Esse trabalho de pesquisa teve por objetivo estudar o fenômeno da discriminação racial presente no ambiente escolar, para que assim, pudéssemos compreender como as práticas educativas reforçam ou não, esse processo. Optou-se por uma abordagem qualitativa na modalidade história de vida, como instrumento de coleta de dados. Foram entrevistados dez jovens negros que freqüentaram em suas séries iniciais do ensino fundamental uma mesma escola pública situada em um conjunto habitacional popular de Ribeirão Preto. Nessas entrevistas eles relataram as vivências de discriminação racial ocorridas durante sua trajetória escolar. Os resultados obtidos apontaram a maneira como a discriminação racial, enquanto um fenômeno social se manifesta no interior da escolar. Procuramos identificar, a partir da representação dos próprios jovens participantes, como as práticas racistas presentes no cotidiano escolar impactaram as relações interpessoais entre estes e os demais estudantes. A ausência de ações pedagógicas planejadas pela escola como forma de mediar os conflitos raciais também foi alvo de problematização de nossa pesquisa. / This research job has as objective the racial segregation phenomenon present in school ambient in order to understand if the educational practices reinforce this process. It was chosen a qualitative boarding considering their lives history as data collection. It was interviewed ten young black people who attended the same public school on their first classes of the fundamental teaching, placed in a popular condominium in Ribeirão Preto. On these interviews they mentioned their racial segregation experiences occurred during their school path. The achieved results indicate the manner how the racial segregation, as a social phenomenon is manifested in the interior of the school. We tried to identify, from the representation of the own participant young people, how the racist practices present on the school quotidian caused impact on the interpersonal relationship between them and the other students. The absence of pedagogical actions planed by the school as a manner of mediate the racial conflicts was also the target of our research.

O acesso de todos à educação é um direito assumido por diversas nações. Como esse direito nem sempre é posto em prática, um dos desafios para os educadores é buscar compreender os complexos mecanismos sociais que fazem com que inúmeras pessoas pertencentes a determinados grupos sociais permaneçam alijados do acesso à educação. Nessa perspectiva, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar as práticas educativas de sete famílias da Comunidade do Pontalzinho do Tarumã Açu (CPTA) da zona oeste de Manaus-AM e as representações dos pais sobre a escola e sobre o processo de escolarização dos filhos. Procurase também investigar as representações de professores da escola dessa Comunidade acerca das famílias, da escolarização dos filhos e das dificuldades que eles enfrentam nesse processo. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevistas realizadas com professores da escola pública municipal e com mães das sete famílias. Paralelamente, foi efetuada a observação do modo de vida das famílias e de suas diversas práticas, registradas em diário de campo e de registro fotográfico de algumas atividades na escola. Todas as entrevistas, baseadas em roteiro semi-estruturado, foram gravadas e transcritas na íntegra. A análise qualitativa dos dados foi desenvolvida de acordo com os referenciais teóricos da Antropologia, da Sociologia e da Pedagogia. / Access to education is an assured right in many nations. But this right is not always respected and one of the educators\' challenges is trying to comprehend the complex social mechanics that keep many people who belong to certain social groups apart from education. Under this perspective, this research has as its objective to investigate the educational practice of seven families from Pontalzinho do Tarumã Açu Community (CPTA), west zone of Manaus-AM city and the thoughts of the parents about schools and the schooling process of their kids. It is investigated the teachers\' thoughts about this community families, schooling of the kids and the difficulties they face during the process. The data was collected through interviews with public schools teachers and the mothers of seven families. On the side, it was observed their way of life and their various practices, a field diarie was written and a photo log with pictures of some activities was made. Every interview, based in semi-structured script, were fully taped and made transcript. The quality analysis of the data was developed according to the theoretical references from Anthropology, Sociology and Pedagogy.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-04-27T11:12:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 sarahderezendecrolman.pdf: 1111502 bytes, checksum: 3b476a18636162c362822d7e334ecfb0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T12:12:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sarahderezendecrolman.pdf: 1111502 bytes, checksum: 3b476a18636162c362822d7e334ecfb0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T12:12:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sarahderezendecrolman.pdf: 1111502 bytes, checksum: 3b476a18636162c362822d7e334ecfb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar e descrever estilos e práticas educativas parentais de genitores com filhos com síndrome de Down (SD) e verificar as suas inter-relações com problemas de comportamento. Foram respondentes deste estudo 16 mães e 9 pais de crianças com SD com idades entre 5,7 a 10,7 anos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: o Questionário de Caracterização do Sistema Familiar, o Inventário de Práticas Parentais, o Questionário de Estilos Parentais (PAQ) e o Inventário de Problemas de Comportamento (BPI-01). Os resultados mostraram que a mãe é a principal responsável pelos cuidados com a casa e com o filho/a com SD. Quanto a rede de apoio social, os membros da família extensa da mãe são os que mais frequentemente oferecem apoio ao grupo e quanto à rede não familiar, destacaram-se vizinhos e amigos e, por último, profissionais e instituições. No que se refere aos estilos parentais, identificou-se que a maioria dos genitores apresenta estilo parental autoritativo, seguido pelo autoritário, sendo que o permissivo não foi evidenciado. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as práticas parentais de pais e mães, entretanto, verificou-se que ambos realizam mais as práticas da dimensão afeto e menos as práticas de didática. De acordo com os genitores, o problema de comportamento mais frequente apresentado por seus filhos foi o estereotipado e os menos frequentes foram os autoagressivos e agressivos. Foram obtidas correlações moderada e negativa entre o estilo parental autoritário e a prática parental de envolvimento disciplinar e negativa e fraca entre o envolvimento disciplinar e a severidade de comportamentos estereotipados. Obteve-se, ainda, correlação positiva entre o estilo parental autoritário e a severidade de problemas de comportamentos estereotipados. Esses resultados indicam, portanto, que práticas negativas estão relacionadas positivamente com problemas de comportamentos, o que corrobora a literatura. Tendo em vista a escassez de pesquisas desse tipo de investigação, destaca-se a importância de mais estudos nessa área. / This study aimed to identify and describe parenting styles and educational practical from progenitors of Down syndrome (DS) children and verify their relationship with behavioral problems. The study participants were 16 mothers and 9 fathers of children with DS. The instruments used were: Questionnaire of Family System Characteristics, Parenting Practical Inventory, Parenting Styles Questionnaire (PAQ) and the Behavior Problems Inventory (BPI-01). The results have showed that the mothers are the main responsible for home and SD child care. About the social network of social support, relatives from mother’s family are most of time the support to the group. About the non-family network, can be highlighted the neighborhood, friends as well as professionals and institutions. Regarding to parenting styles was seen that most of the progenitors show an authoritative style followed by the authoritarian, whereas the permissive was not demonstrated. Expressive differences were not found between fathers and mothers parenting practices, however it was verified that both have accomplished more the affective practices than didactic practices. According to the progenitors, the most frequent behavioral problem presented by their children was the stereotyped behavior, and the less expressed were the self-aggressive and aggressive behavior. Moderated and negative correlations were obtained from the authoritarian parental style and parental practice of disciplinary involvement, and weakened and negative correlations from the disciplinary involvement and the severity of stereotyped behaviors. Furthermore, were also obtained positive correlation between the authoritarian parental style and the severity of stereotyped behavior problems. Therefore, these results points out that negative practice are related positively with behavioral problems, which corroborate to the literature. As long as researches in this area are limited, the importance of further studies is highlighted.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:47:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magda_Abreu_Vicente_Dissertacao.pdf: 3731885 bytes, checksum: 8a75ebbce6a4061b25ac4ddd7f066ddb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-15 / This research has been developed in the Program of Post-Graduation in Education of the Federal University of Pelotas, in the field of Philosophy and History of Education, and focuses on the education in the city of Pelotas-RS at the beginning of the twentieth century. It analyzes a specific educational institution: the Agricultural Patronate Visconde da Graça. The investigation was developed by means of a socio-historical approach, using documental analysis whose main sources were the institutional annual reports and students‟ registration forms, the local newspaper Diário Popular, the Pelotas Almanac, the Correio do Povo Almanac (of Porto Alegre city, the capital of the state), as well as Brazilian laws and decrees, all referring to the Patronates. This research aims to analyze the genesis, the educational practices and the profile of the Patronate students. The theoretical foundations took into consideration some discourses about agricultural modernization, professional teaching and medicalhygienist policies. The study emphasized the education offered to the poorer population in Brazil. The research findings led us to conclude that the Pelotas Patronate was an institution which gathered students from all the south region of Rio Grande do Sul. It applied severe educational practices which focused on learning for the professional, agricultural and civic work. Thus, many students evaded either in order to make a living for themselves and their families or because they could not adapt to the disciplinary rules. Therefore, it provided precariously the professional education background, although it has been and is still an institution which guarantees boarding school for a wide range of the population in the south region of Rio Grande do Sul / Esta pesquisa, desenvolvida junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, na linha de Filosofia e História da Educação, tem como enfoque principal a educação em Pelotas-RS no início do século XX, analisando, especificamente, uma instituição escolar: o Patronato Agrícola Visconde da Graça. A investigação foi realizada por meio de uma abordagem sócio-histórica, utilizando a análise documental, cujas principais fontes foram os Relatórios Anuais e Fichas dos Alunos da Instituição, o jornal pelotense Diário Popular, o Almanaque de Pelotas, o Almanaque Correio do Povo (da cidade de Porto Alegre/RS) e as Leis e Decretos do Brasil referentes aos Patronatos. Dessa forma, visa analisar a gênese, as práticas educativas e o perfil dos alunos do Patronato. O embasamento teórico levou em consideração alguns discursos sobre modernização agrícola, ensino profissional e políticas médico-higienistas, e enfatizou a educação que era destinada à população mais pobre no Brasil. Os elementos de pesquisa levaram a concluir que o Patronato de Pelotas foi uma instituição que aglutinou alunos de toda a região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Administrou práticas educativas rígidas, voltadas ao aprendizado para o trabalho profissional agrícola e cívico. Dessa forma, muitos alunos evadiam, ou para ajudar no sustento familiar ou porque não conseguiam se adaptar às normas disciplinares. Assim, atendeu de forma precária à formação de educação profissional, mas foi e continua sendo uma Instituição que garante o estudo em regime de internato de uma ampla gama da população desta região

The STS movement has as a main objective the democratization of decision-making on social issues involving science-technology (ST). Also, this arises in contexts in which the supposed neutrality of ST began to be questioned. Neutrality understood as legitimizing technocratic decision models. In the educational field, I seek curriculum geared toward to the creation of a culture of participation, based on reference Freire-STS and LATSTS (Latin American Thought in Science Technology Society). As well, my research problem was: Historic Buildings, called myths, in other words, the supposed neutrality / superiority of technocratic decision model, the Salvationist perspective / redeeming attributed to ST and scientific-technological determinism, sustained and feeding back the supposed neutrality have been worked on educational practices related to the Science-Technology-Society? Which referrals have been given? The objectives that guided the research were: i) identify, in educational practices presented in the literature of the area, the approaches given to the three historic buildings; ii) analyze and deepen the featured aspects in regard to the three historic buildings, in a vision of non-neutrality of ST; and iii) signal parameters to Science Education in order to support proposals for educational practices. Methodologically, consisted of a qualitative research, bibliographic nature, being the corpus of analysis consisting of six articles published in journals in the field of Science Education. I used the Textual Discourse Analysis, which resulted in three categories of analysis: a) Silencing on the design of ST may be signaling an endorsement to a close understanding of the scientific-technological determinism; b) Silencing on dimensions other natures, beyond the scientific-technological in decision-making processes; and, c) Silencing about the values internalized in the scientific-technological product. / O movimento Ciência-Tecnologia-Sociedade (CTS) tem como um dos objetivos centrais à democratização de processos decisórios sobre temas sociais envolvendo ciência-tecnologia (CT). Também, este surge em contextos nos quais a suposta neutralidade da CT passou a ser questionada. Neutralidade entendida como legitimadora de modelos decisórios tecnocráticos. A pesquisa está inserida na busca de currículos voltados para a constituição de uma cultura de participação, apoiada nos referenciais Freire-CTS e no Pensamento Latino Americano em Ciência-Tecnologia-Sociedade (PLACTS). Assim, o problema de pesquisa foi: Construções históricas, denominadas de mitos, ou seja, a suposta neutralidade/superioridade do modelo de decisões tecnocráticas, a perspectiva salvacionista/redentora atribuída à CT e o determinismo científico-tecnológico, sustentadas e realimentando a suposta neutralidade, têm sido trabalhadas em práticas educativas relacionadas à CTS? Quais encaminhamentos têm sido dados? Os objetivos que guiaram a investigação foram: i) identificar, em práticas educativas, apresentadas em literaturas da área, as abordagens dadas a estas três construções históricas; ii) analisar e aprofundar os aspectos caracterizados no que tange as três construções históricas, em uma visão de não neutralidade da CT; e, iii) sinalizar parâmetros para a Educação em Ciências, fundamentando propostas de práticas educativas. Metodologicamente, constituiu-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de cunho bibliográfico, sendo o corpus de análise constituído de artigos publicados em seis periódicos da área da Educação em Ciências. Utilizou-se a Análise Textual Discursiva, da qual resultaram três categorias de análise: a) Silenciamento sobre a origem, sobre a concepção de CT pode estar sinalizando o endosso a uma compreensão próxima do determinismo científico-tecnológico; b) Silenciamento sobre dimensões de outras naturezas, além da científico-tecnológica, em processos decisórios; e, c) Silenciamento quanto aos valores internalizados no produto científico-tecnológico. Estas categorias, sintetizando os resultados da pesquisa, sinalizam desafios para a educação em ciências, particularmente para a constituição de uma cultura de participação.

Compte tenu des différences concernant le pilotage de l’éducation au développement durable (EDD) en France et au Chili et la place plus ou moins explicite du mot développement durable (DD) dans les sciences humaines et sociales et les sciences de la nature de ces deux pays, cette recherche tente de repérer la manière dont les enseignants et les élèves, en fonction de ces disciplines, se représentent l’objet DD. Il s’agit de mettre en évidence comment leurs représentations sociales (RS) répercutent dans le processus d’enseignement-apprentissage de cette question socialement vive (QSV). Pour ce faire, nous avons élaboré un dispositif méthodologique qui associe des questionnaires et des entretiens pour les enseignants. Alors que pour les élèves, ce dispositif se base intégralement sur des questionnaires. Nos résultats révèlent l’existence chez les enseignants des deux pays d’une RS du DD emboîtée dans celle d’un environnement-ressource. Cette représentation serait plus marquée chez les enseignants chiliens, en dégageant ainsi une perception plus développementaliste dans leur compréhension des enjeux du DD. Bien que les élèves, toutes classes confondues, partagent une RS ancrée dans la réalisation d’écogestes, la visée développementaliste est aussi présente chez les apprenants chiliens. À la lumière de nos résultats, nous pensons que sans une mise à distance dans la construction du savoir et en écartant les controverses, les pratiques éducatives acquièrent une allure transmissive qui ne favorise pas la compréhension des questions complexes que soulève la mise en place de ce projet planétaire. / Considering the differences in the control of education for sustainable development (ESD) in France and Chile and the more or less explicit place of the word sustainable development (SD) in the humanities and social sciences and natural sciences such two countries, this research attempts to identify how teachers and students, according to these disciplines, will represent the SD object. This is to highlight how their social representations (RS) reflected in the teaching-learning process of this socially controversial issue (QSV). To do this, we developed a methodological device that combines interviews and questionnaires for teachers. As for the students, this device is based entirely on questionnaires. Our results reveal the existence among teachers of both countries an RS SD fitted into that of a resource-environment. This representation would be more pronounced among Chilean teachers, thus generating a developmentalist perception in their understanding of SD issues. Although students of all classes share a RS rooted in the realization of eco-gestures, the developmentalist referred is also present among Chilean students. In light of our results, we believe that without a distancing in the construction of knowledge and spreading controversy, educational practices acquire a transmissive pace that does not promote understanding of the complex issues involved in implementing it global project.

Este estudo pretendeu identificar os saberes que são construídos na prática pedagógica de docentes que atuam na Educação de Jovens e Adultos. Foi de nosso interesse identificar e analisar como são construídos tais saberes, e apreendê-los em seus significados.Tomamos as contribuições teóricas de Bronfenbrenner (1996), para explicar as influências do contexto e do tempo no desenvolvimento profissional e na construção dos saberes pedagógicos; as pesquisas e reflexões sobre formação de professores, oferecidas por Alarcão (2001), Tardif(2002), Nóvoa (1992),Imbernón (2004) entre outros teóricos que investigam os saberes docentes e os significados que os professores atribuem às experiências profissionais, também foram consideradas.Usamos, ainda, como referência, os documentos oficiais que orientam as ações na prática da Educação de Jovens e Adultos. As questões que orientaram esse estudo são voltadas para as práticas educativas adotadas por um grupo de professores no contexto da Educação de Jovens e Adultos no Ensino Fundamental e Médio. O campo de pesquisa é uma instituição de ensino pública estadual, localizada em uma cidade do interior paulista, que funciona em período integral, de forma dinâmica e diferenciada, com professores se revezando para o atendimento aos alunos, jovens e adultos. Este centro abriga 3000 alunos e 26 professores de diferentes áreas do conhecimento. Da pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, participaram dezesseis professores sujeitos da observação participante, e um grupo de dez professores que se dispôs a participar das narrativas autobiográficas. Foram valorizados os novos questionamentos que emergem do cotidiano e as reflexões trazidas pelos sujeitos a partir das suas experiências profissionais. O procedimento metodológico foi o autobiográfico e a observação participante. Por meio das narrativas dos sujeitos e da observação participante a pesquisadora coletou dados que possibilitaram a identificação dos saberes. Concluiu-seque os saberes construídos pelos professores na sua prática diária e desenvolvidos no meio em que atuam são afetivos e pedagógicos;e são saberes validados pela prática.Constatamos no contexto investigado uma prática reflexiva como elemento estimulador na construção dos saberes docentes experienciais. / This study aimed to identify the knowledge that are built in the pedagogical practice of teachers working in Youth and Adults. We were interested in identifying and analyzing how they are constructed such knowledge, and seize them in their meanings. We take the theoretical contributions of Bronfenbrenner (1996) to explain the influences of context and time in professional development and the construction of pedagogical knowledge, research and reflections on teacher training, offered by Alarcão (2001), Tardif (2002), Nóvoa (1992), Imbernon (2004) and other theorists who investigate teacher knowledge and meanings that teachers attach to professional experiences were also considered. Used also as a reference, the official documents that guide the actions in the practice of Education for Youth and Adults. The questions that guided this study are focused on the practices adopted by a group of teachers in the context of Education for Youth and Adults in Primary and Secondary Education. The search field is a state public education institution, located in the interior of a city that works full time in a dynamic and differentiated, with teachers taking turns to care for students, youths and adults. This center houses 3000 students and 26 teachers from different areas of knowledge. Research, qualitative, sixteen teachers participated in the subject participant observation, and a group of ten teachers who volunteered to participate in autobiographical narratives. Were valued new questions that emerge from daily life and the reflections made by the subjects from their professional experiences. The methodological procedure was autobiographical and participant observation. Through the narratives of the subject and participant observation the researcher collected data that allowed the identification of knowledge. It was concluded that the knowledge constructed by teachers in their daily practice and developed in the middle that are affective and pedagogical work, and are validated by practical knowledge. Found in the context investigated reflective practice as enhancer element in the construction of experiential teaching knowledge.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:54:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 2854633 bytes, checksum: e24fecd1fb3b58e6722378fbfa3f0221 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-07 / Data for the System of Evaluation of Educational Achievement of São Paulo (SARESP) revealed us that school indexes in some schools presented consecutive situations of successful in the students learning, standing themselves above the regional and state average, which allowed us a questioning about the practices of relevance that would have contributed to the possibility of success. So, the search aimed to examine the educational practices of teachers favoring significant results in students learning, developed in a school in the region of Jales, which was successful in the external evaluation of the official network of the State of São Paulo. Search subjects were teachers and students of that school. The search presented itself in a qualitative approach that involved gathering data through semi-structured interviews, questionnaires application, classrooms observation and documentary analysis of the pedagogical proposal and educational plans. In this aspect, the analysis of the school routine, especially educational practices of teachers practices that ensured the effectiveness of the school curriculum and problem-solving learning, has raised the comprehension and understanding of alternative teaching actions performed with a view to significant results. It was hoped to find in teaching activity relevant and responsible factors by the culture of success, as well as contributing to the dissemination of these data. / Os dados relativos ao Sistema de Avaliação do Rendimento Escolar do Estado de São Paulo (SARESP) nos revelavam que os índices escolares de algumas escolas apresentavam consecutivas situações de sucesso de aprendizagem dos alunos, situando-se acima da média regional e estadual, o que nos possibilitou um questionamento acerca das práticas de relevância que teriam contribuído com a possibilidade de acerto. Assim, a pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as práticas educativas docentes favorecedoras de resultados significativos na aprendizagem dos alunos, desenvolvidas em uma escola da região de Jales, que foi bem sucedida na avaliação externa da rede oficial do Estado de São Paulo nos anos de 2007 a 2009. Foram sujeitos da pesquisa os professores e alunos da referida escola. A pesquisa se configurou numa abordagem qualitativa que envolveu o levantamento de dados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, aplicação de questionários, observação de aulas e a análise documental da proposta pedagógica e planos de ensino. Neste aspecto, a análise do cotidiano escolar, em especial das práticas educativas docentes que asseguravam a efetivação do currículo escolar e a resolução de problemas de aprendizagem, suscitou a compreensão e o entendimento das ações docentes alternativas realizadas com vistas a resultados significativos. Esperava-se encontrar na ação docente fatores relevantes, responsáveis pela cultura de sucesso, assim como contribuir com a divulgação destes dados.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2018-07-18T20:24:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Valdquíria Bertuzzi.pdf: 2851652 bytes, checksum: 418afeb63b67b7f33b2805da64f78326 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T20:24:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valdquíria Bertuzzi.pdf: 2851652 bytes, checksum: 418afeb63b67b7f33b2805da64f78326 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-11 / A qualitative nature conducted research focused on the knowledge and practices related to Visual Art of a group of Early Childhood Education teachers. As general purpose attempts to identify the knowledge and practices of those teachers proposal for small children in Art. As specific purposes, to analyze possibilities in Visual Art knowledge construction in permanent and inservice teachers training and to understand how the knowledge built in this space unfolds in the practices with children from 4 -5 years of age. Carried out with 7 teachers and the Pedagogical Assistant (AP) the research took place in a Municipal Early Childhood Education and Elementary School (EMEIEF), in Santo André, named by us: EMEIEF Kaleidoscope. A data collection, as methodological procedure, from characterization forms; questionnaires; formative meetings; recorded and transcribed meetings; photographic records of teachers and children production; reading and analysis of the Pedagogical Political Project and plannings. The Content Analysis proposed by Bardin (2016) was used to analyze the data. The theoretical reference was organized as follows: for the historical rescue of the Teaching of Art in Brazil and its foundations we hold ourselves in Ana Mae Barbosa (2002, 2008, 2012) and other scholars of the History of Education. In relation to Art in the interface with the culture of childhood we count on Ana Lúcia Goulart de Faria (2002, 2013, 2015) and the Brazilian legislation; Vygotsky (1998, 1999, 2001) brings contributions to the understanding of children's development and Art; Paulo Freire (1982, 1987, 1992, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2005) and Tardif (2002, 2006) refer us to important reflections on the conscience of the teacher profession, viewing to highlight essential basis of teaching, training and its challenges. As a result we find that the practices and discourses of teachers are reflections of their personal and professional paths. The consciousness of the fragility in their formations is signaled by them, especially when they demand permanent formation. / Pesquisa-intervenção de natureza qualitativa tem por objeto os saberes e fazeres de um grupo de professoras de Educação Infantil em relação à Arte Visual. Como objetivo geral busca identificar os conhecimentos e as práticas dessas professoras em suas propostas em Arte com crianças pequenas. Como objetivos específicos visa analisar possibilidades de construção de conhecimento em Arte Visual na formação permanente e em serviço das professoras e compreender como o conhecimento construído nesse espaço se desdobra nas práticas com crianças de 4 e 5 anos. A pesquisa realizada com 7 professoras e a Assistente Pedagógica (AP) efetivou-se em uma Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil e Ensino Fundamental (EMEIEF), da rede de Santo André, denominada por nós: EMEIEF Caleidoscópio. Teve como procedimento metodológico a coleta de dados mediante: ficha de caracterização; questionários; Encontros Formativos, audiogravados e transcritos; registros fotográficos das produções das professoras e das crianças e leitura e análise do Projeto Político Pedagógico e planejamentos. A Análise de Conteúdo proposta por Bardin (2016) foi utilizada para análise dos dados. O referencial teórico foi organizado da seguinte forma: para o resgate histórico do Ensino da Arte no Brasil e seus fundamentos nos sustentamos em Ana Mae Barbosa (2002, 2008, 2012) e outros estudiosos da História da Educação. Em relação à Arte na interface com a cultura da infância contamos com Ana Lúcia Goulart de Faria (2002, 2013, 2015) e a legislação brasileira; Vigotski (1998, 1999, 2001) traz contribuições para a compreensão do desenvolvimento infantil e a Arte; Paulo Freire (1982, 1987, 1992, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2005) e Tardif (2002, 2006) nos remetem a importantes reflexões sobre a consciência da profissão professor, visando ressaltar fundamentos essenciais da docência, formação e seus desafios. Como resultados, constatamos que as práticas e discursos das professoras são reflexos de seus percursos pessoais e profissionais. A consciência da fragilidade em suas formações é sinalizada por elas, sobretudo quando requisitam formação permanente. Palavras-chave: Arte visual, Educação Infantil, Formação permanente de professores, Práticas

One of the difficulties that Colombian students face in order to access higher education lies in their low performance in primary and secondary education levels, in areas like writing and mathematics. This is demonstrated, for example, in the results reported from their exams on international (Report PISA ), national (Saber 11, ICFES ), and local (UN admissions exam) scales. The admissions exam for UN allows incoming students to be identified who need to strengthen their performance in areas of which UN offers leveling tests. In this context, I was invited by the DNIA , the DNPPr , and the Academic Vice-Rector of the UN, in order to design of a pedagogical proposal mediated by the use of ICT to support these leveling courses. The pedagogical proposal revolved around the implementation of an open educational practice, a type of “open teaching” (Chiappe, 2012), in order to promote the “empowerment of learners as co-producers on the road towards lifelong learning,” in other words, self-regulated or autonomous (Ehlers & Conole, 2010; Ehlers, 2011). In this document I describe the theoretical underpinnings and criteria that guided the design of each one of the components of this type of educational practice, namely: (a) a virtual site for the interaction between students, professors, and content in order to achieve the construction of a “Virtual Learning Community”; (b) the norms and rules of behavior to regulate the social relations of that community; (c) the instruments utilized in the interactive activities; and (d) the rules that establish the division of tasks in the same activity (Engeström, 1996; Cole & Engeström, 2001; Diaz Barriga, 2003; Onrubia, 2005; Coll, et al., 2008). The central axis of these components refers to the construction of a virtual learning community; therefore, the main objective of the project was to promote this construction. Faced with the potential offered by virtual learning communities, I wondered what and how does people, who decide to participate in them, learn. Some constructivist conceptions of human learning suggest that in VLC people participate to learn, learn by interacting with others, learn to understand and manifest understanding by performing cognitive performances such as: explaining, arguing, generalizing, applying, representing in a novel way, build, model, etc. Based on these conceptions, I set out to identify the potential of the VLC that I designed to strengthen the mathematical learning competencies of its participants. Thus, I analyzed the messages added by the participants in the virtual forums to characterize the processes of: a) participation, following the elements proposed by Hrastinski, (2008; 2009); b) interaction, from the community of inquiry approach (Garrison et al., 2010); c) mathematical learning, based on the basic standards of mathematical competences (MEN, 2006) and the ontosemiotic approach (Godino, 2017). I developed this research project using a mixed approach: the technique of content analysis and a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The proposed research design constitutes a significant contribution to the analysis of the mathematical learning achieved by the VLC participants, given its approach from different perspectives. Upon application, the following was revealed: On the one hand, the majority managed to: meet the criteria that characterize a participation in high quality virtual forums; weave an optimal network structure for interaction; show, in an authentic way, the skills and difficulties they have in communicating their ideas and learning with others; demonstrate good performance to correctly deal with mathematical concepts and to apply algorithms. Within the framework of this research, the importance of having expert moderators in guiding the discussions, from the side, was stressed in order to get VLC participants to develop high-level thoughts. Computing tools are also required to monitor and evaluate the discussion process in real time. In addition, it is essential to achieve the design of situations-generating problems of discussion and the implementation of an evaluation process that incorporates various sources and perspectives, to identify in a concrete and effective way the types of learning achieved. According to the above, it can be affirmed that the VLCs offer a high potential to strengthen the mathematical learning process of their participants, since in the debate zones you can easily observe the types of thoughts that they activate and put into operation when trying to find a solution to mathematical situations. This highlights the mathematical competences that each participant dominates and those that are difficult to understand, which makes it possible to develop targeted support strategies by teachers and moderators. The analysis of the mathematical learning of participants in virtual communities has not been sufficiently explored; In some cases, it has been limited to quantitatively reviewing the aggregate contributions in the discussion spaces, but a qualitative investigation of the discursive processes that demonstrate the concrete learning achievements has not been proposed, the combination of these two forms of analysis is one of the greatest contributions of this thesis.:Contents I. Introduction 13 a) How did I learn to learn? 13 b) How was my doctoral research project born? 17 c) Characteristics and purposes of the project 21 Theoretical Considerations 25 1 Chapter I: Human learning in community 25 1.1 Human learning from the constructivist perspective 25 1.2 The scope of learning 27 1.3 School learning from constructivism 29 1.4 Mathematical learning 31 1.5 Educational practices based on constructivism 39 1.6 How to define the notion of community? Contexts and debates 40 1.7 A definition of virtual learning community 45 1.8 Theoretical references for the design of virtual learning environments 53 Practical design considerations 61 2 Chapter II: Design Process of the Virtual Learning Community of Basic Mathematics 61 2.1 Academic activities carried out in the pre-project execution stage 61 2.2 First pilot test of the basic math virtual learning community design 64 2.2.1 Pedagogical Knowledge (PK) 65 2.2.2 Content Knowledge (CK) 65 2.2.3 Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) 65 2.2.4 Technological knowledge (TK) 68 2.2.5 Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK), Technological Content Knowledge (TCK) and Typology of uses of ICT 68 2.2.6 Rules for participation and feedback 73 2.2.7 Results obtained in the first pilot test offered by the basic math virtual learning community 76 2.3 Second pilot test of basic math virtual learning community design 76 2.3.1 Content Knowledge (CK) 77 2.3.2 Pedagogical Knowledge (PK) 77 2.3.3 Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) 78 2.3.4 Technological knowledge (TK) 78 2.3.5 Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK), Technological Content Knowledge (TCK) and Typology of uses of ICT 79 2.3.6 Norms or rules for participation and feedback 86 2.3.7 Results obtained in the second pilot test of the basic math virtual learning community 86 Methodological considerations 88 3 Chapter III: Final version of the virtual learning community offered 88 3.1 Characteristics of the website that hosted the virtual learning community 88 3.2 Human team that participated in the design process of the VLC, in its final version. 94 3.3 Activities that characterized the implementation of the Virtual Learning Community 95 3.3.1 Who was invited to participate and in what context was this invitation made? 95 3.3.2 What evaluation agreements were generated? 96 3.3.3 What academic units were offered? 96 3.3.4 What activities were carried out to promote the effective participation of students in the virtual learning community? 96 3.4 Global map of the Virtual Learning Community offered. Final version. 98 3.4.1 Pedagogical conceptions that support open educational practices, of the 'open teaching' type 99 3.4.2 Connections between technological, pedagogical and content knowledge. 104 3.4.3 Key elements for the design of Virtual Learning Communities (VLC). 111 3.4.4 Dynamics that characterized the VLC offered, in its final version. 113 4 Chapter IV: Research Design 116 4.1 Mixed approach on educational research 116 4.2 Research questions 120 4.3 Analysis of online participation 120 4.4 Analysis of online interaction 127 4.5 Analysis of mathematical learning 132 Empirical Findings and Discussion 148 5 Chapter V: Research data and process of analysis 148 5.1 Collection and selection of data 148 5.2 Structural Analysis 149 5.2.1 First research question about the online participation 149 5.3 Content Analysis 154 5.3.1 Second research question about the online interaction 154 5.3.2 Third research question about the mathematical learning 165 5.3.3 Analysis based on the basic standards of mathematical competences 166 5.3.4 Analysis based on the ontosemiotic approach 169 6 Chapter VI: Results of data analysis and discussion of results 176 6.1 Structural analysis results 176 6.1.1 Online participation 176 6.2 Results of content analysis 194 6.2.1 Online interaction 194 6.2.2 Mathematical Learning 221 6.3 Review of results and conclusions 285 6.3.1 Results and discussion 285 6.3.2 Conclusions 301 7 References 307 8 Annexes 325