Depuis une perspective théorique au croisement de la sociologie économique et de la sociologie de la connaissance, cette thèse a pour objectif d’examiner les mécanismes sociaux à l’œuvre au moment de la conversion vers l’agriculture biologique. Sur la base de l’étude empirique et de l’analyse d'un réseau complet qui révèle les interdépendances entre plus de 60 viticulteurs certifiés ou en cours de certification à l'agriculture biologique en Côte de Beaune, sont analysés les processus d’apprentissage collectifs sur lesquels s’appuie cette transition. Cette thèse montre l’existence de deux processus-Type d’apprentissage qui se définissent en fonction des frontières des groupes de référence (ou niches sociales) ; elle analyse le rôle des pionniers du milieu étudié comme pivot de l’action collective dans ces deux processus d’apprentissage, et explore enfin les régularités qui structurent les échanges au sein du milieu. Ces régularités permettent de constater que les viticulteurs intègrent dans leur raisonnement des aspects identitaires qui différencient les viticulteurs bio « de la première heure » des novices, au-Delà d'aspects économiques liés à une tendance à la « coopétition ». / This PhD dissertation combines the approaches of economic sociology and sociology of knowledge in order to analyze the social mechanisms underlying the conversion into organic farming. Based on an empirical study and analysis of a complete social network describing the interdependencies among over 60 wine producers certified in organic farming or in the process of getting the official certification in French Côte de Beaune, this research analyzes the collective learning process on which this transition relies. The thesis proves the existence of two types of learning process, which are defined by the social borders of reference groups (or social niches); it analyzes the key role of pioneers of the social milieu in both learning processes and studies the regularities structuring social exchanges. These regularities allow us to confirm that wine producers take into account in their reasoning both the identity aspect related to their conversion to organic farming and their economic position, in a trend towards “coopetition”.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:13:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 72060100767.pdf: 19130417 bytes, checksum: 3b0ec0e539724d82b6f606ce6ddd6a9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-25T00:00:00Z / O presente estudo procura compreender como vem se dando a construção social de mercados envolvendo a caprinovinocultura nos estados do Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Ceará e de que forma esse processo incide sobre temas como pobreza e desenvolvimento, tomando como estudos de caso três experiências em curso nos municípios de Mossoró (RN), Cabaceiras (PB) e Tejuçuoca (CE). A criação de caprinos e ovinos remonta à chegada dos portugueses no século XVI, sendo que a forma tradicional de criação e a piora genética de boa parte desses animais a torna pouco produtiva em termos econômicos. Em comparação aos bovinos, cuja criação na região ligar-se-ia historicamente a status social, esses animais são vistos de maneira inferiorizada. Pragmaticamente, no entanto, essa hierarquização é contraditória na medida em que a criação desses animais é mais adaptada às condições do Semi-árido. Uma cultura de resistência incide sobre o potencial econômico da caprinovinocultura na região, sendo confrontada por uma “rede de entusiastas” formada por agentes-chave ligados a um conjunto de instituições. Diagnosticando aspectos mercadológicos favoráveis, esses atores são fiéis à causa da difusão de técnicas apropriadas de criação aos pequenos agricultores familiares para que estes alcancem melhores condições de vida. Além deles, o governo federal, por meio do Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA), em parceria com alguns estados, desenvolve Programas do Leite, política pública que visa garantir mercados para os produtos da agricultura familiar e segurança alimentar para os beneficiários do Fome Zero. Nesse processo induzido, um novo arranjo vem aliando tradição e vocação regional com inovação e inclusão social produtiva de parcelas pobres da população. Entre outras constatações, entende-se que a construção de mercados socialmente orientados venha promovendo reestruturação de laços e vínculos sociais, ampliando o rol de relações a que os indivíduos se submetiam anteriormente à vivência dessas práticas. / The present study aims at understanding both the social construction of markets concerning sheep and goat raising in the Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Ceará and the relationship between this construction process and topics such as poverty and development. This case-study research is based on three current experiences in Mossoró (RN), Cabaceiras (PB) e Tejuçuoca (CE). The sheep and goat raising has its origin with the arrival of the Portuguese settlers in the 16th century. The traditional raising procedures and genetic problems that affected most part of these animals caused loss of productivity and profitability. It is also important to mention that the raising of those animals was judged as an inferior activity when compared to the cattle raising, the last enterprise was historically and socially associated with a privileged status. In practical terms, however, this is a preconception once sheep and goats are suitable for the kind of climate in the region (semi-arid). Besides, a culture of resistance has influence over the sheep and goats raising economical potential, and it is confronted with an ‘enthusiasts network’ comprised of key players associated with social institutions. Taking into consideration favorable market aspects, these actors are faithful to the cause of transmission of appropriate raising techniques to small family farmers in order to improve their life conditions. Apart from them, the federal government through a program to support financially the purchase of food (Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos) and milk (Programa do Leite), established public polices and partnership with some states in order to create a market to the products produced by the family farms and food safety to the beneficiaries of Fome Zero (program to eliminate hunger). This stimulated process brought a new productive arrangement that combined regional vocation, innovation and productive social inclusion of poor people. Furthermore, it is understood that the construction of socially oriented markets promotes the restablishment of social ties and bonds and amplifies the number of relationships with which the individuals had contact before living these practices.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 71070100731.pdf: 3825857 bytes, checksum: 269ecc115e9cb426d65b39fec8b78568 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / This study aimed to investigate how innovation emerges as a result of interactions among firms in a collaborative network of micro, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the furniture sector of metropolitan area in São Paulo, the Movelaria Paulista. Innovation in collaborative networks of SMEs in emerging economies has been influenced by various entities, especially the government, and the theme of innovation is usually studied at the firm level, focusing on innovation processes and product development. Innovation as much as network theory has a strategic bias in order to increase performance, competitiveness, share information and to reduce uncertainty and market´s ambiguity. Moreover, SMEs are recognized as organizations that have limited resources (human and financial) and low inclination to strategic planning. However, the Movelaria Paulista network has innovated consistently since its formation in 2004. To explain this complex phenomenon – innovation in network of small businesses, in an emerging country with weak institutions, which belongs to a traditional industry with low use of technology – and not fully covered by the theoretical field, this research was conducted using the Grounded Theory, in order to come up with a substantive theory to explain this phenomena by stand point of involved ones. The Movelaria Paulista is the object of this research and is composed of 52 companies and employs around 1,700 people. During the data collection were performed 45 interviews, 36 factories visited and it was attended six internal meetings as an observer and in two open forums to the public. In addition to almost 3,700 minutes of interviews, it was gathered several secondary data such as magazines, articles and reports. The results enabled to understand the network dynamics of collaboration that results in innovation, and the most revealing contribution is the transformation impact that Movelaria produces in its social context. The projects conducted in Movelaria Paulista foster collaboration within the group and inspire its members to promote internal changes in the organization, which in turn affect its employees and the community around. This pro collective guidance explains the support provided to the improvement of each member and the whole furniture sector as well. This behavior increases the members’ earnings perception in being part of the network, which include and integrate its members, attract new external actors, who foster new opportunities for innovation by increasing the creative space and building bridges to shorten the access to new knowledge. The results have also practical implications for Movelaria to face their challenges and for the institutions to rethink their role in order to increase their aggregated value to this network and to the others. / Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar como a inovação surge como resultado de interações entre empresas em uma rede colaborativa de micro, pequenas e médias empresas (PME) no setor do mobiliário da região metropolitana de São Paulo, a Movelaria Paulista. As redes de PMEs em economias emergentes tem sido influenciada por várias entidades, especialmente o governo; o tema inovação é geralmente estudado no nível da firma, com foco nos processos de inovação e desenvolvimento de produtos. Sendo que tanto a teoria de redes quanto a de inovação tem viés estratégico que visa o aumento de desempenho, competitividade, troca de informações e a redução da incerteza e ambigüidades do mercado. Ademais, as PMEs são reconhecidas como organizações que tem escassez de recursos (humanos e financeiros) e baixa inclinação ao planejamento estratégico. No entanto, a Movelaria Paulista é uma rede que inova consistentemente desde a sua formação em 2004. Para explicar esse fenômeno complexo - inovação em rede, de pequenas empresas, num país de economia emergente, com instituições fracas, numa indústria tradicional e de baixo uso de tecnologia - e não coberto plenamente pelo campo teórico, esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o uso da Grounded Theory para gerar uma teoria substantiva que explique o fenômeno na visão dos envolvidos. A Movelaria Paulista é composta de 52 empresas e emprega por volta de 1.700 pessoas. Durante a coleta de dados foram realizadas 45 entrevistas, 36 visitas às fábricas, participação como observadora em seis fóruns internos e em dois fóruns abertos ao público, além dos quase 3.700 minutos de entrevista, foram coletadas vários materiais de fonte secundária, como revistas, reportagens e relatórios. Os resultados possibilitam o entendimento da dinâmica de colaboração da rede que resulta em inovação, sendo que a contribuição mais reveladora foi o impacto de transformação que a rede produz no seu contexto social. Os projetos conduzidos na rede estimulam a colaboração do grupo e inspiram os seus integrantes a promoverem mudança internas na organização, que por sua vez afetam os seus colaboradores e a comunidade ao redor. Esta orientação pró coletivo explica o apoio da rede para a melhoria de cada integrante e o esforço em melhorar o setor paulista como um todo. Comportamento que contribui para aumentar a percepção dos ganhos de estar na rede, além de facilitar a inclusão e e integração dos seus membros atrai novos atores externos, fomentando novas oportunidades para inovar, pois aumenta o espaço criativo e constrói “pontes” para encurtar o acesso a novos conhecimentos. Os resultados tem implicações práticas para a Movelaria enfrentar os desafios de mercado e as instituições repensarem no seu papel junto a esta e outras redes.

Este estudo tem como objetivo principal avaliar a formação do mercado de agências digitais no Rio Grande do Sul a partir de relações sociais e econômicas desencadeadas pelo empreendedorismo institucional coletivo de empresários, reunidos em uma associação de negócios (business association). O estudo fundamenta-se teoricamente nos pressupostos da Sociologia Econômica dos Mercados. A tese busca evidenciar a relevância de estudos sociológicos sobre a atividade empresarial, notadamente das associações de negócios, com ênfase sobre as ações que uma organização do tipo desenvolve na tentativa de conferir identidade, normas, padrões e fronteiras de atuação comercial e também profissional a um mercado de origem recente, isto é, o mercado de serviços de empresas designadas como agências digitais e que possuem matriz em território gaúcho. Por agências digitais entendemos todas aquelas companhias que têm projetos de Internet como atividade-fim, bem como conteúdo para outras mídias/plataformas digitais (celulares, TV digital e games), e que se situam na interseção de áreas de criação e Comunicação Social, como a Publicidade e Propaganda, e de base técnica, no caso de Tecnologia da Informação (TI). Como resultado desta tese, apontamos qual papel que uma associação de negócios (Agadi / Abradi-RS) desempenha no mercado de agências digitais do Rio Grande do Sul e qual o estágio em que se encontra a formação desse mercado, que possui caráter híbrido, reunindo mais de uma expertise. / This study aims at evaluating the market creation of digital agencies in Rio Grande do Sul privileging the social and economic relations triggered by the collective institutional entrepreneurship within a business association. The study is based on theoretical assumptions of the Economic Sociology of Markets. The study seeks to demonstrate the relevance of sociological research on entrepreneurial activity, particularly related to a business associations, emphasizing the actions of an organization created to give identity, norms, standards and boundaries for the commercial operations as well as to a recent professional market, that is, the market for services companies designated as digital agencies with headquarters in RS. For digital agencies it is understood all those companies that work with Internet projects, as well as with content for other media / digital platforms (mobile phones, digital TV and games), and which lie at the intersection of areas of creation and the Media, as Advertising and Propaganda, and technical basis, in the case of Information Technology (IT). The study examines the role the association plays for the creation of the market for digital agencies do Rio Grande do Sul and the stage it is in the formation of this market, which has hybrid character, gathering more than one expertise.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-01T19:18:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo1.pdf: 694559 bytes, checksum: d1e8b7ba2c1b0f48eddcae4cfcda9a85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of this project is to study how the solid waste management market in the city of Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, is being turned into a business opportunity. Within the current social and institutional context of Brazil, we consider the case study of Novociclo Ambiental S.A., a local company pioneering the adoption of the zero-waste model. The literature review covered global concepts and studies on economic sociology, entrepreneurship, and the waste management market. We were able to distinguish the company, study the relationship between several stakeholders and the company, identify political and government factors that have influenced the decisions and objectives of the company, and get an overview of the opportunity found and explored by the entrepreneur in question. We adopted an explanatory and descriptive approach in this study. We developed a specific case study using literature review and semi-structured interviews based on Sahlman s (1996) people context deal opportunity (PCDO) methodology. From the results, we identified factors that influence the entrepreneur in his decision making and attitude while steering the company and positioning it in the market. The profile of the majority shareholder of Novociclo was largely determined by considering the influence of the family and its business network. In market terms, the factors directly impacting the development of the zero-waste model in Florianópolis are the failure of the existing waste management system, pressure from the media and the citizens, and the national policy on solid waste. This study aims to provide support and a foundation to further research on waste management to show that different methods may yield better results than current models / O presente trabalho visa à compreensão de como o mercado de coleta de resíduos sólidos na cidade de Florianópolis/SC Brasil está se constituindo em uma oportunidade de negócios, no atual contexto social e institucional brasileiro, a partir do estudo de caso da empresa Novociclo Ambiental S.A., pioneira na cidade, pela adoção do modelo Lixo Zero. Como apoio teórico buscou-se na literatura nacional e internacional conceitos e estudos sobre Sociologia Econômica, Empreendedorismo com foco na identificação e exploração de Oportunidades e Mercado de Resíduos. Desta maneira, tornou-se possível a caracterização da empresa, o estudo das relações entre os diversos stakeholders e a empresa, identificar fatores políticos e governamentais que influenciaram as decisões e focos da empresa e caracterizar a oportunidade encontrada e explorada pelo empreendedor em questão. Por intermédio de uma abordagem exploratória e descritiva de pesquisa qualitativa, desenvolveu-se um estudo de caso particular que contém, como técnica de pesquisa, análise documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas sob a análise baseada na metodologia PCDO criada por Sahlman em 1996. Os resultados mostram os fatores que influenciam a figura do empreendedor nas suas tomadas de decisão e a postura ao comandar a empresa e posicioná-la no mercado. A influência da família e da sua rede de negócios foi determinante na montagem do perfil empreendedor do empresário sócio majoritário da Novociclo. Em termos mercadológicos, os resultados identificam que a inoperância do sistema vigente de gestão de resíduos em Florianópolis, as pressões de mídia e dos cidadãos e a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, impactam diretamente no desenvolvimento do mercado Lixo Zero na cidade. A pesquisa visou descobrir justamente onde que esta empresa está se fortalecendo e como ela está agindo para tal. Concluiu-se que o mercado do Lixo Zero em Florianópolis está sendo construído a partir de influências políticas, espaços deixados pelos controladores deste mercado e aumento da visibilidade da questão dos resíduos. Com este estudo, espera-se dar suporte e base para que se concretizem mais pesquisas que tenham como foco o mercado de resíduos, ajudando a caracterizar e mostrar que uma gestão diferenciada pode gerar melhores resultados do que os modelos atuais

This study examines how social cohesion is built through exchange of urban art. Graffiti and street art are treated like dirt and washed away. Unsanctioned art is often perceived as alien to museums and private homes. Despite this, many graffiti and street artists produce art in studios that are sold in galleries as urban art. Through ethnographic tools and site visits to homes of collectors in the United States and Sweden this study explores what it means to exchange and own urban art. Guided by Émile Durkheim’s theories on social cohesion and Georg Simmel’s writings on social boundaries, sociological implications of material things are investigated. The analysis shows that exchange of urban art produces and affirms social bonds and passionate feelings about belonging to a specific art world. Artworks in private homes symbolically represent unsanctioned art; which makes collectors feel joy, purpose, and confidence. Urban art collectors dodge discursive definitions of art in favor of nondiscursive and pragmatic boundary work. In contrast to a Bourdieusian perspective this study found that art is not as much about reproduction of social hierarchies as about making social life meaningful and connected. The results suggest further research on materiality in times of digital media.

Comment des normes de conduite hétéronomes parviennent-elles à définir la manière dont les individus organisent leur quotidien sans être perçues comme des contraintes extérieures ou arbitraires ? Comment les individus en arrivent-ils à privilégier certaines références pour agir plutôt que d’autres au fil de leur trajectoire sociale ? Les pratiques énergétiques prenant place dans l’espace domestique constituent un terrain d’analyse de ces questions particulièrement riche dans le contexte actuel d’injonction à la « transition énergétique ». Les changements de conduite attendus sont l’occasion de travaux de sciences sociales qui acceptent souvent comme allant de soi les catégories du débat public : notamment celles qui consistent à rabattre les pratiques domestiques mobilisatrices d’énergie sur des consommations. Le propos est ici de questionner ces catégories pour des ménages des classes populaires « du haut », à distance des dispositifs d’assistance prévus pour les situations de dénuement mais néanmoins menacés de difficultés avec les coûts de l’énergie. Ce travail rend compte des mécanismes de soumission au mot d’ordre économique et de la socialisation des acteurs à la mise en consommation des pratiques domestiques mobilisatrices d’énergie, les amenant dans des circonstances particulières à prêter attention à de nouveaux discours prescriptifs. Pour cela, la thèse s’appuie sur une revue critique des travaux de sciences sociales portant sur les ménages face à l’énergie, sur des monographies de groupes professionnels porteurs de discours institutionnels auprès des ménages et sur des monographies de ménages précisément situés. / How do heteronomous norms of behavior succeed in defining how individuals organize their everyday lives without being perceived as external or arbitrary constraints? How do individuals come to favor certain references to act rather than others in their life's course ? Energy practices in the domestic space (heating and cooling of rooms, cooking and refrigerating food, domestic hot water, lighting, electrical appliances, etc.) constitute a particularly rich field of analysis of these questions in the current context of "energy transition". The expected changes in behavior are the occasion of social science studies that often take for granted the categories of public debate: in special, that of reducing domestic practices that mobilize energy on consumption and that which naturalizes the energy transition . The aim is here to question these categories for households of the " working classes from the upper", at a distance from the social work schemes designed for deprived situations and nevertheless threatened with difficulties with energy costs. It then attempts to account for the mechanisms of submission to the economic slogan and the socialization of the social actors to the consumption of domestic practices mobilizing energy, bringing them in particular circumstances to pay attention to new prescriptive speeches when deciding on their actions. For this purpose, the thesis is based on a critical review of the social science work on households relation to energy, on monographs of occupational groups with institutional discourses on households and on monographs of households.

No description available.

Dans son versant théorique, la présente thèse vise à questionner les modalités théoriques de développement d’une connaissance sociologique de la notion de « l’alternative économique ». La réponse à cette question est trouvée par une perspective de sociologie de la connaissance de l’économie. Dans cette perspective, toute économie est comprise comme composée d’une diversité de formes sociales de connaissances, articulées entre elles et ancrées dans les spécificités sociohistoriques d’un espace donné. Il s’agit en somme d’un travail de construction théorique de l’économie en tant que phénomène social produisant des connaissances tout en étant fondé par elles. Dans sa dimension empirique, ensuite, l’étude menée est à son tour orientée par cette perspective. Par une approche ethnographique, cette thèse étudie des initiatives alimentaires sans but lucratif du quartier montréalais de Pointe-Saint-Charles. L’enquête combine l’analyse de données issues de quelques centaines d’heures d’observation participante et non participante, une trentaine d’entretiens avec des responsables d’organismes, des bénévoles, des membres recourant à des services alimentaires des organismes et des gens résidant dans le quartier, en plus de diverses formes de documentation. L’analyse identifie des formes sociales de connaissance, leurs fondements sociaux, leur contribution à la construction des initiatives étudiées et les modalités selon lesquelles elles s’articulent entre elles. En somme, elle propose une description des différentes façons dont des initiatives alimentaires « alternatives » (sans but lucratif) s’établissent, se reproduisent et se transforment. Ce faisant, elle offre également matière à réfléchir quant aux possibilités de généralisation d’une forme alternative d’économie alimentaire. Si une telle étude peut a priori servir d’illustration et d’épreuve empirique des prémisses théoriques utilisées, elle tire également son intérêt heuristique et sa pertinence sociale de la documentation sociographique des réalités vécues, des pratiques des conceptions variées de l’économie en présence dans le milieu étudié. / In its theoretical dimension, this thesis aims to question the theoretical implications of developing a sociological understanding of the notion of an « economic alternative ». The answer to this question is provided by a sociology of knowledge of the economy perspective. Such perspective enjoins to understand economic life as comprised of multiple social forms of knowledge, articulated with each other and anchored in a given space’s sociohistorical peculiarities. This is offers a theoretical framework for understanding the economy as a social phenomenon producing knowledge as much as it is constructed through such knowledge. The empirical dimension of the thesis is then guided by this perspective. With an ethnographic approach, it studies non-profit food organisations of the Montreal district of Point-Saint-Charles. The inquiry combines the analysis of data stemming from several hundreds of hours of participant and non-participant observation, around thirty interviews with organization personnel, volunteers, members using the organizations’ food services, district’s residents, as well as various types of documents. The analysis identifies multiple social forms of knowledge, their social foundations, the ways in which the partake in constructing the investigated organizations as well as the ways in which they articulate with each other. In short, it describes the different ways in which « alternative » (non-profit) food organizations emerge, persist and transform. In doing so, it also opens up to insights regarding future possibilities regarding the generalization of an alternative form of food economy. While this study may serve to illustrate and support the theoretical foundations being mobilized, it is also heuristically and socially relevant in that it provides sociographic documentation of lived experiences, practices and various understandings of the economy coexisting in the investigated milieu.