Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: NAMDEB is a Namibian alluvial diamond mining company, owned in equal shares by the government of republic of Namibia and De Beers. It is mining in the open-cast mines along the southern coast of Namibia, using various methods and equipments such as bowl scrapers, bulldozers, trackdozers and excavators. NAMDEB have got different mining site, where employees are residing in hostels near the mine. One of those mines is the Pocket Beaches mine where this study took place. The study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with obesity amongst employees of Pocket Beaches mine. Obesity rates are increasing at an alarming rate worldwide; 1.2 billion people worldwide are overweight of which 300 million are clinically obese. Of concern is that obesity is a risk factor for many diseases including hypertension, diabetes and other forms of cancers. Although there are several mine workers who on reporting to occupational health services for minor ailment are found to be overweight or obese, we are not certain of the extent of the problem. The health risk associated with obesity could cause a big loss to NAMDEB in terms of care cost, low productivity and absenteeism. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and determinants of obesity amongst NAMDEB employees working at Pocket Beaches diamond mine Study design: a descriptive, cross-sectional study measured the prevalence of obesity and describes the factors that are associated with obesity and overweight. Study population: NAMDEB employees who were working at Pocket Beaches mine. A simple random sampling technique was used to select participants. 87 employees were selected from 188 total NAMDEB employees working at Pocket Beaches mine. Data collection: Data was collected through interviews. Anthropometric measurements namely weight, height and abdominal circumference were collected using a standard protocol. Analysis: Data was analyzed using Epi Info 2002. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated as kg/m2. Overweight was defined as BMI = 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 and obesity as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. Waist Circumference ≥80 cm was used to identify central obesity in women and ≥90 cm in men. The frequency of participation in physical activity, barriers to physical activity and food consumption is reported in percent and means. Result: The study found prevalence 42% overweight and 32% obesity among employees of NAMDEB. A significant number of participants 48% never participate in moderate exercise per week. 71% of participants reported lack of motivation to exercise and too tired after work as the major barriers to physical activity. The consumption of fatty foods such as fried chicken and fried meat was common among study subjects. A large number of respondents 79% eat fried chicken regularly while 74% eat fried meat regularly. 79% of participants consumed inadequate fruits and vegetable (1 fruit and vegetable per day). The two most mentioned reasons for low fruits and vegetables consumption were lack of fruits and vegetables in hostel food menu and 14% don’t like fruits. / South Africa

Bakgrund: Undernäring definieras som en näringsrubbning i form av brist på näringsämnen som kan leda till sjukdom eller försämring av kroppssammansättning. Undernäring är ett internationellt problem, som ger ökad belastning på vården, förlängda vårdtider samt ett lidande för patienten. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka orsaker till undernäring hos äldre personer ur både ett patientperspektiv samt ett sjuksköterskeperspektiv.  Metod: Examensarbetet är en litteraturöversikt där 10 kvalitativa artiklar inkluderats för att i resultatet svara på arbetets syfte. Resultat: Resultatet genererade tre huvudkategorier: Psykiska och psykosociala barriärer, fysiska barriärer samt brister inom vården. Äldre saknar ofta sjukdomsinsikt, upplever ensamhet och minskad aptit.  Konklusion: De äldres egna psykiska och psykosociala förutsättningar och övertygelser utgör en stor del av undernäringsproblematiken. Fysiska besvär bidrar till att undernäring uppstår eller att befintlig problematik förvärras. Brister inom vården motverkar att den drabbade ska få adekvat och personcentrerad behandling med god kontinuitet. / Background: Undernourishment, also called malnutrition, is defined as a nutritional disorder in the form of a lack of nutrients which can lead to disease or deterioration of body composition. Undernourishment is an international problem, which puts increased strain on healthcare, causes longer hospital stays and increases patient suffering. Aim: The aim is to investigate the causes of undernourishment in older individuals fromboth a patient perspective and a nurse perspective. Method: The degree project is a literature review including ten qualitative articles to answer the purpose of the essay in the results. Findings: The result generated three main categories: Mental and psychosocial barriers, physical barriers and deficiencies in healthcare. Older people often lack insight into the disease, experience loneliness and reduced appetite. Conclusion: The elderly's own mental and psychosocial conditions and beliefs form a large part of the undernourishment problem. Physical problems contribute to undernourishment or to exacerbating existing problems. Deficiencies in healthcare prevent the victim from receiving adequate and person-centered treatment with good continuity.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar um ou mais padrões de dieta e verificar sua associação com excesso de peso em uma amostra de indivíduos adultos de Porto Alegre. Para avaliar a dieta, desenvolveu-se um questionário de freqüência alimentar (QFA) composto por 135 itens alimentares. A validade relativa do questionário foi verificada comparando-o à média de dois inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas. A comparação entre os métodos foi realizada através dos coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e da classificação dos indivíduos segundo as distribuições em quartis de energia e nutrientes de cada método. Após ajuste para energia total e deatenuação, a correlação média entre os métodos foi 0,43. Em média, 76% dos participantes foram classificados no mesmo quartil ou quartis adjacentes; e somente 4% foram classificados em quartis opostos. Com base nas informações obtidas com o QFA, realizou-se análise exploratória de fatores para identificar padrões alimentares. A associação entre os padrões e excesso de peso foi testada utilizando-se análise de regressão de Poisson modificada, ajustando-se para variáveis de confundimento. Seis padrões foram derivados e explicaram 40,2% da variância total na ingestão de alimentos. Os rótulos atribuídos foram de acordo com os alimentos que mais contribuíram para o padrão: “Fast-food”, “Alimentos light/diet”, “Vegetais e frutas”, “Carnes e vísceras”, “Camarão e oleaginosas” e “Feijão e arroz”. O ajuste na análise para fatores de confusão mostrou que o aumento de uma unidade no escore do padrão “Carnes e Vísceras” elevou em 24% a prevalência de excesso de peso. Adicionalmente, houve tendência à redução nesta taxa entre aqueles que seguiam os padrões “Camarão e Oleaginosas” e “Feijão e Arroz”. Concluindo, o QFA apresentou validade razoável, o padrão “Carnes e vísceras” foi preditor de excesso de peso, enquanto os padrões “Camarão e oleaginosas” e “Feijão e arroz” mostraram tendência à proteção. / The objective of this study was to identify one or more eating patterns and to evaluate the association between these patterns with excess of weight in a sample of adult from Porto Alegre. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), covering 135 food items, was developed to assess diet patterns. Relative validity of the FFQ was verified by comparison with the average of two 24-hour dietary recalls. The comparison between the two methods was carried out using Pearson correlation coefficient and cross-classification of individuals according to the quartile energy and nutrients distributions in each method. After adjustment for total energy intake and de-attenuation, the average correlation between the two methods was 0.43. On average, 76% of the participants were classified in the same quartile or in the adjacent quartiles; and only 4% were misclassified into the opposite quartiles. Based on of the information obtained from the FFQ, an exploratory analysis of factors was carried out to identify eating patterns. The association between eating patterns and overweight was tested using modified Poisson models, adjusting for confounding variables. Six patterns were derived and accounted for 40.2% of the total variance in food intake. These were labeled according to the food types that contributed most to the pattern: “Fast-food”, “Light/Diet Foods”, “Fruit and Vegetables”, “Meat and Animal products”; “Shrimp and Oily foods” and “Beans and Rice”. The analysis adjusting for confounding factors showed that the increase of one unit in the “Meat and Animal Products” pattern raised by 24% the prevalence of overweight. In addition, there was a trend to reduce overweight rate for those who had the “Shrimp and Oily Foods” and “Beans and Rice” patterns. In conclusion, the FFQ showed reasonable validity, the “Meat and Animal Products” pattern was a predictor of overweight, while the “Shrimp and Oily foods” and “Beans and Rice” patterns showed a trend to protect against excess of weight.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar um ou mais padrões de dieta e verificar sua associação com excesso de peso em uma amostra de indivíduos adultos de Porto Alegre. Para avaliar a dieta, desenvolveu-se um questionário de freqüência alimentar (QFA) composto por 135 itens alimentares. A validade relativa do questionário foi verificada comparando-o à média de dois inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas. A comparação entre os métodos foi realizada através dos coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e da classificação dos indivíduos segundo as distribuições em quartis de energia e nutrientes de cada método. Após ajuste para energia total e deatenuação, a correlação média entre os métodos foi 0,43. Em média, 76% dos participantes foram classificados no mesmo quartil ou quartis adjacentes; e somente 4% foram classificados em quartis opostos. Com base nas informações obtidas com o QFA, realizou-se análise exploratória de fatores para identificar padrões alimentares. A associação entre os padrões e excesso de peso foi testada utilizando-se análise de regressão de Poisson modificada, ajustando-se para variáveis de confundimento. Seis padrões foram derivados e explicaram 40,2% da variância total na ingestão de alimentos. Os rótulos atribuídos foram de acordo com os alimentos que mais contribuíram para o padrão: “Fast-food”, “Alimentos light/diet”, “Vegetais e frutas”, “Carnes e vísceras”, “Camarão e oleaginosas” e “Feijão e arroz”. O ajuste na análise para fatores de confusão mostrou que o aumento de uma unidade no escore do padrão “Carnes e Vísceras” elevou em 24% a prevalência de excesso de peso. Adicionalmente, houve tendência à redução nesta taxa entre aqueles que seguiam os padrões “Camarão e Oleaginosas” e “Feijão e Arroz”. Concluindo, o QFA apresentou validade razoável, o padrão “Carnes e vísceras” foi preditor de excesso de peso, enquanto os padrões “Camarão e oleaginosas” e “Feijão e arroz” mostraram tendência à proteção. / The objective of this study was to identify one or more eating patterns and to evaluate the association between these patterns with excess of weight in a sample of adult from Porto Alegre. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), covering 135 food items, was developed to assess diet patterns. Relative validity of the FFQ was verified by comparison with the average of two 24-hour dietary recalls. The comparison between the two methods was carried out using Pearson correlation coefficient and cross-classification of individuals according to the quartile energy and nutrients distributions in each method. After adjustment for total energy intake and de-attenuation, the average correlation between the two methods was 0.43. On average, 76% of the participants were classified in the same quartile or in the adjacent quartiles; and only 4% were misclassified into the opposite quartiles. Based on of the information obtained from the FFQ, an exploratory analysis of factors was carried out to identify eating patterns. The association between eating patterns and overweight was tested using modified Poisson models, adjusting for confounding variables. Six patterns were derived and accounted for 40.2% of the total variance in food intake. These were labeled according to the food types that contributed most to the pattern: “Fast-food”, “Light/Diet Foods”, “Fruit and Vegetables”, “Meat and Animal products”; “Shrimp and Oily foods” and “Beans and Rice”. The analysis adjusting for confounding factors showed that the increase of one unit in the “Meat and Animal Products” pattern raised by 24% the prevalence of overweight. In addition, there was a trend to reduce overweight rate for those who had the “Shrimp and Oily Foods” and “Beans and Rice” patterns. In conclusion, the FFQ showed reasonable validity, the “Meat and Animal Products” pattern was a predictor of overweight, while the “Shrimp and Oily foods” and “Beans and Rice” patterns showed a trend to protect against excess of weight.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar um ou mais padrões de dieta e verificar sua associação com excesso de peso em uma amostra de indivíduos adultos de Porto Alegre. Para avaliar a dieta, desenvolveu-se um questionário de freqüência alimentar (QFA) composto por 135 itens alimentares. A validade relativa do questionário foi verificada comparando-o à média de dois inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas. A comparação entre os métodos foi realizada através dos coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e da classificação dos indivíduos segundo as distribuições em quartis de energia e nutrientes de cada método. Após ajuste para energia total e deatenuação, a correlação média entre os métodos foi 0,43. Em média, 76% dos participantes foram classificados no mesmo quartil ou quartis adjacentes; e somente 4% foram classificados em quartis opostos. Com base nas informações obtidas com o QFA, realizou-se análise exploratória de fatores para identificar padrões alimentares. A associação entre os padrões e excesso de peso foi testada utilizando-se análise de regressão de Poisson modificada, ajustando-se para variáveis de confundimento. Seis padrões foram derivados e explicaram 40,2% da variância total na ingestão de alimentos. Os rótulos atribuídos foram de acordo com os alimentos que mais contribuíram para o padrão: “Fast-food”, “Alimentos light/diet”, “Vegetais e frutas”, “Carnes e vísceras”, “Camarão e oleaginosas” e “Feijão e arroz”. O ajuste na análise para fatores de confusão mostrou que o aumento de uma unidade no escore do padrão “Carnes e Vísceras” elevou em 24% a prevalência de excesso de peso. Adicionalmente, houve tendência à redução nesta taxa entre aqueles que seguiam os padrões “Camarão e Oleaginosas” e “Feijão e Arroz”. Concluindo, o QFA apresentou validade razoável, o padrão “Carnes e vísceras” foi preditor de excesso de peso, enquanto os padrões “Camarão e oleaginosas” e “Feijão e arroz” mostraram tendência à proteção. / The objective of this study was to identify one or more eating patterns and to evaluate the association between these patterns with excess of weight in a sample of adult from Porto Alegre. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), covering 135 food items, was developed to assess diet patterns. Relative validity of the FFQ was verified by comparison with the average of two 24-hour dietary recalls. The comparison between the two methods was carried out using Pearson correlation coefficient and cross-classification of individuals according to the quartile energy and nutrients distributions in each method. After adjustment for total energy intake and de-attenuation, the average correlation between the two methods was 0.43. On average, 76% of the participants were classified in the same quartile or in the adjacent quartiles; and only 4% were misclassified into the opposite quartiles. Based on of the information obtained from the FFQ, an exploratory analysis of factors was carried out to identify eating patterns. The association between eating patterns and overweight was tested using modified Poisson models, adjusting for confounding variables. Six patterns were derived and accounted for 40.2% of the total variance in food intake. These were labeled according to the food types that contributed most to the pattern: “Fast-food”, “Light/Diet Foods”, “Fruit and Vegetables”, “Meat and Animal products”; “Shrimp and Oily foods” and “Beans and Rice”. The analysis adjusting for confounding factors showed that the increase of one unit in the “Meat and Animal Products” pattern raised by 24% the prevalence of overweight. In addition, there was a trend to reduce overweight rate for those who had the “Shrimp and Oily Foods” and “Beans and Rice” patterns. In conclusion, the FFQ showed reasonable validity, the “Meat and Animal Products” pattern was a predictor of overweight, while the “Shrimp and Oily foods” and “Beans and Rice” patterns showed a trend to protect against excess of weight.

Introducción: En los últimos años, los patrones alimenticios de la población han cambiado tanto en países desarrollados como en los de vías de desarrollo. Esto debido a la urbanización y globalización de los mercados, y por consiguiente, ha causado el reemplazo de los alimentos tradicionales o mínimamente procesados por alimentos ultraprocesados en la dieta diaria. Incluso, se ha evidenciado que uno de los medios más convenientes para la adquisición de estos productos son las máquinas expendedoras. Objetivo: Explorar los motivos de consumo de productos ultraprocesados en máquinas expendedoras en estudiantes de una universidad privada en Lima.  Método: Es un estudio cualitativo de diseño fenomenológico. Se realizaron 40 listados libres, 18 entrevistas a profundidad y 2 grupos focales a universitarios mayores de 18 años utilizando guías de preguntas. La muestra fue de 66 personas seleccionadas por conveniencia hasta llegar al punto de saturación.  Resultados: El producto más consumido de las máquinas expendedoras fueron las papas fritas picantes. Los motivos de consumo de productos ultraprocesados en máquinas expendedoras fueron el sabor, horario académico, la cercanía, la accesibilidad, el precio, la facilidad y rapidez. También, se evidenció que el estado de ánimo, como estrés, ansiedad, tristeza y depresión influye en el proceso de compra de estos productos.  Conclusión: A pesar de que los estudiantes saben y conocen que los productos ultraprocesados son perjudiciales para la salud los siguen consumiendo principalmente por el sabor, horario académico, el precio, la accesibilidad y la rapidez hacia ellos. / Introduction: Currently, the eating patterns of the population have changed both in changed countries and on development paths. This is due to the urbanization and globalization of markets, and as far as it is concerned, it has the replacement of traditional or minimally processed foods with ultra-processed foods in the daily diet. In addition, it has been shown that one of the most convenient means of acquiring these products is vending machines. Objective: Exploring the reasons for consuming ultra-processed products in vending machines in students from a private university in Lima. Methods: A qualitative study of phenomenological design. We were used 40 free guides, 18 in-depth interviews and 2 focus groups for university students over 18 using question guides. The sample was 66 people selected for convenience until reaching the saturation point. Results: The most consumed product of vending machines was spicy potato chips. The reasons for consuming ultra-processed products in vending machines were the taste, academic hours, proximity, accessibility, price, ease and speed. Also, it is evident that mood, such as stress, anxiety, sadness and depression influence the purchasing process of these products. Conclusion: Although the students know and have to receive the ultra-processed products, they are harmful to health, those who continue consuming mainly due to the taste, the academic schedule, the price, the accessibility and the speed towards them. / Tesis

Study of the impact of some emotional factors related to food intake. The research is based on the design and observational cross-cultural adaptation and validation of assessment tools for emotional eating (EES-C) and eating behavior (EPI-C) in 379 non-pathological adolescents (14 -18 years old).
The factorial structure, the concurrent validity, the discriminant and reliability of the original scales were maintained. 
The girls showed a higher emotional intake in AAF in the EES-C and higher scores in DIER and EEAT in the EPI-C. The boys showed the higher scores in PAR.
We found significant differences between different types of emotional eating and sex in the AAF, and DEP subscales. A higher percentage of girls belonged to the type II and obtained the highest scores in Diet ChEAT and depressive symptoms by CDI assessment.
Diet restriction increased 3 times the risk of eating disorders, and greater parental control increased the risk of TCA twice. / Estudi de la incidència de factors emocionals relacionats amb ingesta alimentaria. Disseny descriptiu, observacional i transversal d’adaptació i validació cultural dels instruments d’avaluació de la ingesta emocional (EES-C) i de la conducta alimentària (EPI-C) en 379 adolescents no clínics (14 -18 anys). Es mantingué estructura factorial, validesa concurrent, discriminant i fiabilitat de les escales originals. Les noies presentaren major ingesta emocional en AAF i UNS de l’EES-C i puntuacions més elevades en DIER i EEAT en l’EPI-C. Els nois presentaren puntuacions més elevades en PAR. Es trobaren diferències significatives entre tipologies d’ingesta emocional en AAF, DEP i UNS i diferències de sexe. Un percentatge més elevat de noies pertanyien a la tipologia II i obtingué puntuacions més elevades en DIETA mesurada pel ChEAT i simptomatologia depressiva avaluada pel CDI. La restricció dietètica augmentà 3 vegades el risc de TCA, i un major control parental n'augmentà el risc 2 vegades.

MRDV / Instutute for Rural Development / Health and wellbeing of humans is affected by their eating habits, patterns and choice of meals. This research discusses food consumption patterns of selected households of Mbilwi and Matavhela villages in Thulamela Municipality, Limpopo Province of South Africa. The study identified types of food consumed and the nutritional knowledge of households living in the study area. In addition, the study assessed the knowledge of households on how food choices affect their health. Lastly an analysis of socio-economic factors that influence food consumption patterns in households living in Mbilwi and Matavhela villages was investigated. Using purposive sampling, qualitative and quantitative inquiry were used to explore the research objectives. A sample size of 50 and 47 households from each village were selected respectively and the heads of each household were interviewed. Thematic content analysis was used to categorise data into themes, to address and interpret qualitative data. Themes were generated as the units for analysis based on the objectives of the study to enable interpretation of qualitative information. The quantitative data was analysed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. The findings indicated that there was no variety in foods consumed by households in both the weekly food consumption pattern and 24-hour food recall. There was also limited nutrition knowledge of the foods consumed in households of both villages. Households usually consumed energy giving foods such as carbohydrates and body building foods such as proteins. There was low consumption of milk and milk products, fruit and vegetable food groups. Various socio-economic factors such as income, living conditions, health, nutrition knowledge, culture, religion and lack of time to prepare food, affected eating habits. Some foods were recommended or condoned based on religious and cultural factors. Most households were unemployed and relied on government grants and remittances from family members working in the metropolitan centres. The findings in this study provide a better understanding of food access, availability and consumption in rural areas which can also assist in the formulation of policies that would improve quality of food consumption in rural areas. This study presented an opportunity that can be filled by institutions working in rural areas to support and strengthen their activities. Information sharing with households on the benefits of balanced diets can contribute to the health and the well-being of the society. The emphasis must be on strengthening backyard vegetable/fruit gardens and community food gardening programmes for household consumption v and sale, to generate income. These programmes can also offer fruit/vegetable preservation skills to households in order to help improve the shelf life of the produce. Policy makers must encourage provision of nutritional knowledge to households through different media and channels such as television, clinics, hospitals, schools, and newspapers.