Today, medical imaging is playing an important role in medicine as it provides the techniques and processes used to create images of the human body or parts thereof for clinical purposes (medical procedures seeking to reveal, diagnose or examine disease) or medical science (including the study of normal anatomy and function). Modalities are developing over time to achieve the highest possible resolution, speed of image acquisition, sensitivity, and specificity. In the past decade, advances in optics, fiber, as well as laser technology have enabled the development of noninvasive optical biomedical imaging technology that can also be applied to endoscopy to reach deeper locations in the human body. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate a full system design and optimization of an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system to achieve high axial and lateral resolution together with an extended depth of focus for endoscopic in vivo imaging. In this research aimed at advancing endoscopic OCT imaging, two high axial resolution optical coherence tomography systems were developed: (1) a spectrometer-based frequency-domain (FD) OCT achieving an axial resolution of ~2.5 µm using a Ti:Sa femtosecond laser with a 120nm bandwidth centered at 800nm and (2) a swept-source based FD OCT employing a high speed Fourier domain mode locked (FDML) laser that achieves real time in vivo imaging with ~8 µm axial resolution at an acquisition speed of 90,000 A-scans/sec. A critical prior limitation of FD OCT systems is the presence of mirror images in the image reconstruction algorithm that could only be eliminated at the expense of depth and speed of imaging. A key contribution of this research is the development of a novel FD OCT imager that enables full range depth imaging without a loss in acquisition speed. Furthermore, towards the need for better axial resolution, we developed a mathematical model of the OCT signal that includes the effect on phase modulation of phase delay, group delay, and dispersion. From the mathematical model we saw that a Fourier domain optical delay line (FD ODL) incorporated into the reference arm of the OCT system represented a path to higher performance. Here we then present a method to compensate for overall system dispersion with a FDODL that maintains the axial resolution at the limit determined solely by the coherence length of a broadband source. In the development of OCT for endoscopic applications, the need for long depth of focus imaging is critical to accommodate the placement of the catheter anywhere within a vessel. A potential solution to this challenge is Bessel-beam imaging. In a first step, a Bessel-beam based confocal scanning optical microscopy (BCSOM) using an axicon and single mode fiber was investigated with a mathematical model and simulation. The BCSOM approach was then implemented in a FD OCT system that delivered high lateral resolution over a long depth of focus. We reported on the imaging in biological samples for the first time with a double-pass microoptics axicon that demonstrated clearly invariant SNR and 8 um lateral resolution images across a 4 mm depth of focus. Finally, we describe the design and fabrication of a catheter incorporated in the FD OCT. The design, conceived for a 5 mm outer diameter catheter, allows 360 degree scanning with a lateral resolution of about 5 um across a depth of focus of about 1.6 mm. The dissertation concludes with comments for related future work.

Colonoscopy provides a minimally invasive tool for examining and treating the colon without surgery, but current endoscope designs still cause a degree of pain and injury to the colon wall. The most common colonoscopies are long tubes inserted through the rectum, with locomotion actuators, fiber optic lights, cameras, and biopsy tools on the distal end. The stiffness required to support these tools makes it difficult for the scopes to navigate the twisted path of the colon without damaging the inside wall of the colon or distorting its shape. In addition, little is known about how sharp and forceful endoscopes can be without accidentally cutting into tissue during navigation. In order to solve the requirements of stiffness (to support tools) and flexibility (to navigate turns), we expanded on a design by Zehel et al. [49], who proposed surrounding a flexible endoscope with an external exoskeleton structure, with controllable stiffness. The exoskeleton structure is comprised of rigid, articulating tubular units, which are stiffened or relaxed by four control cables. The stiffened or locked exoskeleton structure aids navigation and provides stability for the endoscope when it protrudes beyond the exoskeleton structure for examination and procedures. This research determined the design requirements of such an exoskeleton structure and simulated its behavior in a sigmoid colon model. To predict just how pointed an endoscope can be without damaging tissue under a given force, we extrapolated a strength model of the descending colon from published stress-strain curves of human colon tissue. Next we analyzed how friction, cable forces, and unit angles interact to hold the exoskeleton structure in a locked position. By creating two- and three-dimensional models of the exoskeleton structure, we optimized the dimensions of the units of an exoskeleton structure (diameter, thickness, and leg angle) and cable holders ( cable attachment location) to achieve the turns of the sigmoid colon, while still remaining lockable. Models also predicted the loss of force over the exoskeleton structure due to curving, further determining the required cable angles and friction between units. Finally we determined how the stiffness of the endoscope stem affected locking ability and wear inside the exoskeleton structure. / Ph. D.

Os desfechos clínicos e oncológicos dos pacientes submetidos à ressecção endoscópica do câncer gástrico precoce (CGP), considerando os critérios de indicação, comparados à cirurgia, não foram relatados em revisões sistemáticas. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida para estabelecer os desfechos de curto e longo prazos da ressecção endoscópica comparada à cirurgia no tratamento do CGP, elevando as informações para o nível de evidência 2a, melhor respaldando a prática clínica. A revisão sistemática com metanálises foi procedida utilizando-se as bases Medline, Embase, Cochrane, LILACS, Scopus e CINAHL. Onze coortes retrospectivas foram selecionadas para análise qualitativa e quantitativa. Todos os estudos incluem pacientes com CGP e comparam os desfechos nos dois braços. Os dados envolveram 2654 pacientes que preenchiam os critérios absolutos ou expandidos para ressecção endoscópica. Diferentes modalidades de tratamento endoscópico foram avaliadas, principalmente os procedimentos de ressecção, como endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) e endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). As informações basearam-se nas características dos participantes, critérios de inclusão e exclusão, tipos de intervenções e desfechos (diferentes taxas de sobrevida, eventos adversos, ressecção completa, recorrência e mortalidade). As análises dos riscos absolutos dos desfechos foram feitas com o software RevMan, computando-se as diferenças de risco (DR) das variáveis dicotômicas. Dados de DR e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC) foram calculados utilizando-se o teste de Mantel-Haenszel e a inconsistência foi qualificada e reportada em ?2 e método Higgins (I2). A análise de sensibilidade foi feita quando a heterogeneidade era maior que 50%. Todas as análises basearam-se inicialmente no modelo de efeito fixo. Dados de sobrevida de 3 anos estavam disponíveis em seis estudos (n = 1197). Não houve DR após os dois tratamentos (DR = 0,01, IC 95% = -0,02 a 0,05). A sobrevida de 5 anos (n = 2310) não demonstrou diferença significativa entre os grupos analisados (DR = 0,01, IC 95% = -0,01 a 0,03). A avaliação de 551 pacientes não evidenciou desigualdade na sobrevida de 10 anos entre as diferentes abordagens (DR = -0,02, IC 95% = -0,15 a 0,10). Dados de complicação estavam presentes em oito estudos (n = 2439), e diferença significativa foi detectada (DR = -0,08, IC 95% = -0,10 a -0,05), demonstrando melhores resultados com a endoscopia. As taxas de ressecção completa foram analisadas em 536 pacientes. Evidenciou-se diferença significativa entre o tratamento endoscópico e cirúrgico (DR = -0,13, IC 95% = -0,17 a -0,09), validando melhores resultados no último grupo. A recorrência foi avaliada em cinco pesquisas (n = 1331) e não houve diferença entre as duas formas de terapêutica (DR = 0,01, IC 95% = -0,00 a 0,02). As taxas de mortalidade foram obtidas de quatro estudos (n = 1107), e não se evidenciou diferença entre os grupos envolvidos (DR = -0,01, IC 95% = -0,02 a 0,00). Conclui-se que as taxas de sobrevida de 3, 5 e 10 anos, recorrência e mortalidade são semelhantes em ambos os grupos. Considerando-se as taxas de complicação, a abordagem endoscópica confere resultados mais apropriados e, analisando-se as taxas de ressecção completa, ela é inferior à cirurgia / Clinical and oncological outcomes of endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer (EGC), considering the indication criteria, compared to surgery, have not been reported in systematic reviews. To address the short- and long-term outcomes of endoscopic resection compared to surgery in the treatment of EGC, a systematic review was performed, establishing the available data to an unpublished 2a strength of evidence, better handling clinical practice. A systematic review and meta-analysis using Medline, Embase, Cochrane, LILACS, Scopus and CINAHL databases were done. Eleven retrospective cohort studies were selected to quantitative and qualitative synthesis. All studies included patients diagnosed with EGC that compared outcomes considering endoscopic treatment and surgery. The included records involved 2654 patients with EGC that filled the standard or expanded indications for endoscopic resection. Different endoscopic treatment modalities were analyzed, mainly mucosal resection procedures such as endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), compared to surgery. Information of the selected studies was extracted on characteristics of trial participants, inclusion and exclusion criteria, types of interventions and outcomes (different survival rates, adverse events, complete resection, recurrence and mortality rates). The analysis of the absolute risks of the outcomes was performed using the software RevMan, by computing risk differences (RD) of dichotomous variables. Data on RD and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each outcome were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel test and inconsistency was qualified and reported in X2 and the Higgins method (I2). Sensitivity analysis was performed when heterogeneity was higher than 50%. All pooled analyses were initially based on fixed-effects model. Three-year survival data were available for six studies (n = 1197). There were no RD in 3-year survival data after endoscopic and surgical treatment of EGC (RD = 0.01, 95% CI = -0.02 to 0.05). Five-year survival data (n = 2310) showed no evidence of a difference between the two groups (RD = 0.01, 95% CI = -0.01 to 0.03). The data analysis, in 551 patients, showed no difference in 10-year survival rates between the approaches (RD = -0.02 and 95% CI = -0.15 to 0.10). Complication data were identified in eight studies (n = 2439). A significant difference was detected (RD = -0.08, 95% CI = -0.10 to -0.05), demonstrating better results with endoscopic approach. Complete resection data was analyzed in 536 patients. It showed significant difference in complete resection rates between endoscopic and surgical treatment of EGC (RD = -0.13, 95% CI = -0.17 to -0.09), exhibiting improved results in the surgical group. Recurrence data were analyzed in five studies (n = 1331) and there was no difference between the approaches (RD = 0.01, 95% CI = -0.00 to 0.02). Mortality data were obtained in four studies (n = 1107), and there was no difference between treatment modalities (RD = -0.01, 95% CI = -0.02 to 0.00). This systematic review concludes that 3-, 5- and 10-year survival, recurrence and mortality rates are similar for both groups. Considering procedure-related complication rates, endoscopic approach achieves significantly better results and, analyzing complete resection data, it is considered worse than surgery

Os desfechos clínicos e oncológicos dos pacientes submetidos à ressecção endoscópica do câncer gástrico precoce (CGP), considerando os critérios de indicação, comparados à cirurgia, não foram relatados em revisões sistemáticas. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida para estabelecer os desfechos de curto e longo prazos da ressecção endoscópica comparada à cirurgia no tratamento do CGP, elevando as informações para o nível de evidência 2a, melhor respaldando a prática clínica. A revisão sistemática com metanálises foi procedida utilizando-se as bases Medline, Embase, Cochrane, LILACS, Scopus e CINAHL. Onze coortes retrospectivas foram selecionadas para análise qualitativa e quantitativa. Todos os estudos incluem pacientes com CGP e comparam os desfechos nos dois braços. Os dados envolveram 2654 pacientes que preenchiam os critérios absolutos ou expandidos para ressecção endoscópica. Diferentes modalidades de tratamento endoscópico foram avaliadas, principalmente os procedimentos de ressecção, como endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) e endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). As informações basearam-se nas características dos participantes, critérios de inclusão e exclusão, tipos de intervenções e desfechos (diferentes taxas de sobrevida, eventos adversos, ressecção completa, recorrência e mortalidade). As análises dos riscos absolutos dos desfechos foram feitas com o software RevMan, computando-se as diferenças de risco (DR) das variáveis dicotômicas. Dados de DR e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC) foram calculados utilizando-se o teste de Mantel-Haenszel e a inconsistência foi qualificada e reportada em ?2 e método Higgins (I2). A análise de sensibilidade foi feita quando a heterogeneidade era maior que 50%. Todas as análises basearam-se inicialmente no modelo de efeito fixo. Dados de sobrevida de 3 anos estavam disponíveis em seis estudos (n = 1197). Não houve DR após os dois tratamentos (DR = 0,01, IC 95% = -0,02 a 0,05). A sobrevida de 5 anos (n = 2310) não demonstrou diferença significativa entre os grupos analisados (DR = 0,01, IC 95% = -0,01 a 0,03). A avaliação de 551 pacientes não evidenciou desigualdade na sobrevida de 10 anos entre as diferentes abordagens (DR = -0,02, IC 95% = -0,15 a 0,10). Dados de complicação estavam presentes em oito estudos (n = 2439), e diferença significativa foi detectada (DR = -0,08, IC 95% = -0,10 a -0,05), demonstrando melhores resultados com a endoscopia. As taxas de ressecção completa foram analisadas em 536 pacientes. Evidenciou-se diferença significativa entre o tratamento endoscópico e cirúrgico (DR = -0,13, IC 95% = -0,17 a -0,09), validando melhores resultados no último grupo. A recorrência foi avaliada em cinco pesquisas (n = 1331) e não houve diferença entre as duas formas de terapêutica (DR = 0,01, IC 95% = -0,00 a 0,02). As taxas de mortalidade foram obtidas de quatro estudos (n = 1107), e não se evidenciou diferença entre os grupos envolvidos (DR = -0,01, IC 95% = -0,02 a 0,00). Conclui-se que as taxas de sobrevida de 3, 5 e 10 anos, recorrência e mortalidade são semelhantes em ambos os grupos. Considerando-se as taxas de complicação, a abordagem endoscópica confere resultados mais apropriados e, analisando-se as taxas de ressecção completa, ela é inferior à cirurgia / Clinical and oncological outcomes of endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer (EGC), considering the indication criteria, compared to surgery, have not been reported in systematic reviews. To address the short- and long-term outcomes of endoscopic resection compared to surgery in the treatment of EGC, a systematic review was performed, establishing the available data to an unpublished 2a strength of evidence, better handling clinical practice. A systematic review and meta-analysis using Medline, Embase, Cochrane, LILACS, Scopus and CINAHL databases were done. Eleven retrospective cohort studies were selected to quantitative and qualitative synthesis. All studies included patients diagnosed with EGC that compared outcomes considering endoscopic treatment and surgery. The included records involved 2654 patients with EGC that filled the standard or expanded indications for endoscopic resection. Different endoscopic treatment modalities were analyzed, mainly mucosal resection procedures such as endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), compared to surgery. Information of the selected studies was extracted on characteristics of trial participants, inclusion and exclusion criteria, types of interventions and outcomes (different survival rates, adverse events, complete resection, recurrence and mortality rates). The analysis of the absolute risks of the outcomes was performed using the software RevMan, by computing risk differences (RD) of dichotomous variables. Data on RD and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each outcome were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel test and inconsistency was qualified and reported in X2 and the Higgins method (I2). Sensitivity analysis was performed when heterogeneity was higher than 50%. All pooled analyses were initially based on fixed-effects model. Three-year survival data were available for six studies (n = 1197). There were no RD in 3-year survival data after endoscopic and surgical treatment of EGC (RD = 0.01, 95% CI = -0.02 to 0.05). Five-year survival data (n = 2310) showed no evidence of a difference between the two groups (RD = 0.01, 95% CI = -0.01 to 0.03). The data analysis, in 551 patients, showed no difference in 10-year survival rates between the approaches (RD = -0.02 and 95% CI = -0.15 to 0.10). Complication data were identified in eight studies (n = 2439). A significant difference was detected (RD = -0.08, 95% CI = -0.10 to -0.05), demonstrating better results with endoscopic approach. Complete resection data was analyzed in 536 patients. It showed significant difference in complete resection rates between endoscopic and surgical treatment of EGC (RD = -0.13, 95% CI = -0.17 to -0.09), exhibiting improved results in the surgical group. Recurrence data were analyzed in five studies (n = 1331) and there was no difference between the approaches (RD = 0.01, 95% CI = -0.00 to 0.02). Mortality data were obtained in four studies (n = 1107), and there was no difference between treatment modalities (RD = -0.01, 95% CI = -0.02 to 0.00). This systematic review concludes that 3-, 5- and 10-year survival, recurrence and mortality rates are similar for both groups. Considering procedure-related complication rates, endoscopic approach achieves significantly better results and, analyzing complete resection data, it is considered worse than surgery

No description available.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Sedativa und Sedativa-induzierte Komplikationen bei gastroenterologischen endoskopischen Untersuchungen an der Universitätsmedizin Göttingen in den Jahren 2008-2009 retrospektiv untersucht. Es wurden 2456 endoskopi-sche Untersuchungen eingeschlossen, davon 983 Ösophagogastroduodenoskopien (ÖGD), 978 Ileokoloskopien und 495 retrograde endoskopische Cholangiopankreaticographien (ERCP). Als Datenquellen dienten die Sedierungsprotokolle und die Befundberichte. Zur Sedierung wurden standardmäßig Midazolam und Propofol verwendet, teilweise wur-de ergänzend Piritramid appliziert. Die mittleren Propofoldosierungen betrugen bei ÖGDs 58,5 mg, bei Koloskopien 78,1 mg und bei ERCPs 157,0 mg. Höhere Propofoldo-sierungen waren signifikant mit jüngerem Patientenalter, ambulanten Untersuchungen und therapeutischen Endoskopien assoziiert. Die Sicherheit der Sedierung wurde anhand der Sauerstoffsättigung und der Herzfrequenz untersucht. Insgesamt kam es in 2,8% der Untersuchungen zu einer Hypoxie (Sauerstoffsättigungsabfall unter 90%). Patienten, die eine Hypoxie erlitten, waren jeweils signifikant älter. In 7,5% der Untersuchungen veränderte sich die Herzfrequenz um mehr als 20% vom Ausgangswert. Großteils kam es zu einem Anstieg der Herzfrequenz. Bradykardien waren selten (2,4% aller endoskopischen Untersuchungen). Innerhalb der ÖGDs bestand ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen dem Anstieg der Herzfrequenz und einer höheren Propofoldosis. Außerdem stieg die Herzfrequenz bei therapeutischen ÖGDs signifikant häufiger an. Zusammengefasst konnte bei gastroenterologischen endoskopischen Untersuchungen mit einem Kombinationsregime aus Midazolam und Propofol mit niedrigen Dosierungen und wenigen Komplikationen sediert werden.

Objetivo: Investigar a deglutição em indivíduos com a Síndrome Richieri Costa-Pereira (SRCP), com o propósito de verificar a presença sintomas de disfagia por parte dos cuidadores e paciente, bem como sinais de disfagia. Casuística e Método: Estudo retrospectivo e prospectivo, no qual foram avaliados 19 indivíduos com a SRCP, entre 26 dias e 30 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos. Foram levantados sintomas de disfagia por meio de entrevista, bem como análise de prontuários, seguida de avaliação clínica e instrumental da deglutição (videoendoscopia da deglutição - VED) para investigar os sinais de disfagia. A deglutição foi classificada de acordo com a Functional Oral Intake Scale - FOIS e a Escala de Comprometimento Funcional da Deglutição - ECFD. Resultados: Todos os indivíduos maiores de 4 anos (n=12) se alimentavam por via oral exclusiva (VO), sem restrições (FOIS nível 7), assim realizaram única avaliação, apesar de constatada a presença de sinais de comprometimento da deglutição em 8 casos na ECFD. Os indivíduos menores de 3 meses de idade (n=7), com alimentação exclusiva por sonda alimentadora na primeira avaliação (FOIS nível 1), foram acompanhados por apresentarem sintomas e sinais de disfagia detectados nas avaliações clínica e instrumental. Ao longo do estudo, foi verificado o desenvolvimento de mecanismo de proteção das vias aéreas com melhora da deglutição, sendo que 4 casos passaram a se alimentar exclusivamente por VO na última avaliação. Conclusão: Sintomas de disfagia, principalmente na população infantil, estão presentes, assim como sinais de disfagia, em diferentes graus, durante toda a evolução do tratamento, mesmo na ausência de sintomas; os indivíduos com a SRCP desenvolveram mecanismo de proteção das vias aéreas realizando a deglutição de maneira adaptada e estabelecendo assim condições para a alimentação por via oral exclusiva. / Objective: To investigate swallowing in individuals with Richieri Costa-Pereira syndrome (RCPS), in order to verify the presence of dysphagia symptoms by caregivers and patients, as well as dysphagia signs. Methods: A retrospective and prospective study in which 19 subjects with RCPS, aged 26 days - 30 years, both genders, were evaluated. Data from dysphagia symptoms were collected through interviews and records analysis, followed by clinical and instrumental swallowing evaluation (Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing FEES) to investigate dysphagia signs. Swallowing was classified according to the Functional Oral Intake Scale - FOIS and Swallowing Functional Impairment Scale - SFIS. Results: A single assessment was performed in all subjects older than 4 years (n=12). They were exclusively oral fed without restrictions (FOIS level 7) although impaired swallowing signs were observed in 8 cases on the ECFD. Individuals younger than 3 months (n=7), were exclusively tube fed in the first evaluation (FOIS level 1), and were followed up for presenting dysphagia symptoms and signs detected in clinical and instrumental evaluation. The development of airway protection mechanism with swallowing improvement was verified during the study, and 4 cases (n=7) were exclusively oral fed in the last assessment. Conclusion: Dysphagia symptoms are present especially in children as well as dysphagia signs, which may vary in degrees, even when no symptoms are reported throughout treatment evolution. Individuals with RCPS developed protective airways mechanism performing adapted swallowing and thereby establishing conditions for exclusively oral feeding.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi diagnosticar a doença inflamatória intestinal crônica em cães acometidos por sinais gastrointestinais bem como avaliar a contribuição de diferentes parâmetros utilizados no diagnóstico desta afecção. Para tanto, 20 cães apresentando sinais compatíveis com a doença foram incluídos no estudo (grupo afetado) e comparados com 20 animais saudáveis (grupo controle). Foram atribuídos escores clínicos e realizadas avaliações endoscópicas e histopatológicas dos animais do grupo afetado. Amostras de sangue e fezes de ambos os grupos foram coletadas, armazenadas a -80°C e, posteriormente, utilizadas para a mensuração de TNF-alpha, proteína C-reativa, calprotectina, proteína S100A12, Folato e Cobalamina. A mediana dos valores de albumina sérica foi 3,17 e apenas um animal apresentou hipoalbuminemia. Todas as avaliações endoscópicas mostraram algum grau de alteração nos parâmetros avaliados, sendo que o edema e a hiperemia foram os mais observados. Quanto à avaliação histopatológica, processos do tipo linfocítico plasmocítico foram os mais diagnosticados, presentes em 12 dos 17 acometimentos gástricos, nove dos 15 acometimentos duodenais e nove de 11 acometimentos colônicos. Quando se analisam os escores atribuídos aos parâmetros gástricos, 67,3% das avaliações foram consideradas normais, enquanto que 27,4% foram considerados com alterações leves. Para os fragmentos duodenais, 55,3% das avaliações demonstraram tecidos normais enquanto que 36,0% foram considerados com alterações leves. No que se refere ao cólon, apenas 38,6% dos parâmetros avaliados foram normais enquanto que 45,4% receberam avaliações de alterações leves. As medianas dos escores atribuídos para estômago, duodeno e cólon foram, respectivamente, 3; 3 e 6. A comparação entre valores de proteína C-reativa entre grupo afetado e controle apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante. Esta diferença também foi significante quando se comparou o grupo controle aos subgrupos afetado I e afetado II. Embora valores séricos de calprotectina não foram estatisticamente significantes, a mensuração fecal desta proteína foi mostrou diferença significante entre os grupos. Em relação mensuração sanguínea da proteína S100A12, os valores de medianas de ambos os grupos foram próximos (195,90 µg/L e 195,55 µg/L para grupos afetado e controle, respectivamente) e a comparação entre estes valores não foi estatisticamente significante. Esta diferença também não foi significante na comparação dos valores fecais. Mensurações de folato e cobalamina não se mostraram estatisticamente significante na comparação entre animais afetados e sadios. Observaram-se correlações entre valores de proteína C-reativa e escore clínico, proteína C reativa e escore histopatológico do cólon, albumina e calprotectina fecal, albumina e S100A12 fecal, valores séricos de S100A12 e calprotectina, valores fecais de S100A12 e calprotectina. / The purpose of this study was to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease in dogs with gastrointestinal signs as well as to evaluate the contribution of different parameters used in the diagnosis of this disease. Twenty dogs with compatible signs of the disease were included in the study (affected group) and compared with 20 healthy animals (control group). Clinical scores were assigned and endoscopic and histopathological analysis were performed in affected animals. Samples of blood and feces were collected from both groups, stored at -80°C and then used to measure TNF-alpha, C-reactive protein, calprotectin, S100A12 protein, folate and cobalamin. Seric albumin median level was 3.17g/dL and only one animal had hypoalbuminemia. All endoscopic evaluations showed some degree of change in the assessed parameters, and hyperemia and edema were the most frequently ones observed. In the histopathological evaluation, lymphocytic plasmocytic process was the most frequently diagnosed (12 out 17 gastric conditions, nine out 15 duodenal conditions and nine out 11 colonic conditions). When analyzing the scores assigned to the gastric parameters, 67.3% of the evaluations were considered normal, while 27.4% presented slight alterations. For duodenal fragments, 55.3% of the evaluations showed normal tissue, while 36.0% were considered slightly altered. Regarding the colon, only 38.6% of these parameters were normal, whereas 45.4% of the evaluations presented slight changes. The median of the scores assigned to the stomach, duodenum and colon were 3, 3 and 6, respectively. The comparison of the Creactive protein values between affected and control groups showed statistical difference. This difference was also significant when comparing the control group to affected I and affected II subgroups. Although seric values of calprotectin werent statistically significant, fecal data statistically differed between the groups. Regarding seric protein S100A12 measurement, the median values of both groups were similar (195.90 mg/L and 195.55 mg/L for the affected and control groups, respectively) and the difference between these values was not statistically significant. The comparison between fecal S100A12 protein values didnt showed a significant difference. Folate and cobalamin measurements showed no statistical difference when comparing healthy and affected animals. A direct positive correlation was found between C-reactive protein and clinical score. C-reactive protein and histopathological score of colon, albumin and fecal calprotectin, albumin and fecal protein S100A12, seric protein S100A12 and seric calprotetin and fecal protein S100A12 and fecal calprotectin were correlated.

O câncer gástrico precoce é definido como adenocarcinoma que não ultrapassa a camada submucosa, independentemente o acometimento linfonodal. O diagnóstico é feito através do exame de endoscopia digestiva alta e da avaliação histopatológica. Pode ser tratado através de mucosectomia endoscópica, sendo reconhecidos vários fatores que influenciam a chance de cura após a ressecção. Quando o adenocarcinoma gástrico precoce bem diferenciado está à restrito a mucosa, com margens de ressecção livres de neoplasia, sem ulceração histológica, invasão linfática ou venosa é alta a chance de cura após a ressecção endoscópica. A freqüência de recidiva local nestes casos varia de 2,8% a 5,7%. Por outro lado, a expressão de antígenos por células tumorais detectadas através da imunohistoquímica pode indicar o comportamento biológico dos tumores. O carcinoma gástrico precoce tipo diferenciado pode apresentar propriedades fenotípicas diferentes que se correlacionam com a expressão de mucinas. Através da expressão de mucinas é possível estratificar o adenocarcinoma diferenciado em tipo intestinal, gástrico, misto ou indeterminado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os fatores preditivos para a ressecção incompleta e recidiva local do câncer gástrico precoce tratado através de mucosectomia endoscópica e com acompanhamento superior a um ano. De junho de 1994 a dezembro de 2005, avaliaram-se 46 pacientes com câncer gástrico precoce submetidos a 47 mucosectomias endoscópicas. Através da análise de dados de prontuário, identificaram-se possíveis fatores preditivos para a ressecção endoscópica incompleta e para a recidiva local. Vinte e dois pacientes com critérios para alta probabilidade de cura foram avaliados prospectivamente em relação aos fatores para recidiva e submetidos a perfil imunohistoquímico das lesões ressecadas. Houve recuperação de peças ressecadas em 18 (81,8%) casos. Neste grupo, houve recidiva local em cinco (27,7%) casos. Assim, os pacientes foram avaliados pelos dados demográficos, endoscópicos e histopatológicos. As mucosectomias endoscópicas foram consideradas como ressecção completa ou incompleta. No grupo ressecção completa, os pacientes foram divididos nos subgrupos com ou sem recidiva. Os pacientes com critérios de alta probabilidade para cura foram divididos nos grupos com ou sem recidiva e comparados pelos dados demográficos, endoscópicos, e histopatológicos e imunohistoquímico. As peças ressecadas foram avaliadas quanto à expressão dos marcadores Muc-2, Muc-5a, CD-10, p-53 e Ki-67. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 69,4 meses ± 36,5 meses. Sobrevida em cinco anos foi de 84,78%. Observaram-se sete (15,21%) óbitos. Houve ressecção completa em 36 casos (76,6%). Foram fatores preditivos de ressecção incompleta, as localizações em parede posterior de terço superior e inferior do estômago (p= 0,035), o tipo histológico indiferenciado (p=0,021), o tamanho da lesão maior que dois centímetros (p= 0,022) e o número de fragmentos maiores ou iguais a dois fragmentos (p= 0,013). Em análise estatística multivariada, o tipo histológico indiferenciado (OR= 0,8; IC (95%)= 0,036-0.897) e números de fragmentos (OR=7,34; IC (95%) = 1.266- 42.629) foram fatores preditivos independentes para ressecção incompleta. No grupo ressecção completa, observou-se que quanto maior o tamanho da lesão, maior o número de fragmentos ressecados (p=0,018). Houve recidiva local em 9 casos (25%). Como fator preditivo para recidiva local, destaca-se a técnica tipo cap com 5/7 casos (71,4%) (p=0,006). Na análise dos pacientes com critérios de alta probabilidade de cura, os dados demográficos (sexo, idade e raça), endoscópicos (tipo macroscópico, localização, número de fragmentos ressecados, técnica de ressecção empregada) e histopatológico (tamanho da lesão e nível de invasão) não mostraram diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos sem ou com recidiva. A análise imunohistoquímica revelou que o marcador Muc-5a esteve presente em 4/5 (80%) dos casos do grupo com recidiva (p=0,026) e quando se estratificaram os casos pela expressão de mucinas, observou-se que o tipo misto se apresentou em 4/5 (80%) casos no grupo com recidiva e o tipo intestinal em 10/13(76,9%) casos no grupo sem recidiva (p=0,004). O adenocarcinoma indiferenciado e números de fragmentos são fatores preditores para ressecção incompleta. O tamanho e a localização da lesão também foram fatores preditores de ressecção incompleta, porém, não de forma independente. A recidiva local teve como fator preditivo o tipo de técnica. O estudo imunohistoquímico se mostrou importante na presunção de recidiva local, nos casos em que os critérios para alta probabilidade de cura foram respeitados. O adenocarcinoma gástrico com expressão das mucinas para o fenótipo do tipo misto se mostrou como fator preditivo para recidiva local do câncer gástrico precoce. / Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) has recently become an accepted treatment for early gastric cancer. The histopathologic criteria that are used to define curative endoscopic resection include: intramucosal well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, lateral and deep margins free of tumor, no histologic ulceration, and lastly, no venous or lymphatic emboli. These criteria were defined by a large series of EMR from Japanese centers. Local neoplastic recurrence has been described in up to 6% of cases even when all of the above mentioned criteria are met. On the other hand, the antigen expression of neoplastic cells is related to the biologic behavior of several tumors. The aim of this study was evaluate the factors that predict incomplete resection and local recurrence of early gastric cancer treated by EMR followed up for at least one year in a Western tertiary referral center. It was also evaluated the role of different type of mucins, p53 and ki-67 expression as predictive factors of recurrence even when the standard histopathologic criteria for cure were met. The patients were evaluated retrospectively from June 1994 to December 2005. Forty six patients (23 female and 23 male; mean age 69 ± 14.1y) with early gastric cancer were submitted to EMR. Twenty-two patients with a diagnosis of early gastric cancer were considered cured by EMR were evaluated prospectively for local reccurrence. Local recurrences occurred in five (22.7%) of them. It was possible to perform immunohistochemistry panel in 18 (81.8%) resected specimens. Demographic data (gender, age and race), endoscopic (macroscopic classification, localization, number of resected fragments and technique employed) were retrospectively collected. Histopathologic data (size of tumor, depth of invasion and adenocarcinoma classification) were prospectively assessed by one senior pathologist blinded to the previous diagnosis. Resection was considered incomplete when the lateral or deep margins of the specimen proved positive for tumor. In the complete resection group, patients were followed up, and at the end of this study were divided into two groups: patients recurrence with and without local recurrence. The patients with histopathologic criteria for cure were divided into two groups: with local recurrence and without local recurrence. These were then compared by demographic, endoscopic, histologic and immunohistochemistry profiles. Expression of Muc-2, Muc-5a, CD-10, p-53 and ki-67 were analyzed. Mucin expression allowed a reclassification of the well- differentiated gastric cancer in intestinal, gastric, mixed or null phenotypes. The mean follow up was 69.4 months ± 36.5 months. Five-year survival was 84.78%. Seven (15.21%) patients died from other diseases not related to the gastric lesion. Complete resection was possible in 36 cases (76,6%). Predictive factors for incomplete resection were localization (p= 0,035), histologic type (p=0,021), size of the lesion (p= 0,022) and number of fragments resected (p= 0,013). In the multivariate statistical analysis, the undifferentiated histologic type (OR= 0,8; IC (95%)= 0,036-0.897) and piece-meal resection (OR=7,34; IC (95%) = 1.266-42.629) were independent risk factors for incomplete resection. On the other hand, in the complete resection group, it was noted that lesions >2cm were more frequently resected in piece-meal fashion (p=0,018). Local recurrence occured in 9 cases (group I) (25%). The cap technique was the only predictive factor for local recurrence (5/7 cases - 71,4%, p=0,006). In the group of patients with histopathologic criteria for cure, the demographic (gender, age and race), endoscopic (macroscopic classification, localization, total number of resected fragments, EMR technique) and histopathologic findings (size of the tumor and depth of invasionm1, m2,m3), p-53 and ki-67 expressions did not correlate with neoplastic recurrence. Muc-5a marker was expressed in 80%(4/5) of the cases in group I and in 15.4% (12/13) of the cases in group II (p=0,026). The mixed phenotype (Muc-2 and Muc- 5a positive) was found in 80%(4/5) of the cases of group I and the intestinal type (Muc-2 positive and Muc-5a negative) in 76.9% (10/13) of group II (p=0,004). In conclusion, the undifferentiated adenocarcinoma and piece-meal resection were independent risk factors for incomplete resection. The cap technique for EMR was related to local recurrence after complete resection. Larger lesions are usually resected in more than one fragment. The expression of Muc-5a and the mixed phenotype of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma were related to a higher probability of local recurrence after EMR of early gastric lesions considered cured by the endoscopic intervention.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Apesar da reconhecida eficácia da escleroterapia e da ligadura elástica no controle de hemorragia por varizes, os resultados do tratamento endoscópico em pacientes Child-Pugh classe C continuam pobres. O objetivo deste estudo retrospectivo foi descrever os resultados da injeção do adesivo tecidual N-butil-2-cianoacrilato no controle de episódios agudos de ruptura de varizes esofágicas em pacientes classe C Child-Pugh. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo realizado em um único centro. De setembro de 2004 a janeiro de 2010, 63 pacientes cirróticos classe C de Child-Pugh foram admitidos na sala de emergência com episódio de hemorragia por varizes de esôfago. Todos foram tratados por injeção de cianoacrilato. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: Child-Pugh classe C com pontuações de 10 a 13 (Grupo I) e pacientes com escores de 14 ou 15 (Grupo II). As variáveis estudadas foram falha em controlar o sangramento (até cinco dias) e incapacidade de evitar ressangramento e mortalidade. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste do qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Sessenta e três pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, 50 do sexo masculino e 13 do sexo feminino, com idade média de 49 anos, faixa de 22-74. Os pacientes dos dois grupos (Grupo I = 50 pacientes e Grupo II = 13 pacientes) tinham características semelhantes. Quase 75% dos pacientes tiveram sucesso em controlar o sangramento nos primeiros cinco dias. Não houve diferença entre os grupos. Tampouco se evidenciou diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação às taxas de mortalidade até cinco dias (Grupo I = 20%; Grupo II = 38,5%). Trinta e quatro (54%) dos 63 pacientes apresentaram-se livres de sangramento até seis semanas, com diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos (Grupo I = 32 de 50, 64%; Grupo II = dois de 13, 15,4%; p < 0,001). A taxa de mortalidade global foi de 44,4 %, com diferença importante entre os dois grupos (Grupo I = 17 de 50, 34%; Grupo II = 11 de 13, 84,6%, p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados suportam a visão de que a injeção de cianoacrilato é uma boa opção no controle do sangramento por varizes esofágicas em pacientes Child-Pugh classe C. Além disso, os resultados sugerem que, para pacientes Child-Pugh classe C com pontuação baixa (10-13), a injeção de cianoacrilato pode ser considerada tratamento de primeira linha / BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Despite the recognized efficacy of sclerotherapy and elastic band ligation in controlling variceal hemorrhage, the results of endoscopic treatment in Child-Pugh class C patients remain poor. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the results of the injection of tissue adhesive N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate in controlling acute episodes of rupturing of esophageal varices in Child-Pugh class C patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study carried out in a single center. From September 2004 to January 2010, 63 Child-Pugh class C cirrhotic patients were admitted to the emergency room with an acute episode of esophageal variceal bleeding. They were all treated by injection of cyanoacrylate. The patients were divided in two groups: Child-Pugh class C scores from 10 to 13 (Group I) and patients scoring 14 or 15 (Group II). Studied variables were initial failure in control bleeding (five days), failure to prevent re-bleeding and mortality. Data was analyzed by chi-square test. RESULTS: Sixty three patients were included in the study, 50 male and 13 female, mean age 49 years, range 22-74. The patients in the two groups (Group I = 50 patients and Group B = 13 patients) had similar characteristics. Almost 75% of the patients had success in controlling the bleeding in the first five days, with no difference between the groups. Neither there were no statistically differences between the groups related to the mortality rates until five days either (Group I = 20 %; Group II = 38,5 %). Thirty four (54%) of the 63 patients were found free of bleeding until six weeks, with statistically differences between the two groups (Group I = 32 of 50, 64%; Group II = two of 13, 15,4%; p < 0,001). The overall mortality rate was 44,4%, with important difference between the two groups (Group I=seventeen of 50, 34 %; Group II = 11 of 13, 84,6%; p<0,001). CONCLUSION: These findings support the view that cyanoacrylate injection is a good option to control esophageal variceal bleeding in Child-Pugh class C patients. Furthermore, the results suggest that for patients Child-Pugh class C with low score (10-13), cyanoacrylate injection may be considered first line treatment