Cette thèse est essentiellement composée de deux parties. Dans la première partie, on étudie le système d'Euler-Maxwell. En utilisant la méthode d'intégration de l'énergie classique, on montre l'existence et l'unicité de solutions régulières du système avec données initiales petites. Ensuite, on étudie la limite de relaxation en montrant que, le sytème d'Euler-Maxwell converge vers les équations de dérive-diffusion quand le temps de relaxation tend vers zéro. Dans la deuxième partie, on cherche la contrôlabilité et l'observabilité exactes frontières de systèmes hyperboliques quasi-linéaires dans un réseau du type d'arbre. On établit des résultats d'existences de la contrôlabilité et l'observabilité par des méthodes constructives qui sont basées sur la théorie de la solution C1 semi-globale du système hyperbolique quasi-linéaire du premier ordre avec conditions initiales et frontières. Ensuite, on trouve des dualités de la contrôlabilité et l'observabilité.

Studies of Ghanaians who have immigrated to the United States indicate that both economic and emotional support continue to be provided to non-migrant families in Ghana. However support to “family relatives” has been studied generally, without specifying age. Thus, relationships between immigrants and their elderly relatives, particularly those who may be frail and vulnerable, have not been the focus of previous research. In addition, it is necessary to examine the dynamics that shape attitudes towards elderly people, and which in turn influence eldercare patterns among Ghanaian immigrants. Based on the literature, the researcher identified four factors relevant to international long-distance eldercare: (1) support caregivers receive (or previously received) from elderly relatives, (2) filial obligation towards elderly relatives, (3) perceived vulnerability of the elderly people in Ghana, and (4) vulnerabilities that make immigrants unable to provide eldercare. The main objective of this study was to examine the extent to which these four factors shape the provision of eldercare by Ghanaian immigrants in the United States to their elderly relatives in Ghana. To achieve this objective, a convenience sample of 124 Ghanaian immigrants who resided in a large metropolitan area in the southern United States was surveyed. Study results reveal that the dominant type of eldercare provided was emotional care, but special circumstances in elderly people’s lives, such as serious financial problems may significantly increase their chances of receiving financial support. For caregivers, their levels of income significantly determined the level of financial support provided to their elderly relatives and how often they visited them. It was also found that there are always some siblings left in Ghana to take care of the physical needs of elderly parents in the absence of those who have migrated. Elderly people having multiple migrant adult children or relatives were more likely to receive financial support from multiple sources. Factors contributing to immigrants supporting elders in Ghana included feelings of high obligation toward elderly relatives, readiness to show love and appreciation for elderly relatives, and acceptance of eldercare as a moral obligation for all adult children. Overall, there was evidence to conclude that most immigrants provided care to their elderly relatives and that most were influenced by the social and cultural tenets that underlie elder caregiving in Ghanaian society. Implications of the study for social work research include the importance of further exploration of factors that might result in reduction in the care immigrants provide to their non-migrant elderly relatives, and replication of the current study with the view of explaining the inability of both elderly relatives’ and immigrants’ vulnerabilities to predict level of care. Given the possible psychological distress associated with caregiving and its effect on immigrants’ time and financial resources, social work practitioners need to be sensitive to the financial and emotional aspects of long distance caregiving by providing services to caregivers who may need them. Policy implications include maximizing remittances by reducing transaction cost and using remittance as leverage for financial grants for family investments.

This diploma thesis deals with clients suffering from mental and sense disease staying in hospices in the Czech Republic. The first chapter is aimed to the history and the present of hospice and palliative care. The second chapter presents specifics of communication and approach to the clients with mental and sense disease. The third chapter deals with professional qualification of the staff working in hospices with such clients. The fourth chapter is aimed to satisfying of existence and existential needs of clients with mental and sense disease. This chapter also indicates some differences in the ways of satisfying these needs in relation to other dying people. The last part of this diploma thesis presents research project which deals with mapping of experiences of hospice staff with clients with mental and sense disease. The research also identifies the specificity of care provided to these clients and describes how the existence and existential needs of these clients are satisfied. It tries to understand how the hospice workers are given their professional competence. Qualitative type of research was used for the project; quantitative part includes semistructured dialogues and group discussion. The research part is based on analysis of seven dialogues and three group discussions with hospice...

The thesis inquires into the theme of political judgement and aims to rethink it from the perspective of twentieth-century philosophies of existence. It seeks to take up the contemporary challenge of political judgement that remains inadequately addressed within recent theorizing: how, given the modern breakdown of metaphysical absolutes, to reinvigorate the human capacity for political judgement as a practical activity able to confront the ambiguous, plural and complex character of our postfoundational world. Against this background, the thesis aspires to reclaim the distinctly historical orientation of twentieth-century existentialism, in particular the work of Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, Albert Camus and Hannah Arendt. It draws on their aesthetic sensibility to resuscitate the human judging ability in its worldly ambiguity and point towards an account of political judgement capable of facing up to the challenges of our plural and uncertain political reality. Retrieving their vigilant assumption of the situated, worldly condition of human political existence and the attendant perplexity of judging politically, the aim of the thesis is to suggest how the existentialists' insights can be brought to bear on contemporary problematics of political judgement that seem to elude the grasp of abstract standards and predetermined yardsticks.

The author presents some generalized Burgers' equations for incompressible and isothermal flow of viscous non-Newtonian fluids based on the Cross model, the Carreau model, and the Power-Law model and some simple assumptions on the flows. The author numerically solves the traveling wave equations for the Cross model, the Carreau model, the Power-Law model by using industrial data. The author proves existence and uniqueness of solutions to the traveling wave equations of each of the three models. The author also provides numerical estimates of the shock thickness as well as maximum strain $\varepsilon_{11}$ for each of the fluids.

Cette étude esquisse un réseau dynamique des expériences mélancoliques chez Simone de Beauvoir, du point de vue de l’autobiographie et de la philosophie de l’existence. En transformant en désir d’exister la passion inutile de l’homme vers l'être chez Jean-Paul Sartre, la pensée beauvoirienne se repose sur la problématique de la morale, l’existence de l’individu concret et séparé du monde, ainsi que la relation intersubjective. Cependant elle aspire sans cesse à l’Absolu abstrait qui la conduit inévitablement à la frustration ontologique, qui est une structure inhérente à la mélancolie. Ainsi s’établit un dialogue permanent dans son oeuvre-vie, que nous ont révélé ses autobiographies, entre désir d’exister et non-désir qui est exprimé par l’apathie, la fatigue et le dégoût. Cela nous aide à déterminer l’existence de la mélancolie chez elle. La tâche est cependant rendue difficile par son ambition de décrire la totalité de la vie et du monde. De plus, les instants et les sentiments mélancoliques sont dispersés à travers toute une vie, racontée par l’autobiographe qui joue le jeu de l’ombre-claire. Bien que l'on risque de perdre ce qui en fait la spécificité et la complexité, la mélancolie nous paraît inaccessible sans la lier à ses métamorphoses. C’est pourquoi nous effectuons une étude soigneuse de ces autobiographies pour en suivre les instants et les sentiments : la solitude de l’ennui adolescent, la mélancolie d’amour, l’impuissance du sujet politique, le deuil des êtres chers, jusqu’à l’angoisse du temps et du vieillissement. Le premier chapitre tente de dégager une infrastructure philosophique de la mélancolie, qui est la tension entre désir d’exister et non-désir. La recension de la représentation littéraire et de l’ontologie phénoménologique de la mélancolie chez Sartre, et les nouveaux apports de Simone de Beauvoir dans l’après-guerre, nous incitent à discerner une théorie de la mélancolie féminine dans Le Deuxième Sexe. Étant donné la similitude des expériences vécues entre son projet féministe et son projet autobiographique, nous cherchons à construire un réseau intertextuel entre son écriture de soi et sa théorie anthropologique existentielle des femmes, en étudiant nécessairement les romans corrélés. En tenant compte du petit nombre de pages, notre choix se porte plutôt sur ses autobiographies, ainsi que sa théorie et ses romans sur les femmes qui servent de références essentielles. Dans les chapitres suivants, nous tachons d'explorer les expériences vécues par/avec Beauvoir, dans la mesure où elles concernent la mélancolie. Le deuxième chapitre porte exclusivement sur le récit d’enfance, en vue de son autonomie relative aux récits ultérieurs, et se concentre sur la solitude et l’ennui adolescent. Le troisième chapitre essaie d’établir une relation entre la passion amoureuse et la mélancolie. Le quatrième constate l'impuissance du sujet dans l’expérience de la guerre. Le cinquième tache de découvrir la relation entre mère et fille dans l’essai du deuil maternel, et à partir de cela, d’examiner son dernier roman pour connaître la diversité de la mélancolie féminine. Le dernier chapitre veut rassembler les moments indépassables de l’être humain autour de la mort et de l’angoisse du temps, pour éclaircir leur rapport à la mélancolie chez notre auteur. / This study outlines a dynamic network of melancholic experiences in Simone de Beauvoir, from the perspective of autobiography and philosophy of existence. Transforming into "desire to exist", the useless passion human towards the Being in Jean-Paul Sartre, Beauvoir's thought rests on the problem of morality, of the existence of the concrete and separate individual in the world, as well as the intersubjective relationship. However, Beauvoir aspires continually to the Absolute abstract which inevitably leads to the ontological frustration, which is an inherent structure to melancholy. This establishes an ongoing dialogue in her work and life, we have revealed her autobiographies, between desire for existence and non-desire which is expressed by apathy, fatigue and disgust. This helps us to determine the existence of melancholy at Beauvoir. However, the task is made difficult by its ambition to describe the totality of life and of the world. In addition, times and melancholy feelings are scattered throughout a lifetime, narrated by autobiographer who plays the game of shadow-clear. Although we risk losing what makes the specificity and complexity, melancholy seems unattainable without linking it to its metamorphoses. That's why we make a careful study of these autobiographies to follow the moments and feelings: solitude adolescent boredom, melancholy of love, the impotence of the political subject, mourning of loved ones, until the anxiety of time and aging. The first chapter discusses the philosophical infrastructure of melancholy, which is the tension between the desire to exist, and non-desire. The review of literary representation and the phenomenological ontology of Sartre melancholy, and new contributions of Simone de Beauvoir in the postwar, encourage us to discern a theory of feminine melancholy in The Second Sex. Given the similarity of experiences between her feminist project and autobiographical project, we seek to build an intertextual network between his self-writing and its existential anthropological theory of women, studying necessarily correlated novels. Considering the small number of pages, our choice is rather on his autobiographies, and his theory and novels about women which serve as key references. In the following chapters, we try to explore the experiences of / with Beauvoir, to the extent that they relate to melancholy. The second chapter focuses exclusively on the childhood story, to its autonomy on the later accounts, and focuses on loneliness and adolescent boredom. The third chapter tries to establish a relationship between the passion of love and melancholy. The fourth finds impotence of the subject in the experience of war. The fifth discover the relationship between mother and daughter in the essay of maternal grief, and from this, to look for his latest novel about the diversity of women's melancholy. The last chapter wants to gather the insurmountable moments of the human being around death and anguish of time, to clarify their relation about melancholy in our author.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo compreender os sentidos e valores para a existência atribuídos por portadores de transtornos mentais em um CAPS a partir de um processo musicoterapêutico centrado nas vivências do canto e das danças circulares à luz da análise existencial-humanista de Viktor Frankl. Foi montado um grupo de estudo com 10 usuários do CAPS semi-internação de Ribeirão Preto ao longo de 4 meses de atuação e intervenção. O trabalho de campo contou com a participação de dois musicoterapeutas, sendo um observador e outro assistente. Enquanto procedimento realizamos entrevistas individuais iniciais com os sujeitos da pesquisa, levantamento do histórico sonoro-musical dos participantes e registro dos depoimentos dos mesmos ao longo dos 4 meses de intervenção e atuação. As produções de sentidos dos portadores a partir deste processo revelaram a importância da experiência de ser e conviver em grupo como parte dos valores de saúde mais significativos e urgentes na vida dos usuários. Os valores e sentidos de vida compartilhados e mencionados pelos portadores como necessários para o resgate da saúde mental foram: a) existir e ser reconhecido, em seu valor e vida, por outro ser humano; b) relações humanas solidárias como possibilidade concreta de acesso à uma dimensão real de saúde; c) o sentido de saúde mencionado é entendido como vivência e partilha de amizade, amor e encontro genuíno entre dois seres humanos; d) a busca das relações e do outro como o desejo mais profundo dos portadores no resgate da sua saúde mental e, finalmente e) a vivência do canto e das danças circulares como importantes veículos da saúde existencial e de valores noéticos na vida dos portadores. / This research aimed to understand the meanings and values attributed to the existence by patients with mental disorders in a CAPS (Psychosocial Support Center) from a music therapeutic process focused on the experiences of singing and circular dancing based on the existential-humanist analysis of Viktor Frankl. A group of study with ten users in semi hospitalization in a CAPS in Ribeirão Preto was composed along the four months of acting and intervention. Two music therapists, one observer and an assistant participated in the field work. Initial individual interviews were performed; the participants sonorous-musical history was evaluated and the discourses reported during the four months of intervention and acting were recorded. The production of the patients meanings from this process revealed the importance of the experience of being and living in a group as part of the most significant and vital health values in the users lives. The values and life meanings shared and reported by the patients as necessary for the recovery of mental health were: a) existing and being recognized, in one\'s value and life, by other human being; b) reciprocal human relations as concrete possibility of accessing a real dimension of health; c) the meaning of health mentioned is understood as experiencing and sharing friendship, love and genuine encounter between two human beings; d) the search for relationships and for the other as the patients profound desire in the recovery of mental health and finally, e) the experience of the singing and the circular dances as important vehicles of the existential health and of noetic values in the patient\'s lives.

Dans cette thèse, tout d’abord, nous faisons l’Analyse Mathématique du modèle exact du chauffage radiatif d’un corps semi-transparent $\Omega$ par une source radiative noire qui l’entoure. Il s’agit donc d’étudier le couplage d’un système d’Equations de Transfert Radiatif avec condition au bord de réflectivité indépendantes avec une équation de conduction de la chaleur non linéaire avec condition limite non linéaire de type Robin. Nous prouvons l’existence et l’unicité de la solution et nous démontrons des bornes uniformes sur la solution et les intensités radiatives dans chaque bande de longueurs d’ondes pour laquelle le corps est semi-transparent, en fonction de bornes sur les données, Deuxièmement, nous considérons le problème du contrôle optimal de la température absolue à l’intérieur du corps semi-transparent $\Omega$ en agissant sur la température absolue de la source radiative noire qui l’entoure. À cet égard, nous introduisons la fonctionnelle coût appropriée et l’ensemble des contrôles admissibles $T_{S}$, pour lesquels nous prouvons l’existence de contrôles optimaux. En introduisant l’espace des états et l’équation d’état, une condition nécessaire de premier ordre pour qu’un contrôle $T_{S}$ : t ! $T_{S}$ (t) soit optimal, est alors dérivée sous la forme d’une inéquation variationnelle en utilisant le théorème des fonctions implicites et le problème adjoint. Ensuite, nous considérons le problème de l’existence et de l’unicité d’une solution faible des équations de la thermoviscoélasticité dans une formulation mixte de type Hellinger- Reissner, la nouveauté par rapport au travail de M.E. Rognes et R. Winther (M3AS, 2010) étant ici l’apparition de la viscosité dans certains coefficients de l’équation constitutive, viscosité qui dépend dans ce contexte de la température absolue T(x, t) et donc en particulier du temps t. Enfin, nous considérons dans ce cadre le problème du contrôle optimal de la déformation du corps semi-transparent $\Omega$, en agissant sur la température absolue de la source radiative noire qui l’entoure. Nous prouvons l’existence d’un contrôle optimal et nous calculons la dérivée Fréchet de la fonctionnelle coût réduite. / This thesis begins with a rigorous mathematical analysis of the radiative heating of a semi-transparent body made of glass, by a black radiative source surrounding it. This requires the study of the coupling between quasi-steady radiative transfer boundary value problems with nonhomogeneous reflectivity boundary conditions (one for each wavelength band in the semi-transparent electromagnetic spectrum of the glass) and a nonlinear heat conduction evolution equation with a nonlinear Robin boundary condition which takes into account those wavelengths for which the glass behaves like an opaque body. We prove existence and uniqueness of the solution, and give also uniform bounds on the solution i.e. on the absolute temperature distribution inside the body and on the radiative intensities. Now, we consider the temperature $T_{S}$ of the black radiative source S surrounding the semi-transparent body $\Omega$ as the control variable. We adjust the absolute temperature distribution (x, t) 7! T(x, t) inside the semi-transparent body near a desired temperature distribution Td(·, ·) during the time interval of radiative heating ]0, tf [ by acting on $T_{S}$. In this respect, we introduce the appropriate cost functional and the set of admissible controls $T_{S}$, for which we prove the existence of optimal controls. Introducing the State Space and the State Equation, a first order necessary condition for a control $T_{S}$ : t 7! $T_{S}$ (t) to be optimal is then derived in the form of a Variational Inequality by using the Implicit Function Theorem and the adjoint problem. We come now to the goal problem which is the deformation of the semi-transparent body $\Omega$ by heating it with a black radiative source surrounding it. We introduce a weak mixed formulation of this thermoviscoelasticity problem and study the existence and uniqueness of its solution, the novelty here with respect to the work of M.E. Rognes et R. Winther (M3AS, 2010) being the apparition of the viscosity in some of the coefficients of the constitutive equation, viscosity which depends on the absolute temperature T(x, t) and thus in particular on the time t. Finally, we state in this setting the related optimal control problem of the deformation of the semi-transparent body $\Omega$, by acting on the absolute temperature of the black radiative source surrounding it. We prove the existence of an optimal control and we compute the Fréchet derivative of the associated reduced cost functional.

A dissertação trata do debate acerca do início da proteção do direito à vida e as consequências dessa proteção em relação às pesquisas com células-tronco embrionárias humanas, autorizadas no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro pelo artigo 5º, da Lei nº 11.105/2005, julgada constitucional pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal em sede de controle concentrado de constitucionalidade. A abordagem, que se concentrou no estudo da doutrina, legislação e jurisprudência, tem caráter preponderantemente dogmático jurídico, nas dimensões analítica, empírica e normativa. As principais conclusões são as seguintes: o direito à vida garantido pela Constituição Federal, estruturalmente, consiste em um princípio, com âmbito de proteção amplo, ensejando a necessidade de sopesamento com outros valores protegidos pelo ordenamento jurídico para sua aplicação; dentre as possíveis interpretações acerca do que consiste esse direito, ele pode ser considerado como um direito à própria existência, um direito à vida digna e um direito à proteção em face do desenvolvimento da biotecnologia; o início da proteção do direito à vida e as pesquisas e terapias com células-tronco embrionárias são disciplinados no direito brasileiro por dispositivos internacionais e nacionais, tais como a Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos, a Constituição Federal e a Lei nº 11.105/2005; o fato de o Supremo Tribunal Federal ter considerado constitucional o artigo 5º, da Lei nº 11.105/2005, em sede de controle concentrado, não afastou a aplicação da Convenção Americana de Direitos Humanos (a qual contém norma que protege o direito à vida, em geral, desde a concepção) e nem impediu um controle estatal e internacional efetivo sobre as pesquisas e terapias com células-tronco embrionárias a fim de resguardar, dentre outros aspectos, o direito à vida em um enfoque transindividual. / The present work deals with the debate about the beginning of the protection of the right to life and the consequences of this protection related to human embryo-based stem cell research, authorized by the Brazilian legal legislation according to the Article 5 of Law no. 11.105/2005, considered constitutional by the Federal Supreme Court in the concentrated model of constitutional control. The approach, centralized in the study of the doctrine, legislation and jurisprudence, is based on a predominantly dogmatic legal nature, in the analytical, empirical and regulatory dimensions. Following are the main conclusions: the right to life grated by the Federal Constitution structurally consists of a principle, with a broad protection scope, that justifies the need of weighting with other values protected by the legal legislation for its application; among the possible interpretations of what this right is consistent of, it can be considered as a right to the existence itself, a right to a decent life and a right to protection facing the development of the biotechnology; the beginning of the protection of the right to human embryo-based stem cell research and therapies are set in the Brazilian Law by national and international precepts, such as the American Convention of Human Rights, the Federal Constitution and the Law nº 11.105/2005; the fact that the Federal Supreme Court considered the Article 5 of Law nº 11.105/2005, in the concentrated model of constitutional control, did not distract the application of the American Convention of Human Rights (which contains the regulations that protects the right to life, in general, from its conception) neither obstructed an actual state or international control on the human embryo-based stem cell research and therapies in order to protect, among other aspects, the right to life in a transindividual approach.

O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar e desenvolver a teoria de equações dinâmicas funcionais impulsivas em escalas temporais. Mostramos que estas equações representam um caso especial de equações diferenciais funcionais em medida impulsivas. Também, apresentamos uma relação entre estas equações e as equações diferenciais funcionais em medida e, ainda, mostramos uma relação entre elas e as equações diferenciais ordinárias generalizadas. Relacionamos, também, as equações diferenciais funcionais em medida e as equações dinâmicas funcionais em escalas temporais. Obtemos resultados sobre existência e unicidade de soluções, dependência contínua, método da média periódico e não-periódico bem como resultados de estabilidade para todos os tipos de equações descritos anteriormente. Também, provamos algumas propriedades relativas às funções regradas e aos conjuntos equiregrados em espaços de Banach, que foram essenciais para os nossos propósitos. Os resultados novos apresentados neste trabalho estão contidos em 7 artigos, dos quais dois já foram publicados e um aceito. Veja [16], [32], [34], [36], [37], [38] e [84] / The aim of this work is to investigate and develop the theory of impulsive functional dynamic equations on time scales. We prove that these equations represent a special case of impulsive measure functional differential equations. Moreover, we present a relation between these equations and measure functional differential equations and, also, a correspondence between them and generalized ordinary differential equations. Also, we clarify the relation between measure functional differential equations and functional dynamic equations on time scales. We obtain results on the existence and uniqueness of solutions, continuous dependence on parameters, non-periodic and periodic averaging principles and stability results for all these types of equations. Moreover, we prove some properties concerning regulated functions and equiregulated sets in a Banach space which were essential to our purposes. The new results presented in this work are contained in 7 papers, two of which have already been published and one accepted. See [16], [32], [34], [36], [37], [38] and [84]