Electronic identification is used by an individual to prove who he or she is by electronic means and is normally used for logging in to various services. In Sweden there are a number of different solutions that are developed and provided by different parties. In order to promote and coordinate electronic identification for public services, the Swedish E-identification Board was founded in 2011. The Board has developed a technical framework for integration between the Relying Party and the Identity Provider based on the Security Assertion Markup Language V2.0 (SAML) standard. SAML is a quite old standard that has some limitations complicating an electronic identification solution based on it. A newer competing standard is OpenID Connect, which could be a possible candidate as an alternative to SAML. The objective of this thesis is to determine to what extent it is possible to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and accountability in an electronic identification based on OpenID Connect. To achieve this, a number of requirements for electronic identifications were identified and a design proposal based on OpenID Connect was developed together with a proof-of-concept implementation. The design proposal was evaluated against the requirements, with the final result that an electronic identification based on OpenID Connect could meet the requirements. / E-legitimation används av en individ för visa vem han eller hon är på elektronisk väg och används vanligtvis för att logga in på olika tjänster. I Sverige finns ett antal olika lösningar som utvecklas och tillhandahålls av olika parter. För att främja och samordna elektronisk identifiering för offentliga tjänster grundades E-legitimationsnämnden 2011. Nämnden har tagit fram ett tekniskt ramverk för integrationen mellan Förlitande Part och Legitimeringstjänst baserad på Security Assertion Markup Language V2.0 (SAML) standarden. SAML är en relativt gammal standard med vissa begränsningar som komplicerar en e-legitimationslösning baserad på den. En nyare konkurrerande standard är OpenID Connect, vilket kan vara en möjlig kandidat som ett alternativ till SAML. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning det är möjligt att säkerställa sekretess, integritet och ansvarsskyldighet för en e-legitimation baserad på OpenID Connect. För att uppnå detta, identifierades ett antal krav för e-legitimationer och ett designförslag baserat på OpenID Connect utvecklades tillsammans med en proof-of-concept implementation. Designförslaget utvärderades mot kraven, med det slutliga resultatet att en e-legitimation baserad på OpenID Connect kan uppfylla kraven.

A alimentação humana é o tema mais relevante nas pautas do mundo todo, em que a necessidade de segurança alimentar e a preocupação dos consumidores a respeito do produto consumido levou à visão da necessidade de garantir a sanidade, a qualidade e a procedência do produto. Com o aumento do poder da computação a um custo flexível, técnicas de processamento digital e a sistemas de instrumentação eletrônica vêem se moldando a produção animal com o objetivo de otimizar a criação. Mostra-se hoje uma significativa importância da identificação eletrônica animal como uma ferramenta para a rastreabilidade dos animais produzidos comercialmente. O objetivo do presente projeto foi avaliar a viabilidade técnica de um sistema de identificação eletrônica com tecnologia RFID para identificação de suínos do ponto de vista eletrônico e zootécnico, avaliando a eficiência do uso da identificação com dispositivos eletrônicos, acoplados a brincos de diferentes modelos, facilidades de aplicação e permanência no animal. Foram avaliadas a eficiência do dispositivo quanto à sua disposição no animal e teste do equipamento desenvolvido em um grupo de leitões. Foram realizados protótipos de 6 tipos diferentes de brincos eletrônicos, e verificada a eficiência em laboratório e nos animais a campo. Os melhores modelos observados em relação a adaptação nos animais em todas as fases da produção, os quais não apresentaram quedas, problemas no comportamento do animal, e mal cicatrização, foram os modelos 4 e 5. Com esse resultado pode-se verificar a eficiência e consistência dos dados gerados e da utilização de brincos na suinocultura. Com o projeto foi possível analisar a viabilidade dos brincos de forma científica e de forma a fornecer um novo produto nacional ao mercado suinícola, o brinco se mostra viável e de grande uso comercial. / Is the more relevant subject in tariffs around the world, where the need for food safety and consumer concern about the product consumed leading to the vision of the need to ensure the health, quality and origin of the product. With increasing computing power at a cost flexible techniques of digital signal processing systems coupled to electronic instrumentation, come to shaping up the casting quality control and optimizing in animal production. Today a significant importance of electronic animal identification as a tool for the traceability of animal production, the objective of this project was to evaluate the electronic identification system with RFID technology for identification of pigs from the point of view electronics, such as livestock, evaluating the use of electronic identification devices, coupled to ear tags of different models, ease of application and remain in the animal. We used prototypes of 6 models of electronic ear tags, and checking the efficiency in the laboratory and in animals in the field. We have ear tags with excellent reading ability of data transmission, and the best models for the adaptation observed in animals at all stages of production, and that showed no falls, problems in animal behavior and welfare, and poorly healing were the model 4 and 5. With this result we can verify the efficiency and consistency of data generated and the use of earrings in pigs. With the project it was possible to examine the viability of ear tags in swine, in a scientific manner and to provide a new product to market domestic pig, the ear tags in swine identification of in order to provide a new national product to market swine.

<p>This thesis presents an implementation study on the handling of electronic identification in three public authorities in Sweden. Electronic identification is a complex but very topical policy domain, largely tied to the general policy aspirations of e-government development. Theories on policy action, logic of appropriateness, garbage cans, and the dialectics of institutions and technology are used. The result highlights that the policy process of electronic identification in the three studied authorities could not be adequately explained from a traditional policy-implementation dichotomy. The action imperative to develop e-services is very strong and explains why and how electronic identification has been developed within the three authorities. The three authorities have very different institutional capacity to implement e-services with electronic identification. The available technology on electronic identification is inscribed with certain logics of appropriateness, that doesn’t sit equally easy with the administrative logics of appropriateness in all three authorities.</p>

This thesis presents an implementation study on the handling of electronic identification in three public authorities in Sweden. Electronic identification is a complex but very topical policy domain, largely tied to the general policy aspirations of e-government development. Theories on policy action, logic of appropriateness, garbage cans, and the dialectics of institutions and technology are used. The result highlights that the policy process of electronic identification in the three studied authorities could not be adequately explained from a traditional policy-implementation dichotomy. The action imperative to develop e-services is very strong and explains why and how electronic identification has been developed within the three authorities. The three authorities have very different institutional capacity to implement e-services with electronic identification. The available technology on electronic identification is inscribed with certain logics of appropriateness, that doesn’t sit equally easy with the administrative logics of appropriateness in all three authorities.

A alimentação humana é o tema mais relevante nas pautas do mundo todo, em que a necessidade de segurança alimentar e a preocupação dos consumidores a respeito do produto consumido levou à visão da necessidade de garantir a sanidade, a qualidade e a procedência do produto. Com o aumento do poder da computação a um custo flexível, técnicas de processamento digital e a sistemas de instrumentação eletrônica vêem se moldando a produção animal com o objetivo de otimizar a criação. Mostra-se hoje uma significativa importância da identificação eletrônica animal como uma ferramenta para a rastreabilidade dos animais produzidos comercialmente. O objetivo do presente projeto foi avaliar a viabilidade técnica de um sistema de identificação eletrônica com tecnologia RFID para identificação de suínos do ponto de vista eletrônico e zootécnico, avaliando a eficiência do uso da identificação com dispositivos eletrônicos, acoplados a brincos de diferentes modelos, facilidades de aplicação e permanência no animal. Foram avaliadas a eficiência do dispositivo quanto à sua disposição no animal e teste do equipamento desenvolvido em um grupo de leitões. Foram realizados protótipos de 6 tipos diferentes de brincos eletrônicos, e verificada a eficiência em laboratório e nos animais a campo. Os melhores modelos observados em relação a adaptação nos animais em todas as fases da produção, os quais não apresentaram quedas, problemas no comportamento do animal, e mal cicatrização, foram os modelos 4 e 5. Com esse resultado pode-se verificar a eficiência e consistência dos dados gerados e da utilização de brincos na suinocultura. Com o projeto foi possível analisar a viabilidade dos brincos de forma científica e de forma a fornecer um novo produto nacional ao mercado suinícola, o brinco se mostra viável e de grande uso comercial. / Is the more relevant subject in tariffs around the world, where the need for food safety and consumer concern about the product consumed leading to the vision of the need to ensure the health, quality and origin of the product. With increasing computing power at a cost flexible techniques of digital signal processing systems coupled to electronic instrumentation, come to shaping up the casting quality control and optimizing in animal production. Today a significant importance of electronic animal identification as a tool for the traceability of animal production, the objective of this project was to evaluate the electronic identification system with RFID technology for identification of pigs from the point of view electronics, such as livestock, evaluating the use of electronic identification devices, coupled to ear tags of different models, ease of application and remain in the animal. We used prototypes of 6 models of electronic ear tags, and checking the efficiency in the laboratory and in animals in the field. We have ear tags with excellent reading ability of data transmission, and the best models for the adaptation observed in animals at all stages of production, and that showed no falls, problems in animal behavior and welfare, and poorly healing were the model 4 and 5. With this result we can verify the efficiency and consistency of data generated and the use of earrings in pigs. With the project it was possible to examine the viability of ear tags in swine, in a scientific manner and to provide a new product to market domestic pig, the ear tags in swine identification of in order to provide a new national product to market swine.

In Sweden, a government eID has long been a concept that has not been realized. The development of government eID in both Sweden and around the world has been problematic. Even if a government eID is developed, adoption of this can also be problematic. Therefore, this study examines the current situation in Sweden with eID and discusses the conditions needed and challenges with a government eID. This study resulted in three relationships that we believe are of great importance for eID in general and for Swedish government eID: 1) relationship between an individual and IT, 2) relationship between individual and organization and 3) inter-organizational relationships. These three relationships create conditions for continuous operation of the current eID in Sweden, but also discuss possible challenges within those relations and challenges a government eID can meet.

A case study has been conducted on an electronic identification service called “Svensk e-legitimation”. The service has been developed on behalf of the Swedish government and is provided by a board created in 2011, E-legitimationsnämnden. The service, whose purpose is to assist with identification at Swedish authorities, also increases the competitiveness between the issuers of e-ID. By reviewing the documents published on websites regarding the service a risk area has been identified. To demonstrate the importance of addressing the risks four attack scenarios were created, scenarios which potential attackers might use. Finally, a solution which aims to secure the identified risks is presented. / En fallstudie har utförts på den elektroniska legitimeringstjänsten Svensk e-legitimation vilken tillhandahålls av E-legitimationsnämnden på uppdrag av Sveriges riksdag. Tjänsten, vars syfte är att bistå med legitimeringsmöjligheter för svenska myndigheter, ökar dessutom konkurrenskraften mellan utfärdare av e-legitimation. Genom att granska dokument publicerade på hemsidor för tjänsten har en hotbild identifierats. För att demonstrera vikten av att åtgärda riskerna inom hotbilden framställdes fyra angreppsscenarion vilka potentiella angripare skulle kunna använda. Slutligen presenterades en lösning vilken ämnar säkerställa de risker som identifierats.

The electronic identification (eID) is a digital representation of our analogue identity used for authentication in order to gain access to personalized restricted online content. Despite its limited and clearly defined scope, the eID has a unique role to play in information society as an enabler of public digital services for citizens as well as businesses and a prerequisite for the development of electronic government (eGovernment). This study shows a tendency of treating public sector eIDs like Information and Communications Technology (ICT) artefacts in general. Hence, a narrow focus on technology is often applied thus placing non-technical aspects in the background. Consequently, social and organizational implications are often unproblematized which in turn becomes problematic in the case of the public sector eID. This study puts forth a need for a broader focus in this area and contributes by focusing on the challenges related to the resistance to introductions of eIDs among affected actors in the public sector. This study assumes that affected actors’ perceptions (translations) of the eID have a potential impact on its introduction on organizational as well as operational level. Research questions focus on the influence of resistance on the introduction and the relationship between resistance and actors’ translations of the eID. The aim is to further develop existing concepts and bring new insights to research as well as practice. The analytical perspectives of sociology and institutionalism aim at developing a tentative analytical framework for investigations of this relationship. Introductions, therefore, become institutional pressures facing resistance as related to affected actors’ translations. The empirical basis consists of two interpretive case studies of eID introductions –a national eID to cover the entire public sector and a professional eID in health care. The result shows that resistance in the form of institutional barriers develops from actors’ negative translations of the eID and main coordinating actors’ tend to fail in their attempts to negotiate these barriers. This confirms a closer relationship between institutional pressures and barriers and a view of pressures, barriers and eIDs as translated institutions transferred across organizational settings is put forth. To facilitate future research and practice related to public sector eID introductions, three propositions are put forth. (1) The importance of acknowledging pressures to introduce eIDs as closely related to barriers. (2) The institutions involved in this process as all translated by the government, coordinating actors as well as affected actors. (3) The importance of a developed understanding of these institutions, translations and relationships in order to facilitate cooperative efforts shaping future public sector eIDs. / Elektronisk identifiering (eID) är en digital representation av vår analoga identitet som används för autentisering i syfte att få tillgång till skyddat innehåll på nätet. Trots ett begränsat syfte, har eID en unik roll i informationssamhället som möjliggörare av offentliga digitala tjänster för medborgare och företag och en förutsättning för utveckling av elektronisk förvaltning (eförvaltning). Denna studie visar att eID i offentlig sektor ofta hanteras som informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) generellt. Därför tillämpas ofta ett tekniskt perspektiv vilket medför att icke-tekniska aspekter placeras i bakgrunden vilket blir problematiskt i fallet med eID i offentlig sektor. Sociala och organisatoriska konsekvenser förblir därmed ofta otillräckligt problematiserade vilket blir problematiskt vid introduktioner av eID i offentlig sektor. Följaktligen för denna studie fram ett behov av bredare fokus inom detta område och bidrar genom att fokusera på utmaningar som rör motståndet mot introduktioner av eID bland berörda aktörer inom offentlig sektor. Denna studie förutsätter att berörda aktörers uppfattningar (översättningar) av eID har en potentiell inverkan på dess introduktion på organisatorisk och operativ nivå. Forskningsfrågorna behandlar hur motståndet påverkar införandet och förhållandet mellan motstånd och aktörernas översättningar av eID. Målet är att vidareutveckla befintliga begrepp och att bidra med nya insikter till forskning samt praktik. De analytiska perspektiven inom sociologi och institutionalism syftar till att utveckla ett tentativt analytiskt ramverk för att undersöka denna relation och med detta se introduktioner som institutionella tryck som möter motstånd kopplat till berörda aktörers översättningar. Den empiriska grunden består av två tolkande fallstudier - ett nationellt eID införande och ett införande av eID för tjänstebruk inom vården. Resultatet visar att motståndet i form av institutionella hinder utvecklas från aktörers negativa översättningar av eID och samordnande försök att hantera dessa hinder misslyckas ofta. Detta bekräftar också en tydlig relation mellan institutionella tryck, hinder och eID som översatta institutioner vilka överförs mellan olika organisatoriska sammanhang. För att underlätta framtida eID-införanden och för nya insikter till forskning, förs följande tre påståenden fram: (1) Vikten av att erkänna institutionella tryck som närbesläktade med hinder vid införande av eID. (2) De institutioner som deltar (tryck, hinder och eID) är alla översatta av förvaltning, samordnande och berörda aktörer. (3) Vikten av en utvecklad förståelse av dessa institutioner, översättningar och relationer för att underlätta samverkan kring framtidens eID inom offentlig sektor.

This thesis is an exploration of the general public's use and reflections on electronic identification (e-ID) tokens, in Sweden. Based on the researcher’s own experiences, the aim was to understand how the current e-ID scheme was enabling or obstructing the interaction with public agencies, etcetera. The thesis has a qualitative research design and is situated within the interpretivist paradigm. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews and the analysis of three documents, published by three different public agencies in Sweden. The data was analyzed through the vehicle of thematic analysis, which engendered four themes. These were 1. e-ID definitions, 2. the personal identity number as enabler and obstruction, 3. banks as the major e-ID issuer in Sweden and 4. security, skepticism and trust. The findings indicated that the e-ID was associated with convenience and security risks, which were brought up by the interviewees as well as the analyzed public reports. Furthermore, one of the public reports argued that the e-ID should be separated from the notion of having authority, through re- baptizing the Swedish term for e-ID, in Swedish 'e-legitimation' to electronic identity document ('elektronisk identitetshandling' in Swedish).

Electronic identification of persons in private law relationships Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the topic of electronic identification of persons in private law relationships. It defines all types of electronic identifiers, which can be used in private law relationships by both legal entities and so natural persons. This paper summarizes the young and not for long used legislations. This legislation is not often used in practice and for that reason it has the only commentary. The case law for this problematics is also lacking and that is why it could not be used as one of the sources, despite that it is in many cases one of the most used and valuable sources. This thesis analyses not only the legal aspects of the electronic identification, but also the technological aspects, which it tries to explain even to the readers, who can be absolutely untouched by the world of information technology. At the same time this diploma thesis provides instructions for potential users of instruments of electronic identification, who can be distrustful and insecure of its first time user experience. The minor part of this thesis deals with the history of electronic identification. This section is not extremely extensive due to the fact, that history of his phenomenon goes only about hundred years to the past. The...