The purpose of my case study research is to explain the development trajectory of Special Needs Education policy in South Africa. I also intended to establish whether this policy reform trajectory could be explained as “non-reform” in Special Needs Education. The development path of policies has been widely researched and explained in relation to theories of change. Over the past decade there has, however, been a growing body of knowledge that has moved the theoretical basis for the development of policy from a traditional linear and causal model to a more complex, dynamic model of change. I was able to draw from both models to engage in my case study research on the development of the Special Needs Education policy. This policy eventually culminated in a Government White Paper on Special Needs Education. My primary research question is to understand why the policy on Special Needs Education did not emerge in South Africa when it was widely expected. I examined “up close” the views, perspectives and understandings of policy makers to establish the reasons for the non-emergence of the Special Needs Policy in South Africa. On closer analysis, I found that not only was there a significant delay between the policy formulation and policy adoption, but that this had created a critical policy vacuum in the Special Needs Education system in South Africa, which warranted an explanation. I found that the main reasons for the “policy-lag” were situated in the intended paradigm shift from a medical based model to an eco-systemic model, the intended restructuring of the special school system, logistical factors, and the availability of resources. This study addresses a gap in the related literature by its focus on the policy-making process for Special Needs Education in a transitional context. Its significance lies in shifting explanations of policy reform from the domain of the causal-linear to a political account of the process. The research was guided by a conceptual framework that combined the linear and iterative models of the policy development processes with the conceptual devices of “theory of action” and “theory in use”. The role of specific paradoxes and the ensuing tensions was formulated using qualitative content analysis. The study produced several new findings with regard to the factors that affect education policy-making in South Africa. Principal amongst these findings was the observation that the politics of participation was the main factor constraining the speed and direction of policy development in Special Needs Education. The findings of this research warrant several conclusions regarding the implementation and the dynamic nature of policy-making. The study concludes with suggestions for future research in policy-making related to Special Needs Education in South Africa. / Thesis (PhD (Education Management and Policy Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

This study explored the current practices implemented by Early Childhood Care and Development (ECCD) caregivers / preschool teachers in Swaziland. It further investigated how the lack of an appropriate policy on Early Childhood Care and Development impacted on the delivery of services to the sector. The research was conducted using a qualitative methodology, eliciting responses through semistructured interview schedules. In order to conduct a more in-depth analysis, eight interviews were held at various early childhood care and development sites. The criteria for selection depended on whether the participating caregiver had direct, hands-on experience of the day-to-day care and running of ECCD sites. They also had to be involved in a full-time preschool teaching programme and were purposively selected from the geographical location of Manzini, in Swaziland. The sites could be distinguished into three categories, namely: community (non-profit making), private and church or missionrun centres. The results showed that caregivers implemented diverse and uncoordinated practices and that there was no uniformity in terms of professional training, classroom practice and curriculum application. It was evident that the participants did not link the theory of their training to their practice, leaving gaps in the provision of services and educational programmes to the children. The study concluded that unless the government of Swaziland and the ECCD unit at the national level of Education made a concerted effort to formulate a national ECCD policy, Education for All would remain a pipedream. The study recommended that government should formulate national ECCD policy guidelines to encourage uniformity in practice and provision of ECCD sites. Not only should government accelerate the development of the guidelines but they should also support the caregivers by continuous professional development activities.

NGOs gelten als wichtige Akteure, um die Belange der Zivilgesellschaft auch auf internationaler Ebene zu repräsentieren. Die UNESCO hat ihr Potenzial bereits frühzeitig erkannt und bietet ihren Partner-NGOs verschiedene Wege der Einflussnahme. Mit der neuen NGO-Richtlinie von 2011 haben neben internationalen NGOs auch lokale und regionale nichtstaatliche Organisationen die Möglichkeit, einen Konsultativ- oder Assoziativstatus mit der UNESCO einzugehen und dementsprechend ihre Interessen in den verschiedensten Organen der UNESCO einzubringen. Jedoch wird die Zusammenarbeit im Rahmen der UNESCO durch bestimmte Faktoren, wie der Finanzlage der UNESCO, eingeschränkt. Insbesondere im Arbeitsalltag der UNESCO zeigt sich, dass NGOs ihre zugesprochenen Einflussmöglichkeiten aufgrund der starken Rolle der Mitgliedstaaten nicht immer einlösen können. Die Bildungsinitiative Education for All verdeutlicht die herausragende Arbeit von NGOs, um internationale Zielvorgaben zu erreichen, sowie die unterstützende Rolle der UNESCO. Allerdings begründet sich der starke Einfluss der NGOs vor allem auf deren Eigeninitiative. Aufgrund ihrer begrenzten Ressourcen ist die UNESCO abhängig von ihren nichtstaatlichen Partnern. Nur wenn die UNESCO weiterhin auf eine verstärkte NGO-Partnerschaft setzt, können UNESCO-Programme auch langfristig erfolgreich umgesetzt werden. Die Avantgarde-Stellung der UNESCO bezüglich der NGO-Zusammenarbeit ist kein Selbstzweck, sondern sichert die Zukunft der UNESCO.

NGOs gelten als wichtige Akteure, um die Belange der Zivilgesellschaft auch auf internationaler Ebene zu repräsentieren. Die UNESCO hat ihr Potenzial bereits frühzeitig erkannt und bietet ihren Partner-NGOs verschiedene Wege der Einflussnahme. Mit der neuen NGO-Richtlinie von 2011 haben neben internationalen NGOs auch lokale und regionale nichtstaatliche Organisationen die Möglichkeit, einen Konsultativ- oder Assoziativstatus mit der UNESCO einzugehen und dementsprechend ihre Interessen in den verschiedensten Organen der UNESCO einzubringen. Jedoch wird die Zusammenarbeit im Rahmen der UNESCO durch bestimmte Faktoren, wie der Finanzlage der UNESCO, eingeschränkt. Insbesondere im Arbeitsalltag der UNESCO zeigt sich, dass NGOs ihre zugesprochenen Einflussmöglichkeiten aufgrund der starken Rolle der Mitgliedstaaten nicht immer einlösen können. Die Bildungsinitiative Education for All verdeutlicht die herausragende Arbeit von NGOs, um internationale Zielvorgaben zu erreichen, sowie die unterstützende Rolle der UNESCO. Allerdings begründet sich der starke Einfluss der NGOs vor allem auf deren Eigeninitiative. Aufgrund ihrer begrenzten Ressourcen ist die UNESCO abhängig von ihren nichtstaatlichen Partnern. Nur wenn die UNESCO weiterhin auf eine verstärkte NGO-Partnerschaft setzt, können UNESCO-Programme auch langfristig erfolgreich umgesetzt werden. Die Avantgarde-Stellung der UNESCO bezüglich der NGO-Zusammenarbeit ist kein Selbstzweck, sondern sichert die Zukunft der UNESCO.:Abkürzungsverzeichnis II A) Einleitung 1 B) NGOs und deren Stellung im UN-System 2 C) Klassifizierung von NGOs im Rahmen der UNESCO 3 I. Definition von NGOs durch die UNESCO 3 II. Rechtliche Grundlage für die Einbeziehung von NGOs 4 III. Rechtlicher Status der NGOs: Zwei Kategorien der Zusammenarbeit 4 1. Konsultativstatus 5 2. Assoziativstatus 5 IV. Grundlegende Voraussetzungen an NGOs in offizieller UNESCO-Partnerschaft 5 D) NGOs und deren Zusammenarbeit mit der UNESCO 6 I. Geschichtliche Verbundenheit und stetige Vertiefung der Partnerschaft 6 II. Einflussmöglichkeiten für NGOs durch Institutionen der UNESCO 7 1. Internationale Konferenz der NGOs 7 2. NGO-UNESCO-Verbindungsausschuss 8 3. Gemeinsame Konsultationen bei spezifischen Themen 9 4. Ausschuss für Nichtstaatliche Partner des Exekutivrats 9 III. Konkrete Einflussmöglichkeiten laut NGO-Richtlinie 2011 10 IV. Die Bewertung der Einflussmöglichkeiten für die Zusammenarbeit 11 1. Errungenschaften der Zusammenarbeit 11 2. Potenziale der Zusammenarbeit 12 V. Zwischenergebnis 14 E) Die UNESCO-NGO-Partnerschaft am Beispiel der Initiative Education for All (EFA) 15 F) Fazit 17 Anhang I Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis III

Le PIB/ habitant de Madagascar classe le pays parmi l'un des plus pauvres au monde. L’État s'est engagé dans les objectifs de l’Éducation primaire universelle. Malgré cela, les indicateurs d'efficacité du système scolaire sont faibles. En 2012, seul 68,8% des enfants achèvent le cycle primaire, les taux de redoublement sont élevés, le taux de passage en cycle secondaire est faible. Aussi, le travail des enfants est encore un phénomène important dans la grande île. En 2010, près de 21% des 5-17 ans travaille, c'est le cas de 49% des 5-14 ans dans la région d'enquête, le Vakinankaratra. Dans les zones rurales, où la plupart des ménages vivent de l'agriculture d'autosubsistance, la main-d’œuvre infantile est fortement mise à contribution dans la production domestique. Les enfants sont tenus de combiner leurs activités scolaires et les activités productives. Nous proposons dans cette thèse de présenter les processus de scolarisation et de mise au travail des enfants à une échelle très fine. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené une enquête quantitative portant sur 247 ménages et une enquête qualitative dans deux villages et deux écoles primaires publiques qui étaient rattachées pendant quatorze mois. Les données quantitatives ont permis de mettre en exergue le lien entre les structures démographiques des ménages et la réussite scolaire des enfants. La monographie d'une des écoles primaires a permis de montrer les effets d'une faible qualité de l'offre sur les processus d'apprentissage des enfants et sur la demande scolaire. Par ailleurs, nous avons analysé les conséquences de la faible dotation en capitaux scolaires et économiques des ménages sur le déroulement de la scolarisation. Nous avons également mené des enquêtes par entretien auprès des enfants âgés entre 8 et 14 ans. Nous avons voulu savoir comment leurs représentations du travail et de l'école et leurs aspirations pouvaient influencer les processus de mise au travail et d'arrêt de la scolarisation. Finalement cette thèse permet d'analyser comment les objectifs de l'école primaire universelle peuvent être atteints face à la pauvreté des ménages et aux manques de moyens de l'école. Elle questionne également la capacité que pourrait avoir l'école à infléchir les processus de transmission des inégalités sociales et, dans notre cas, la reproduction de la grande pauvreté. / Madagascar is one of the poorest country in the world regarding its GPD per capita. Most of its population lives under the poverty line. The government is committed in the education for all plan since 1990. However, the quality of education is still low. In 2012, only 68.8% of the children achieved the primary school cycle, there are high repetition rates and few students access to the secondary school cycle. Most of international institution and NGO's oppose child labor and schooling. Child labor remains important, in 2010, 21% of the children aged from 5 to 17 years old work. We have conducted a survey about the households living in the rural zones. Most of them live from subsistence farming activities. Their children must participate to the domestic chores and economic activities and combine school at the same time. This work aims to understand the process of schooling and child work in a rural zone. We have collected quantitative data on 246 household and we made an ethnography in a primary state school for 14 months. Then, we have conducted semi-structured interviews with mothers, teachers and children aged from 8 to 14 years old. The quantitative data helped to analyze the relationship between the household demographic structures and the children school attainment. The ethnography shown the impact of a weak quality of education on the children learning process and on the school demand. The interviews conducted with the children shown how their perception of work and schooling and their aspiration could influence the reproduction of their economic and social position. To conclude, we question how the primary education for all can be reached when most of the household live in poor life conditions and the education sector suffers from a lack of funds. Can the school system stop the transmission of social and economic inequalities and break the poverty cycle?

En Haïti, l’effort public pour l’éducation reste insuffisant. De plus, l’enseignement primaire est peu développé et de qualité faible. Ainsi, en dépit des progrès substantiels qui ont été réalisés durant ces vingt cinq dernières années, le pays reste très en retard face á l’objectif de l’éducation pour tous (EPT). En effet, les dernières données statistiques disponibles indiquent que plus de 4 500 000 filles et garçons sont actuellement en dehors du système scolaire. Outre l’abandon, le redoublement, le mauvais regroupement des élèves, l’encadrement pédagogique est médiocre. Ce qui pèse négativement sur les acquisitions des élèves. Les mauvais résultats obtenus des élèves aux examens officiels en témoignent. Par ailleurs, la rémunération des enseignants est très insignifiante et les conditions d’exercice de la profession enseignante laisse à désirer. Enfin, le système scolaire souffre d’un déficit de pilotage, de gouvernance et d’efficacité externe.Pour accompagner les décideurs politiques haïtiens et planificateurs nationaux dans leurs stratégies d’action en faveur de l’éducation pour tous, les principales organisations multilatérales, notamment la Banque mondiale, mettent en œuvre le Projet d’Education pour tous (EPT I et II). Spécifiquement, le Projet d’Ecoles Publiques à Gestion Communautaire (EPGC) cible la scolarisation primaire universelle (SPU) dans des milieux ruraux défavorisés où l’accès à l’enseignement primaire de base demeure un bien rare, voire inexistant dans les régions ciblées. Par l’aide. Cependant, malgré les divers projets ou programmes d’aide internationaux dédiés notamment à l’expansion de la scolarisation universelle sur l’ensemble du territoire national du pays, atteindre l’éducation pour tous est très aléatoire.Les conclusions de l’enquête empirique montrent que de nombreuses difficultés nuisent à la mise en œuvre effective de l’aide et ceci tant au niveau central, départemental et communal. Les données collectées sur le terrain indiquent un impact significatif sur la participation des acteurs locaux dans la gestion des affaires éducatives. Sur le plan des réalisations éducatives, les analyses de l’investigation confirment des effets sur les taux nets d’accès à l’école ainsi qu’un impact appréciable sur la parité filles-garçons. Les conclusions de l’enquête révèlent quelques effets pervers par exemple sur la qualité de l’école, des dynamiques locales, ainsi que des modes d’organisation administrative et de gestion pédagogique du système scolaire dans les zones allocataires ciblées pour la mise en application du Projet EPGC. Aussi, l’objectif de l’éducation pour tous ne sera pas atteint en Haïti et le chemin semble encore long. . / In Haiti, the public effort for education is insufficient. Primary education is underdeveloped and is of low quality. Despite substantial progress made during the last twenty five years, the country is still far behind from achieving the goal of Education for All (EFA). The latest available statistics indicate that more than 4.5 million girls and boys are currently outside the school system. Abandonment, repetition, bad grouping of students and poor educational support reflect negatively on learning achievement. Teachers' salaries are insignificant and teaching conditions deprived. Hence, the school system suffers a deficit of control, governance and external efficiency.To accompany Haitian national planners and policy makers in their strategies for universal education, major multilateral organizations, including the World Bank, implement the Project Education for All (EFA I and II) also called. Through a program called “Project for Public Schools to Community Management (PPSCM)” they aim to achieve universal primary education in some disadvantaged rural areas where access to basic primary education remains inadequate or nonexistent. However, despite the various projects or international aid programs dedicated to the expansion of universal education all over Haiti, the goal of achieving Education for All is far from being reached.The findings of our empirical analysis show, the positive effect of international aid on school access and its significant impact on gender parity in Haiti. On the other hand, it exposes many difficulties that obstruct an effective implementation of international aid for education in Haiti at central, departmental and communal levels. The data collected in the field point out some negative effects, for example on the quality of the school, local dynamics, as well as administrative organization methods and educational management of the school system in areas where the PPSCM is implemented. The conclusion of this study reveals that the goal of Education for All will not be achieved and there still is a long way to go to provide school to all children in Haiti.

Si la proportion d'adultes analphabètes dans les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne a décliné entre 1985 et 2008, le nombre d’individus analphabètes a en réalité augmenté au cours de cette période. C'est dans ce contexte que depuis avril 2000, la communauté internationale poursuit les objectifs du processus Education Pour Tous, dont l’un vise, d’ici à 2015, à améliorer de 50 % les niveaux d'alphabétisation des adultes. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’analyser dans quelle mesure la scolarisation primaire et les programmes d’alphabétisation, deux processus sur lesquels la politique éducative peut intervenir, permettent aux individus des pays d’Afrique subsaharienne d’acquérir des compétences de base en lecture. Dans la grande majorité des pays africains, les analyses, menées sur la base d’enquêtes de ménages, montrent qu’il ne suffit pas d’être allé à l’école jusqu’à la fin du cycle primaire pour savoir lire une fois adulte et qu’il est primordial d’avoir bénéficié d’une certaine qualité de l’éducation. De plus, pour un même temps d’enseignement, le degré d’alphabétisme des individus est très différent selon les pays, indiquant donc de fortes disparités en termes de qualité de l’éducation. Ces disparités ne s’expliquent pas par des niveaux différents de ressources allouées aux systèmes éducatifs, mais paraissent plutôt liées à des différences liées d’une part, au temps d’enseignement dont ont bénéficié les individus, et d’autre part, à l’organisation du contexte scolaire à l’intérieur de ce temps. Si la scolarisation primaire ne suffit pas, dans son fonctionnement actuel, à assurer un savoir lire durable aux individus, cela implique un rôle significatif des activités d’alphabétisation. Il ressort des analyses des enquêtes de ménages que la participation à des programmes d’alphabétisation reste en moyenne assez limitée en Afrique subsaharienne. De plus, il existe une très forte variabilité entre les pays, des impacts des activités d’alphabétisation sur le savoir lire des individus. Ceci s’explique sans doute par la grande diversité des programmes d’alphabétisation mis en œuvre. Cette diversité, à laquelle s’ajoute la quasi-absence de véritable politique nationale de développement de l’alphabétisation, rend très difficile l’identification des modalités efficientes d’organisation des activités d’alphabétisation. / Despite the proportion of illiterate people in sub-Saharan Africa having declined between 1985 and 2008, the number of illiterates has actually increased during the period. It is within this context, that since April 2000, the international community has been committed to six Education for All goals. One of these goals is to achieve a 50 per cent improvement in adult literacy levels by 2015. This thesis aims to analyse how primary education and literacy programs (two processes on which educational policy can intervene) enable the populations of sub-Saharan Africa to acquire basic reading skills. In the vast majority of African countries, the analysis based on household surveys shows that schooling to the end of the primary cycle is not sufficient to enable literacy as an adult, and the former also show that it is critical to have had education of some quality. Furthermore, the individual literacy levels can be very different from one country to another, even with the same teaching time. This shows significant disparities in terms of educational quality. These disparities cannot be explained by differences in the levels of resources allocated to educational systems. The former would rather appear to be related to differences on the one hand, in the teaching time received by individuals, and on the other, to how the school is organized within this time. If primary education, as it currently operates, is not enough to ensure sustainable literacy for individuals, thus this implies that literacy activities play a significant role. The analysis of household surveys shows that participation in literacy programs is, on average, quite limited in SSA. In addition, there is high variability between countries in terms of the impacts of literacy activities on reading skills. This is probably due to the wide variety of the literacy programs that are implemented. This diversity, combined with no real national policy on the development of literacy, makes it very difficult to identify possible efficient ways of organizing literacy activities.

This study addressed superintendents' value perceptions of nineteen component parts of P.L. 94-142, The Education For All Handicapped Children Act of 1975. In addition, the study sought to determine whether relationships existed between superintendents' value perceptions of P.L. 94-142 and (1) school district size and (2) total years experience as a superintendent. As a result of this research, twenty-one conclusions were drawn, consisting of Texas superintendents' perceptions of several aspects of P.L. 94-142 such as: its effectiveness, appropriateness, process hearing costs, funding, time/cost efficiency, feasibility, and ultimate goal. Additionally, there was no significant relationship between the total number years served as a superintendent, or the size of school districts served, and the superintendents' value perceptions concerning P.L. 94-142. In summary, twenty-one conclusions were reached regarding superintendents' value perceptions of P.L. 94-142. A total of seven implications were drawn from the conclusions. Finally, seven recommendations for future study were made.

HOLANDA, Francisca Helena de Oliveira. Trabalho e educação: uma crítica ao Projeto de Educação para Todos. 2009. 185f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by Maria Josineide Góis (josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-10T13:40:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_Dis_FHOHOLANDA.pdf: 833063 bytes, checksum: 67f3753e46c0d0d647c148dfb82650f9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-10T13:48:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_Dis_FHOHOLANDA.pdf: 833063 bytes, checksum: 67f3753e46c0d0d647c148dfb82650f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-10T13:48:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_Dis_FHOHOLANDA.pdf: 833063 bytes, checksum: 67f3753e46c0d0d647c148dfb82650f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / The research seeks to develop a critical analysis of the learning category in the context of the Project of Education for All (EPT), detailed on the Plan of Action to Satisfy the Basic Needs of Learning (NEBAS), emphasizing, by these terms, its ideological character and its link with the capital’s management plan. Based on the Marxian perspective, we aim to examine the main goals put forward by the Program of Education for All, established at the World Conference of Education for All, carried out in Jomtien, in 1990, and reiterated in the Dakar Forum of Action, in the year 2000. This way, we will also denounce the large universal articulation of the EPT conception in the poor countries, through the annual utilization of the Reports of Monitoring of Education for All (EPT), with emphasis in the 2003 through 2008 documents. Resulting from a study of a theoretical-bibliographical nature, our analysis is centered upon the ontohistorical conception of labor as the fundamental moment in the process of social reproduction, sharing with Marxist authors the idea that education as a social complex becomes itself, a commodity, in the limits of capital’s sociability. Presuming that learning is appointed by capital as an important tool to guarantee economical and social sustainability, we reassert that the EPT Program, under the World Bank organization, imposes a wide restructuring program of the national teaching systems, with priority on the universalization of basic education. We state that the idea of an education for all has its genesis in the rise of the bourgeoisie to power, determining new social relations and a new way of production: the capitalistic system. In this new order, the worker’s formation is based upon those practical learnings which are useful to the world of production. Under the capital system, the education complex finds itself essentially based on the sustainability and reproduction of the logic of accumulation. In the Brazilian particularity, we notice a group of educational reforms, based on a social pact to drive the economic development and the poverty reduction. We conclude that the Project of Education for All, focused on the learnings towards the basic education, becomes itself only an educational and ideological tool, for it promotes minimal knowledge standards, limiting the basic schooling as a sufficient pattern for the poor countries to enter the sphere of the so called sustainable and global economy of the XXIth Century. / Nossa pesquisa procura fazer uma análise crítica sobre a categoria da aprendizagem no Projeto de Educação para Todos (EPT), detalhada no Plano de Ação para Satisfazer as Necessidades Básicas de Aprendizagem (NEBAS), destacando, nesses termos, o seu caráter ideológico e sua vinculação com o plano de gestão do capital. Com base na perspectiva marxiana, tomamos como objetivo examinar as principais metas do Programa de Educação para Todos, firmadas na Conferência Mundial de Educação para Todos, realizada em Jomtien, em 1990, e reiterada no Fórum de Ação de Dacar, no ano 2000. Nessa direção, denunciaremos também a grande articulação universal da concepção da EPT nos países pobres, mediante a utilização anual de Relatórios de Monitoramento de Educação Para Todos (EPT), com ênfase nos documentos de 2003 a 2008. Resultante de um estudo eminentemente teórico-bibliográfico e documental, nossa análise centra-se na concepção onto-histórica do trabalho e da reprodução do ser social, comungando com autores marxistas a visão de que a educação, como um complexo social, torna-se, nos marcos da sociabilidade do capital, uma mercadoria. Partindo do pressuposto de que a aprendizagem é o recurso apontado pelo próprio capital como importante para a sustentabilidade econômica e social da ordem, compreendemos que o Programa de EPT, sob a organização do Banco Mundial, impõe um amplo programa de reestruturação dos sistemas nacionais de ensino, com prioridade na universalização da educação básica. Asseveramos que o ideário de uma educação para todos tem sua gênese a partir da ascensão da burguesia ao poder, determinando novas relações sociais e um novo modo de produção: o sistema capitalista. Nessa nova ordem, a formação do trabalhador está voltada para aprendizagens úteis e adquiridas fora do trabalho. Sob o capital, o complexo educacional encontra-se, essencialmente, voltado para a sustentabilidade e reprodução de sua lógica de acumulação ampliada. Na particularidade brasileira, constatamos um conjunto de reformas educacionais, ancoradas num pacto social para impulsionar o desenvolvimento econômico e a redução da pobreza. Concluímos que o Projeto de Educação para Todos com foco nas aprendizagens para a educação básica torna-se apenas um “mecanismo educacional e ideológico”, pois promove padrões mínimos de formação do conhecimento, ao limitar a escolarização básica como a necessária e suficiente para os países pobres adentrarem na chamada economia sustentável e global do Século XXI.

Submitted by Luciana Sebin (lusebin@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-26T14:00:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMABS.pdf: 1815735 bytes, checksum: 2b1e6d34aabc3012fc2382e2fa92c78b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-27T20:03:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMABS.pdf: 1815735 bytes, checksum: 2b1e6d34aabc3012fc2382e2fa92c78b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-27T20:03:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMABS.pdf: 1815735 bytes, checksum: 2b1e6d34aabc3012fc2382e2fa92c78b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T20:03:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMABS.pdf: 1815735 bytes, checksum: 2b1e6d34aabc3012fc2382e2fa92c78b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Não recebi financiamento / The search for an educational inclusive system has driven the discovery of ways and practices that concretize the ideal of access equality, abidance and learning to all students that present special educational needs inside of the educational space. The services and professionals of support are aimed as favorable alternatives to the effectuation of this principle, aiming the schooling in ordinary class. Starting from the hyphotesis that these services of multiprofessional teams when exists in the school system, are recent, fragmented and inarticulated, in due to the bit experience owned with this kind of support in brazilian reality, the general aim of this study was to describe and analyze this kind of service and identify, with the professionals of the team, strategies to improve it. Therefore, the aim of this study was the performance of a multiprofessional team, formed by three phonoaudiologists, three psychologists and a pedagogue, who acted in five municipal schools in the inner state of São Paulo.The research methodology used was based on collaborative research. The first stage involved a documental study with the aim to characterize the performance’s context of the participants. In the second stage were made individual interviews, in order to describe and analyze the work developed by the participants. The third stage involved reflection about the team’s service with interventions based on meetings of focal groups, aiming to identify strategies to improve it. The fourth, and last stage included documental analysis of the new proposal of work organization made by the team, after finalized the intervention process. The collected data were submitted to analysis of thematic content, and was used as tool the Atlas-Ti Software. The results were organized in four parts, according to the stages of the study. The results of the stage I allowed to contextualize the historic of creation of the multiprofessional team’s school service. The results of the stage II describe the organization of the service and allowed to conclude that there is school demand by these specialists, service which is appreciated by the school. However, the expectation was about clinical services, such as, evaluation and direct attendance to the students. It was also identified the existance of two models of services’ installment, the clinical and the educational. In the stage III, the reflexive meeting’s results revealed the difficulties with the establishment of collective and colaborative practices of the team in the school, the necessity of definition of roles and the reflection about the school culture as a factor for changes. The results of the stage IV showed that the use of the collaborative research reflected in the final project of the reorganization team of the service which had include some of the guiding principles of multiprofessional teams’ work in the schools. It was concluded that the service of a multiprofessional team can contribute with the construction of more inclusive schools, since is lined in an unique philosophy of work and that there is a permanent continuing formation of the team in collaborative proposals. The work of specialists in school, although is not an ordinary practice in Brazil, has showed its efficiency in other contexts, when the support service to the school context is based on the model of Collaborative Consultancy School which aims to help the development of a philosophy education that offers greater educational opportunities for all students. / A busca por um sistema educacional inclusivo tem impulsionado a descoberta de caminhos e práticas que concretizem o ideal de igualdade de acesso, permanência e aprendizagem a todos os alunos que apresentam necessidades educacionais especiais no espaço escolar. Os serviços e profissionais de apoio são apontados como alternativas favoráveis à efetivação desse princípio, tendo em vista a escolarização em classe comum. Partindo-se da hipótese de que tais serviços de equipes multiprofissionais quando existentes nas redes de ensino, são recentes, fragmentados e desarticulados, dada a pouca experiência que se tem com esse tipo de suporte na realidade brasileira, o objetivo geral do presente estudo foi o de descrever e analisar as ações de uma equipe multiprofissional e identificar, juntamente com os profissionais da equipe, estratégias para aperfeiçoá-lo. Para tanto, o objeto desse estudo foi a atuação de uma equipe multiprofissional formada por: três fonoaudiólogas, três psicólogas e uma pedagoga, que atuavam em cinco escolas de uma rede municipal de ensino do interior do estado de São Paulo. A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada fundamentou-se na pesquisa colaborativa. A primeira etapa envolveu um estudo documental com objetivo de caracterizar o contexto de atuação dos participantes. Na segunda etapa foram realizadas entrevistas individuais com intuito de descrever e analisar o trabalho desenvolvido pelos participantes. A terceira etapa envolveu reflexão sobre o serviço da equipe com intervenções baseadas em encontros de grupos focais, visando identificar estratégias para aperfeiçoá-lo. A quarta e última etapa contemplou a análise documental da nova proposta de organização do trabalho feita pela equipe, após finalizado o processo de intervenção. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo temática, e utilizou-se como ferramenta o Software Atlas-Ti. Os resultados foram organizados em quatro partes de acordo com as etapas do estudo. Os resultados da etapa I permitiram contextualizar o histórico de criação do serviço escolar da equipe multiprofissional. Os resultados da etapa II descreveram a organização do serviço, permitindo concluir que há demanda escolar por esses especialistas, serviço este valorizado pela escola. No entanto, a expectativa era de serviços clínicos, tais como, avaliação e atendimentos diretos aos alunos. Identificou-se também a existência de dois modelos de prestação de serviços, o clínico e o educacional. Na etapa III, os resultados dos encontros reflexivos evidenciaram as dificuldades no estabelecimento de práticas coletivas e colaborativas da equipe na escola, a necessidade da definição de papéis e a reflexão sobre a cultura escolar como fatores para mudanças. Os resultados da etapa IV mostraram que o emprego da pesquisa colaborativa refletiu no projeto final da equipe de reorganização do serviço que incluíram alguns dos princípios orientadores do trabalho de equipes multiprofissionais nas escolas. Concluiu-se que o serviço de uma equipe multiprofissional pode contribuir com a construção de escolas mais inclusivas, desde que seja pautado numa filosofia única de trabalho e que haja formação continuada permanente da equipe em propostas colaborativas. O trabalho de especialistas na escola, embora não seja uma prática comum no Brasil, tem demonstrado sua eficiência em outros contextos, quando o serviço de apoio ao contexto escolar é baseado no modelo de Consultoria Colaborativa Escolar que vise auxiliar o desenvolvimento de uma filosofia de ensino que ofereça maiores oportunidades educacionais para todos os alunos.