Fenomenologin har sin grund inom filosofin och intresserar sig för att studera upplevelser och upplevelsen av personens mening, hur personen upplevde en viss händelse och vad personen upplevde. Syftet med den här studien är att studera den versionen av fenomenologi som beskrivs i kurslitteraturen som användes på kandidatprogrammet Socialpsykiatri på Malmö Universitet. Studien är en kvalitativ litteraturstudie. Fenomenologerna är intresserade av att gå tillbaka till själva upplevelsen och studera individens livs erfarenheter av respektive fenomen. Fenomenologin vill studera fenomen och upplevelser för att få ett holistiskt perspektiv av individen. Vid arbete med psykisk ohälsa vill fenomenologerna att den professionella ska ta hänsyn till personens egna livserfarenheter. / Phenomenology is based on philosophy and is interested in studying experiences and the experiences of the person´s meaning, how the person experienced a certain event and what the person experienced. The purpose of this study is to study the version of phenomenology described in the course literature used in the bachelor's program Social Psychiatry at Malmö University. The study is a qualitative literature study. The phenomenologists are interested in going back to the experience itself and studying the individual's life experiences of each phenomenon. Phenomenology wants to study phenomena and experiences in order to get a holistic perspective of the individual. When working with mental illness, the phenomenologists want the professional to take the person's own life experiences into account.

The second part of a two-part MFA Thesis presentation, this paper distills the content from the preceding exhibition A Step of Two or The Pas de Deux: an installation of paintings, drawings and projected video. It touches on various themes that surround [well researched] ideas about perception, dissociation, the gaze, and relationships. Most of all, this paper and the body of work it describes is about the visual representation of a sensual understanding of the world.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経営科学) / 甲第23357号 / 経営博第14号 / 新制||経営||3(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経営管理教育部経営科学専攻 / (主査)教授 原 良憲, 教授 澤邉 紀生, 教授 山田 忠史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Management Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra KBT (kognitiv beteendeterapi) och fenomenologi ur ett återhämtningsinriktat perspektiv. Den mer klassiska synen gällande tillfrisknandet från psykisk ohälsa, kan ses i likställighet till att bli botad eller symptomfri. I opposition till denna syn betonas istället vikten, ur perspektivet återhämtning, av att skapa ett nytt liv genom främst en värdefull social gemenskap. Därav utgör den professionelles förmåga, att stötta sin klient utifrån dennes individuella behov, en hörnsten inom återhämtning. KBT är relevant inom socialpsykiatri, då det är en väl implementerad behandlingsmetod. Den syftar främst till att uppnå en beteendeförändring hos klienten, exempelvis genom att förändra kognitiva tankemönster. Bortsett från KBT, utgör fenomenologi en relevant del. Detta då fenomenologi är en erkänd filosofisk metod inom detta område, som skiljer sig i jämförelse med KBT då den ej utgår från en specifik metodologisk grund. Därav ligger intresset av att jämföra dessa inriktningar ur ett gemensamt fenomen, så som återhämtning. Denna jämförelse har resulterat i väsentliga skillnader mellan båda inriktningar. De skiljer sig främst åt gällande synen på den professionella rollen och dennes förhållningssätt, samt synen på mätbara framsteg. Ur ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv präglas den professionelles roll av dennes förmåga att förhålla sig följsam och neutral, i jämförelse med KBT som nästintill förespråkar en mer aktiv och engagerad professionell roll. Gällande klientens mätbara framsteg, skiljer sig det fenomenologiska perspektivet i jämförelse med KBT, genom synen på framsteg som icke-synliga eller märkbara men trots det meningsfulla. / The aim of this study is to compare CBT (Cognitive behavioral therapy) and phenomenology through a recovery-oriented perspective. Recovery stands for an individual process, which can be seen in contrary to the more traditional view of being cured or symptom free, regarding mental illness. Instead of being cured for example, recovery emphasizes the process of constituting a new life, partially through a social community. A cornerstone in recovery is hence the practitioner’s ability to support its client, through her individual needs. CBT is relevant within the field of social psychiatry, since it is a well-implemented method of treatment. It mainly aims towards achieving a change of behavior, by addressing cognitive patterns. Phenomenology constitutes an acknowledged philosophical method in this field, but differs in the sense of not standing on a methodological base, as CBT. In this aspect lays the interest of comparing these methods through a common phenomenon, such as recovery. This comparison has resulted in a basic disparity between the two methods, predominantly regarding the view of the practitioner’s role and approach, as well as the perception of progress as measurable. The practitioner’s role, through a phenomenological perspective, features the ability to approach its client in a flexible and neutral manner, in opposition to a CBT-oriented practitioner, which advocates a more active and concerned approach. Regarding the clients progress as measurable, the phenomenological standpoint differs in comparison to CBT, through the perception of progress as being partly non-visible or noticeable but despite that meaningful.

This essay argues that Mark Twain’s novels The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Pudd’nhead Wilson can be applied in Swedish upper secondary schools to address racial inequality in the purpose of achieving intercultural competence and understanding. Racism is a vast issue, evident in both schools and in our society, locally as well as globally, where ethnical minorities are abused or disfavored societal privileges. This leaves teachers with the vital task of counteracting racism in classrooms, in accordance with the educational goals of imparting democratic values. The essay is conducted through a Close Reading, which is beneficial in exposing a text’s complexity by examining its literary aspects. The primary focus from the Close Reading is put on narration and its subordinate categories. Word choice, repetition or metaphors are highlighted and analyzed from the selected passages as they are literary aspects that the students can react to and further discuss in relation to racism in their everyday lives. The findings show that Twain’s ways of narrating racism and stimulating empathy are integral features in promoting an increased understanding to meet the curriculum’s requirements.

Bakgrund: Empati är ett svårdefinierat begrepp som i denna litteraturstudie diskuteras utifrån olika synsätt. Empati beskrivs vara en förväntad färdighet hos en professionell sjuksköterska såväl som det beskrivs vara ett nödvändigt redskap för att sjuksköterskan ska kunna utöva personcentrerad vård. Fenomenet beskrivs ha olika grunder utifrån vem som gör försök att kartlägga det. Syfte: Att undersöka empatins betydelse för sjuksköterskan i den kliniska verksamheten. Metod: Studien är designad som en litteraturstudie baserad på 13 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Artiklarna har granskats och sedan analyserats utifrån en manifest innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre huvudkategorier: Barriärer för ett empatiskt bemötande, Empatins konsekvenser för sjuksköterskan och Hur det empatiska förhållningssättet integreras i kliniska verksamheten. Konklusion: En avsaknad av empati och/eller empatiskt bemötande kan leda till att vården organiseras utifrån New Public Management som kan bli skadlig för sjuksköte / Background: Empathy is a difficult concept to define, which in this literature study is discussed from different perspectives. Empathy is described as an expected skill of a professional nurse as well as it is described as a necessary tool for the nurse to be able to provide person-centered care. The phenomenon is described differently based on who is trying to describe it. Purpose: To investigate the importance of empathy for the nurse in clinical activities. Method: The study is designed as a literature study based on 13 scientific articles with qualitative approach. The articles have been reviewed and then analyzed based on a manifest content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in three main categories: Barriers to empathetic response, the consequences of empathy for the nurse, and how the empathetic approach is integrated into clinical activities. Conclusion: A lack of empathy and/or empathetic treatment can lead to care being organized based on New Public Management that can be detrimental to the nurse and her experience of the profession as well as the ability to provide person-centered care.

Utilisant un cadre théorique hybride, mêlant travaux de géographie, notamment culturelle, et approche littéraire et stylistique, ce travail de thèse interroge les diverses spatialités mccanniennes et leur écriture, mais aussi les implications éthiques et esthétiques de cette articulation. Il étudie la manière dont la représentation de ces spatialités pousse l’écriture à chercher son équilibre, alors qu’elle s’inscrit dans des espaces diégétiques et narratifs caractérisés par l’entre-deux et l’hybridité. Ces deux notions sont placées au cœur d’un corpus mu par un élan irréductible et kaléidoscopique, définissable comme une quête d’équilibre et dont éthique et esthétique constituent les facettes les plus essentielles.Sont donc observées les formes et modalités des spatialités mccanniennes, la relation que les personnages entretiennent avec elles, ainsi que leur inscription dans un contexte contemporain. L’écriture de l’entre-deux et de l’hybridité, sources potentielles d’équilibre comme de déséquilibre, est également analysée. On voit enfin comment ces états intermédiaires sont propices à un élan impliquant la création de lignes dynamiques constituant un mouvement vers l’Autre. Cet élan interroge bien souvent la relation avec l’Art et avec l’Autre, ainsi que l’équilibre parfois problématique entre esthétique et éthique. Les possibles contradictions entre ces deux derniers pôles sont examinées, de même que le potentiel créatif, voire démocratique des échanges permis par leur dialogue. / This thesis uses a hybrid theoretical approach mixing cultural geography as well as literature and stylistics in order to study the various spatialities that can be found in Colum McCann’s fictional work. It focuses on the writing of space, place and landscape, as well as on its ethical and aesthetical aspects. It analyses the way representing these spatialities forces the texts to try and find some sense of balance while the realities they describe and the world they were written in are characterised by in-betweenness and hybridity. These notions are at the core of this corpus, which is defined by an impetus that is both irrepressible and kaleidoscopic and that can be defined as a quest for balance in which ethics and aesthetics play a most essential role.The forms those spatialities can take, the bond the characters have created or create with them as well as the way they are inscribed in the contemporary world are analysed. This study also examines the writing of in-betweenness and hybridity, which can be factors of both balance and imbalance. This intermediarity encourages the development of an impulse which means creating dynamic trajectories towards the Other. This impetus interrogates relationships to Art and Otherness, as well as the (im)balance between aesthetics and ethics. It is therefore particularly relevant to scrutinize the latent contradictions between these two poles but also the creative, sometimes even democratic potential of their interactions.

This diploma thesis focuses on the level of socio-emotional competencies, the ability of empathy and the prevalence of psychosocial problems amongst children in various forms of substitute care (biological families, institutional care, foster families). The aim of this thesis is to clarify the relations in between the variables and to find possible patterns bound to different kinds of care. The thesis also aims at the effect of the lenght od institutional care and of the strategies of emotional regulation and behaviour in social situations. The sample includes 34 respondents. The data were collected from the children themselves (IDS), from caregivers (EQ-C, SDQ) and from the file documentation (anamnestic questionaire). The results show a significant correlation between the variables. The effect of length of stay in institutional care has not been proven. As for comparisons across different forms of care, differences in empathy rates and the occurrence of psychosocial problems have emerged, but not at the level of socio-emotional skills. The subsequent analysis of strategies of emotional regulation and social behavior has pointed to an interesting tendency regarding the socio-emotional functioning of children in substitute care. My diploma thesis will serve as a pilot study on the upcoming research...

Ethical behavior is an inseparable part of business life and can have a major impact on corporate culture in business companies and their communication with clients. The aim of this work was to find out how the behavior of sales representatives of pharmaceutical companies in pharmaceutical pharmacies is perceived, to describe the ethical aspects in this field, and then to propose recommendations for adjusting internal rules, values or ethical code in a selected pharmaceutical company. This task was accomplished by carrying out qualitative research to analyze and deeper describe how pharmaceutical assistants in pharmacies perceive the behavior of sales representatives of pharmaceutical companies. In order to eliminate the identified circumstances in this field, the proposed recommendation for the selected company is a thorough knowledge of ethical principles and the incorporation of techniques into the training program of the company that focus on empathy is proposed. In conclusion, adherence to ethical principles and the right corporate culture in the company can be considered crucial in the context of successful cooperation between the sales representative and the pharmacy.

This thesis deals with the current egoistic nature of man. The first part of the paper will describe the historical background and the rise of empirical science and will point out the newly emerging cultural paradigm which has influenced the whole value system and general development of today's society. This will be followed up by the description of an individual phenomena that guides the acceptance of social principles actively pursued within our society these days. Parsing of individual factors using the method of analysis and synthesis will allow us to approach the very phenomenon of egoism from a wider perspective. The focus of this paper is to attempt to answer whether man's dependency on today's society leads to the development of egoistic characteristic in a person. The paper will also attempt, using philosophical and theological reflection and modern science, to find an outline for a solution that would be beneficial to the advancement of an altruistic profile of civilization. Keywords Jesus, Plato, Sokrates, the good, egoism, emphaty, philosophy, genetics, intelligence, values, conformity, consumer society, power, science