aux calculs des tâches déchargées. A cet effet, nous proposons, dans un premier temps, un algorithme de décision de déportation de tâches vers le cloud, nommé SM-POD. Cet algorithme prend en compte les caractéristiques des tâches de calculs, des ressources de l’équipement mobile, et de la qualité des liens de transmission. SM-POD consiste en une série de classifications successives aboutissant à une décision de calcul local, ou de déportation de l’exécution dans le cloud.Dans un deuxième temps, nous abordons le problème de formation de clusters de calcul à mono-utilisateur et à utilisateurs multiples. Nous formulons le problème d’optimisation relatif qui considère l’allocation conjointe des ressources de calculs et de communication, et la distribution de la charge de calcul sur les FCs participant au cluster. Nous proposons également une stratégie d’éparpillement, dans laquelle l’efficacité énergétique du système est améliorée au prix de la latence de calcul. Dans le cas d’utilisateurs multiples, le problème d’optimisation d’allocation conjointe de ressources n’est pas convexe. Afin de le résoudre, nous proposons une reformulation convexe du problème équivalente à la première puis nous proposons deux algorithmes heuristiques dans le but d’avoir un algorithme de formation de cluster à complexité réduite. L’idée principale du premier est l’ordonnancement des tâches de calculs sur les FCs qui les reçoivent. Les ressources de calculs sont ainsi allouées localement au niveau de la FC. Les tâches ne pouvant pas être exécutées sont, quant à elles, envoyées à une unité de contrôle (SCM) responsable de la formation des clusters de calculs et de leur exécution. Le second algorithme proposé est itératif et consiste en une formation de cluster au niveau des FCs ne tenant pas compte de la présence d’autres demandes de calculs dans le réseau. Les propositions de cluster sont envoyées au SCM qui évalue la distribution des charges sur les différentes FCs. Le SCM signale tout abus de charges pour que les FCs redistribuent leur excès dans des cellules moins chargées.Dans la dernière partie de la thèse, nous proposons un nouveau concept de mise en cache des calculs dans l’Edge cloud. Afin de réduire la latence et la consommation énergétique des clusters de calculs, nous proposons la mise en cache de calculs populaires pour empêcher leur réexécution. Ici, notre contribution est double : d’abord, nous proposons un algorithme de mise en cache basé, non seulement sur la popularité des tâches de calculs, mais aussi sur les tailles et les capacités de calculs demandés, et la connectivité des FCs dans le réseau. L’algorithme proposé identifie les tâches aboutissant à des économies d’énergie et de temps plus importantes lorsqu’elles sont téléchargées d’un cache au lieu d’être recalculées. Nous proposons ensuite d’exploiter la relation entre la popularité des tâches et la probabilité de leur mise en cache, pour localiser les emplacements potentiels de leurs copies. La méthode proposée est basée sur ces emplacements, et permet de former des clusters de recherche de taille réduite tout en garantissant de retrouver une copie en cache. / Mobile Edge Cloud brings the cloud closer to mobile users by moving the cloud computational efforts from the internet to the mobile edge. We adopt a local mobile edge cloud computing architecture, where small cells are empowered with computational and storage capacities. Mobile users’ offloaded computational tasks are executed at the cloud-enabled small cells. We propose the concept of small cells clustering for mobile edge computing, where small cells cooperate in order to execute offloaded computational tasks. A first contribution of this thesis is the design of a multi-parameter computation offloading decision algorithm, SM-POD. The proposed algorithm consists of a series of low complexity successive and nested classifications of computational tasks at the mobile side, leading to local computation, or offloading to the cloud. To reach the offloading decision, SM-POD jointly considers computational tasks, handsets, and communication channel parameters. In the second part of this thesis, we tackle the problem of small cell clusters set up for mobile edge cloud computing for both single-user and multi-user cases. The clustering problem is formulated as an optimization that jointly optimizes the computational and communication resource allocation, and the computational load distribution on the small cells participating in the computation cluster. We propose a cluster sparsification strategy, where we trade cluster latency for higher system energy efficiency. In the multi-user case, the optimization problem is not convex. In order to compute a clustering solution, we propose a convex reformulation of the problem, and we prove that both problems are equivalent. With the goal of finding a lower complexity clustering solution, we propose two heuristic small cells clustering algorithms. The first algorithm is based on resource allocation on the serving small cells where tasks are received, as a first step. Then, in a second step, unserved tasks are sent to a small cell managing unit (SCM) that sets up computational clusters for the execution of these tasks. The main idea of this algorithm is task scheduling at both serving small cells, and SCM sides for higher resource allocation efficiency. The second proposed heuristic is an iterative approach in which serving small cells compute their desired clusters, without considering the presence of other users, and send their cluster parameters to the SCM. SCM then checks for excess of resource allocation at any of the network small cells. SCM reports any load excess to serving small cells that re-distribute this load on less loaded small cells. In the final part of this thesis, we propose the concept of computation caching for edge cloud computing. With the aim of reducing the edge cloud computing latency and energy consumption, we propose caching popular computational tasks for preventing their re-execution. Our contribution here is two-fold: first, we propose a caching algorithm that is based on requests popularity, computation size, required computational capacity, and small cells connectivity. This algorithm identifies requests that, if cached and downloaded instead of being re-computed, will increase the computation caching energy and latency savings. Second, we propose a method for setting up a search small cells cluster for finding a cached copy of the requests computation. The clustering policy exploits the relationship between tasks popularity and their probability of being cached, in order to identify possible locations of the cached copy. The proposed method reduces the search cluster size while guaranteeing a minimum cache hit probability.

Allemansrätten finns inte definierad i svensk lag, utan är baserad på sedvänja och gamla traditioner som kan dateras ända tillbaka till medeltiden. Allemansrätten är dock omnämnd i lagtexten, i regeringsformen 2 kap. 15 § 4 st. samt i miljöbalken 7 kap. 1 §. Det finns lagar som definierar de allra yttersta gränserna av allemansrätten, såsom brottsbalkens bestämmelser om bland annat åverkan, hemfridsbrott, tagande av olovlig väg och egenmäktigt förfarande. Allemansrätten är dock inte sådan att allt som inte är olagligt är tillåtet, utan allemansrätten kräver att hänsyn visas för att allemansrätten ska kunna åberopas. Även miljöbalkens 2 kap. allmänna hänsynsregler sätter gränser för vad alla som bedriver verksamhet i naturen måste följa. Exakt vad allemansrätten faktiskt tillåter är dock svårtolkat i och med avsaknaden av definition. När det gäller organiserat friluftsliv, vilket orientering klassas som, är allemansrätten än mer komplex. Alla deltagare vid ett arrangemang kan hålla sig inom allemansrättens ramar, men det betyder inte med säkerhet att arrangemanget som sådant kan arrangeras endast med stöd av allemansrätten. Studien avser att undersöka vad som krävs för att ett orienteringsarrangemang ska kunna bedrivas med stöd av allemansrätten, hur arrangörer idag säkrar åtkomst till mark för deras verksamhet samt hur kunskapsnivån angående allemansrätt och gällande lagstiftning ser ut bland arrangörer ser ut idag. En enkät skickades ut till 87 stycken föreningar i sydvästra Sverige för att undersöka hur föreningar säkrade åtkomst till mark i samband med deras verksamhet och arrangemang, vilka lagar, riktlinjer och policys som föreningar använder i samband med deras verksamhet samt om utbildning inom allemansrätten sker i föreningen. Enkäten visade att kunskapsnivån inom vissa avseenden är låg bland föreningarna. Föreningarna är bra på att genomföra samråd före arrangemang, men långt ifrån alla föreningar genomför samråd med markägare, nyttjanderättshavare och jakträttsinnehavare innan nyritning eller revidering av orienteringskartor, samt att endast åtta procent av föreningarna undervisar medlemmar i allemansrätten. Kontakt togs med myndigheter och förbund för att höra hur de ser på organiserat friluftsliv. De som kontaktades var Svenska Orienteringsförbundet, Naturvårdsverket, Länsstyrelsen i Västra Götaland samt Lantbrukarnas Riksförbund, LRF. Resultaten som erhölls från detta visade att det finns lite olika tolkningar på hur allemansrätten ska tillämpas. Svenska Orienteringsförbundet hävdar att allemansrätten är tillämplig vid tävlings- och träningsverksamhet och att inget formellt tillstånd krävs från markägaren, förutom för områdena som krävs för parkering, mål, start etc. Samråd ska dock ske med markägare, nyttjanderättshavare och jakträttsinnehavare före kartritning och arrangemang. LRF säger i princip samma sak, alla arrangemang kräver samråd med markägaren och andra nyttjanderättshavare, men de säger också att denne kan säga nej till ett arrangemang om det riskerar att skada naturen eller störa markägarens intressen. Naturvårdsverket sade att det inte går att generalisera allemansrätten, utan att enskilda bedömningar vid varje tillfälle måste göras. Slutsatsen som kan dras sett ur detta är att allemansrätten är tämligen komplex och att dra konkreta gränser för när allemansrätten gäller och inte gäller i samband med orienteringsverksamhet är svårt. Olika marktyper påverkas i olika grad när människor passerar, och vad som kan vara tillåten påverkan på en viss marktyp kan vara otillåten på en annan. Markägaren får inte eller åsamkas påtaglig skada eller olägenhet för att arrangemanget ska omfattas av allemansrätten, och vad som är påtaglig skada är även det svårdefinierat. / The right of public access is not defined in Swedish law but is based on custom and ancient traditions dating back to the Middle Ages. However, the right of access is mentioned in the legal text, in RF 2 chapter 15 § 4 pcs. as well as in MB 7 chapter 1 §. There are laws that define the utmost limits of the right of public access, such as the rules of brottsbalken such as åverkan, hemfridsbrott, tagande av olovlig väg and egenmäktigt förfarande. However, the right of public access does not define that everything that is not illegal is permitted, and the right of public access requires that respect is shown. Chapter 2 of miljöbalken, Allmänna hänsynsregler m.m. set limits for what all those engaged in activities in nature must follow. In terms of organized outdoor activities, which orienteering is classed as, the right of public access is even more complex. All participants in an event can be within the limits of the right of public access, but it does not mean that the entire event can be held solely based on the right of public access if the damage or disturbance done by all participants is too high. The study intends to investigate what is required for an orienteering event to be conducted based on the right of public access, how organizers today secure access to land for their events and how the level of knowledge regarding the right of public access and current law is today. A survey was sent to 87 associations in southwestern Sweden to investigate how associations secured access to land in connection with their activities and arrangements, which laws, guidelines and policies used by associations in connection with their activities as well as on education in the right of public access are in the association. The survey showed that the level of knowledge in some respects is low among the associations. The associations are good at conducting consultations prior to arrangements, but far from all associations contacted landowners, usufructuaries and owners of hunting rights prior to the making of orienteering maps. Also, only 8% of the associations teach members in right of public access. Contact was taken with authorities and federations to hear how they look at organized outdoor activities. Those who were contacted were the Swedish Orienteering Association, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, the County Administrative Board and the Federation of Swedish Farmers. The results obtained from this showed that there are several interpretations on how the right of public access is applied. The Swedish Orienteering Association claims that the right of public access is applicable to all events and that no formal permission is required from the landowner, but consultation with the landowner, any usufructuaries and gamekeeper should always be held. The Federation of Swedish Farmers also says that consultation with the landowner, any usufructuaries and owners of hunting rights always is necessary and that they can deny access if the event has any risk of damaging or disturbing either the nature or the landowner’s interests. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency in their assessment said that it is not possible to generalize when the right of public access is applicable, without individual assessments at every individual situation. The conclusion that can be drawn from this is that the right to public access is quite complex and to lay down concrete limits for when the right of public access applies and not applicable in connection with orienteering events is difficult. Different land types are affected to a different extent when people pass, and what may be allowed impact in one area may not be allowed on another. Landowners shall not receive or incur material injury or inconvenience for the event to be covered by the right of public access, and what is material injury is also difficult to define.

The study is focusing on comparison of efficiency and ecological impacts of photovoltaic power stations depending on their locations in the Czech Republic. The report gives us an overview of photovoltaic power stations efficiency and also their environmental value by minimising CO2 emissions due to replacing conventional energy technologies. The research is based on data taken from energy audits of photovoltaic power stations in Vidov (South Bohemia), in Hodonice (South Moravia) and Lahošť (North Bohemia). The measured data of efficiency and CO2 savings are compared to forecast data from numerical weather prediction models PVSYST, PVGIS and Meteonorm. The project revealed, that photovoltaic power stations efficiency directly depends on their geographic location. Decisive factor was sunlight. Paired comparison showed, that there is a difference between photovoltaic power stations in Lahošť, Hodonice (P < 0,01) and Vidov (P < 0,05). The difference between real and expected datas from each photovoltaic systems was conclusive (p < 0,01). Significant was also factor of month (p < 0,001).

The Impact of Neighborhood Study was formalized by the Statute of the City Law as an instrument of urban policy, but it s still subject of discussion in multidisciplinary fields such as Law, Geography and City Planning, on its universe of coverage. This paper analyzes the Impact of Neighborhood to identify its limitations and prospects of application. For this analysis are sought, initially, the genesis of the instrument, trying to identify its origin and appearance as well as the conceptual aspects of founding, considered the impact of urban neighborhoods and developments impacting. Since the 1970s, the society attempts to regulate, through legislation, specific parameters for the implementation of some activities in urban areas, but only in 2001 was formalized a specific instrument for this purpose. To understand the universe of coverage of the Impact of Neighborhood Study were used definitions of some authors, organized in a framework where they established two types of discussion: the Impact of Neighborhood Study as a guarantee of constitutional principles and as an instrument of social control and urban land use. This study also examines three methods of application of the Impact of Neighborhood Study, built from the intention to promote the application of the instrument, making sure they were facing the city and neighborhood impacts. Finally, it were analyzed the laws of certain municipalities that already have regulations on the Impact of Neighborhood Study, checking its progress and contributions related to the Statute of the City Law, identifying how it were established: the urban impact, the neighborhood, the striking new development and mitigating and compensatory measures of verified impacts. / O Estudo de Impacto de Vizinhança (EIV) foi formalizado pelo Estatuto da Cidade como um instrumento da política urbana, mas ainda hoje é objeto de discussão sobre seu universo de abrangência em campos multidisciplinares, como o Direito, a Geografia e o Planejamento Urbano. Esta dissertação de mestrado em Arquitetura e Urbanismo analisa o Estudo de Impacto de Vizinhança (EIV), visando identificar seus limites e perspectivas de aplicação. Para a realização desta análise busca-se, inicialmente, a gênese do instrumento, procurando identificar sua origem e surgimento assim como os aspectos conceituais fundantes, considerados o impacto urbano, a vizinhança e os empreendimentos impactantes. Desde a década de 1970, a sociedade tenta regulamentar, através de suas legislações, parâmetros específicos para a implantação de algumas atividades no território urbano, mas só em 2001 é que se formalizou um instrumento específico para este fim. Para a compreensão do universo de abrangência do EIV foram utilizadas as definições de alguns autores, organizadas em um quadro de onde são estabelecidas duas ordens de discussão: o EIV como garantia de princípios constitucionais e como forma de controle social e do uso do solo urbano. Este trabalho também analisa três metodologias de aplicação do EIV, construídas a partir da intenção de favorecer a aplicação do instrumento, verificando como foram enfrentados os impactos urbanos e a vizinhança. Por fim, analisa-se as legislações de alguns municípios brasileiros, que já possuem regulamentação sobre o EIV, verificando os avanços e contribuições em relação ao Estatuto da Cidade, identificando como foram estabelecidos: os impactos urbanos, à vizinhança, os empreendimento impactantes e as medidas mitigadoras e compensatórias decorrentes dos impactos constatados.

This research aims to identify the challenges present in the implementation of shared esponsibility among the principal actors of the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS), with emphasis on the industrial sector of plastic, because this large waste generator. The goal is to restore the historical processing of PNRS the Federal Congress to understand how the plastics industry is responding to legal requirements on the importance of managing one of the most abundant waste on the environment. The aim is to identify and characterize environmental conflicts embedded in the legal obligation of PNRS, given the economic interests of the industry and, in particular, such as streamline conflicts or hamper sectoral agreements between government and business representative bodies. The research is based on desk research, in which it was possible to identify the plastics sector companies resist the responsibility to bear the weight of the Reverse Logistics without the consideration of the public sector. It appears from the central role of the Ministry of Environment in mediating between economic agents and the representative institutions of the segments involved with the effective implementation of selective collection system which depends on the recycling industry in Brazil and Reverse Logistics in the country. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta pesquisa pretende identificar os desafios presentes na implantação da responsabilidade compartilhada entre os atores principais da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), com ênfase no Setor Industrial do Plástico, por ser este grande gerador de resíduos. O objetivo é o de recompor o histórico da tramitação da PNRS no Congresso Federal para entender como o setor industrial do plástico está respondendo às determinações legais diante da importância da gestão de um dos resíduos mais abundantes no meio ambiente. Busca-se identificar e caracterizar os conflitos socioambientais embutidos na obrigatoriedade legal da PNRS, em face dos interesses econômicos do setor industrial e, notadamente, como tais conflitos dinamizam ou dificultam os acordos setoriais entre o Poder Público e as entidades de representação empresarial. A investigação se apoia em pesquisa documental, mediante a qual foi possível identificar que as empresas do setor do plástico resistem à responsabilidade de arcar com o peso da Logística Reversa sem a contrapartida do setor público. Depreende-se o papel central do Ministério do Meio Ambiente na mediação entre os agentes econômicos e as instituições representantes dos segmentos envolvidos com a implantação efetiva de sistema de coleta seletiva da qual depende a indústria da reciclagem no Brasil e a Logística Reversa no país.