No description available.

No description available.

政府採購向來金額龐大，以民國 103 年為例，該年度機關辦理逾 10 萬元之採購決標總金額為 1 兆 1367 億餘元，同年度中央政府總預算歲出合計為 1 兆 9162 億餘元，政府採購金額約為總預算歲出的 60%，故就政府採購所制定之法規範具有實務上之重要性。復因政府之採購金額龐大，政府之採購偏好足以影響經濟運作與競爭秩序，因此各國政府經常藉以達成特定政策目標。 　　我國政府採購法第 96 條訂有採購環境保護產品之特別規定，環境保護在國家政策中、甚至國際社會中向來為重要議題，民國 90 年起，行政院核定實施之「機關綠色採購推動方案」、國家永續發展委員會提出之「台灣二十一世紀議程國家永續發展願景與策略綱領」和「永續發展政策綱領」等政策方案，都希望藉由政府採購達成環境保護的目標，我國簽屬之「政府採購協定」（Agreement on Government Procurement）亦於 2012 年修訂環境保護相關條款，然而我國政府採購「環保」之成效卻十分有限，同樣以民國 103 年為例，該年政府採購納入環境考量之比例，約僅為政府採購總金額的 0.5%、總預算歲出的 0.3%。因此，本論文嘗試探討我國政府採購納入環境考量之現行法規，是否符合憲法誡命、或是否存有更佳的立法方式，以回應國內政策的需求、並善盡國際義務。 　　本論文以憲法就環境保護和經濟秩序之規定探討為始，界定立法者具體化相關法令規定之立法形成界限，復以此為前理解，檢視現行規範是否妥適，初步認為政府採購法第 96 條之相關子法，有不當限縮環境保護範圍之嫌，因而手段不足以落實國家對環境的保護義務，可能係實務上納入環境考量比例不足的原因之一；因此以綠色政府採購（Green Public Procurement）成效顯著、且為「政府採購協定」修訂環境保護相關條款之原始提案國──即歐洲聯盟為研究對象，探討其政府採購法制設計，作為我國法制修正之參考。 　　本論文參酌歐洲聯盟採購法制，認為我國應放寬政府採購納入環境考量的範圍、增加可資運用之手段、於採購時計算產品生命週期費用並妥適運用環境標誌與宣告，進而提出初步修法解決之框架建議，以期環境保護能夠確切、妥適地於政府採購中落實。 / Government procurement has been constantly adopted as a policy tool in many countries for its profound effect on a nation’s economic performance and market competition. Legislation concerning government procurement becomes therefore important. According to Article 96 of Taiwan’s Government Procurement Act and other related regulations, procuring entities subjected to those provisions may provide preference to environmentally friendly products. Furthermore, as the Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) was revised and come into force in 2014, it suggested that environment protection can be promoted via government procurement. As a consequence, the Executive Yuan formulated several policies to enhance environmentally friendly procurement. Nevertheless, such policies were not as effective as expected. Official statistics show that as government procurement value accounted for 60% of annual expenditures in 2014, the adoption and promotion of environment protection in that value merely accounted for 0.5%. Recognizing the problem, the thesis raises two questions: Is current legislation concerning environment protection in government procurement in accordance with the Constitution? Is there any better way to legislate? To begin with, the thesis first discusses the Constitution’s stipulation of environment protection and economic system to figure out the limit of legislative discretion. Secondly, by reviewing current legislation based on such limit, the thesis finds that neither the definition of “environment protection” nor the methods of priority procurement are appropriate. The thesis hence concludes that such inappropriateness of current legislation may be one of the reasons why those policies did not work out. Last but not least, the thesis has done a comparative study on government procurement legislation of the European Union (EU) to see how legislation in Taiwan may improve. While it is the first party to propose to amend the GPA by adding environment protection into the provisions, EU has also achieved remarkably in “Green Public Procurement” (GPP). In conclusion, the thesis has the following legislative suggestions: First, redefine “environment protection” in the Government Procurement Act and other related regulations. Second, add additional ways in current legislation for procuring entities to better adopt and promote of environment protection in government procurement, including using life-cycle costing and eco-labels.

L’évolution du droit international contemporain conduit souvent à poser la question de sa fragmentation. L’existence, dans le droit de la mer, d’une double approche, universelle et régionale, contribue à alimenter ce débat.La présente recherche s’intéresse aux relations, en termes d’interactions, que l’universalisme et le régionalisme entretiennent dans le droit de la mer. Elle tente plus précisément d’en comprendre les mécanismes et les enjeux.Dans un premier temps, l’étude est consacrée à l’analyse des interactions normatives et institutionnelles. Il est observé que le dédoublement de l’ordre des mers est plus apparent que réel, universalisme et régionalisme étant engagés dans des relations montrant leur entrelacement.Dans une seconde phase, l’analyse se tourne vers l’impact de ces interactions, non seulement sur les approches universelle et régionale, mais également sur l’ordre des mers. Il apparaît, en effet, que les relations entre ces deux dynamiques influencent décisivement la gouvernance des espaces marins dans leur ensemble. C’est ce dont rendent compte tant la création que l’application effective des règles chargées d'assurer cette gouvernance internationale. / The evolution of contemporary international law often leads to the question of its fragmentation. The presence, in the Law of the Sea, of both a universal and a regional approach contributes towards nourishing this debate.The present research focuses on the relationships, in terms of interaction, between universalism and regionalism within the Law of the Sea. It attempts especially to understand the mechanisms of these interactions and their stakes.At first, the study is devoted to the analysis of normative and institutional interactions. One can observes that the cleavage of the legal order of the seas is more apparent than real, since universalism and regionalism are engaged in relationships showing their intertwining nature.Secondly, the study is turned towards the impact of these interactions, not only on the universal and regional approaches, but also on the legal order of the Sea. Indeed, it appears that the relations between these two components of the Law of the Sea, influence in a decisive way the governance of the oceans as a whole. This influence can be seen in the creation as well as in the effective application of the rules of this international governance.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:32:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao kharen t.pdf: 424366 bytes, checksum: 132d3e1c31f3805a2aebd2752bb74780 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-29 / The Unit of Conservation (UCs) has been seen as an important instrument to protect biodiversity and the natural resources. However, it´s necessary to combine this protection with human presence and its need of economical, social and cultural development. The most indicated way of ensuring the envolvement and participation of the society in discussions related to the UCs is through the implementation of Management Councils. Nevertheless, it can be seen in Goiás, and in other estates of the country, the lack of efficiency of these councils, which are stuck on paper, managing to follow the rules. Out of paper, the discussed and carried out actions are still insignificant. This research aimed to make analizes of the active management efficiency through the action of management councils of Conservation Units, having the Advisory Council of the Environment Protection Area (APA) of João Leite as the subject of study. The methodology used here consisted of analising the criation and introduction process of management councils of Conservation Units in Goiás and of the existing bibliographic documents on the matter, aiming to understand its social, economical, and supporting structure, as well as the criation, introduction and management of its Council. The results show that the Council of APA of João Leite has a GOOD level of efficiency according to the pattern of efficiency test of the active management in units of conservation. The criation stage of the management council was classified as GREAT, and the implementation one as GOOD, having shown as critical aspects the patterns concerning to the items 8 (population participation); 11 (requests/discussions sent to the council); 13 (existence of management plans); 15 (administration plans usage); 18 (technical staff formation); 19 (council member condition) and 20 (communication level between the institution and society). / As Unidades de Conservação (UCs) têm se mostrado um importante instrumento para proteção da biodiversidade e dos recursos naturais. Entretanto, é necessário conciliar essa proteção com a presença humana e sua necessidade de desenvolvimento econômico, social e cultural. A maneira encontrada para assegurar o envolvimento e a participação da sociedade nas discussões relacionadas com as UCs é através da implementação de conselhos gestores. Contudo, observa-se em Goiás, e em outros estados da federação, a falta de efetividade desses conselhos que funcionam apenas no papel, tentando cumprir a legislação. Na prática, as ações discutidas e executadas ainda são insignificantes. A presente pesquisa objetiva analisar a efetividade da gestão participativa por meio da atuação de conselhos gestores de unidades de conservação, tendo como estudo de caso o Conselho Consultivo da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) do João Leite. A metodologia utilizada consistiu na análise do processo de criação e implantação de conselhos gestores de unidades de conservação em Goiás e da documentação bibliográfica existente sobre a área de estudo visando compreender sua configuração física e socioeconômica, bem como o processo de criação, implantação e gestão de seu conselho consultivo. Os resultados demonstraram que o conselho consultivo da APA do João Leite possui grau de efetividade BOM de acordo com a matriz para verificação da efetividade da gestão participativa em unidades de conservação. A fase de criação do conselho consultivo foi classificada como ÓTIMA e a fase de implementação foi classificada como BOA, tendo apresentado como pontos críticos os parâmetros relativos aos itens 8 (participação da sociedade civil); 11 (demandas/discussões encaminhadas ao conselho); 13 (existência de planos de gestão); 15 (aplicabilidade dos planos de gestão); 18 (capacitação para equipe técnica); 19 (capacitação para os membros do conselho) e 20 (grau de comunicação entre o órgão gestor e a sociedade).

No description available.

由微笑曲線理論(施振榮1992年提出)知道企業應該朝高附加價值領域發展，而其中上游智財權(Intelligent Property)、知識經濟(Knowledge Economics)是我國OEM、ODM製造業將生產基地移到大陸後，為避免國內產業空洞化，必須在國內深耕的核心競爭力領域。要強化智財權、知識經濟則必須強化產品研發與創新能力，而產品研發與創新能力的提升必須藉助良好的「協同產品研發生命週期管理解決方案」(Collaborative product development lifecycle management solution) ；但是此解決方案尚在發展初期，不論企業或是個人對於它皆了解不夠，也不知如何利用此解決方案來提升產品研發能力。 因此本研究透過文獻的收集與探討，整理出PLM(Product Lifecycle Management)解決方案的定義、演進，並對PLM解決方案的架構進行探討，再針對市場上PLM解決方案系統廠商所提供的PLM系統產品進行說明，讓有意導入PLM解決方案的公司企業可以參考。另外由於知識管理可以讓PLM系統所收集的產品資料與產品研發經驗與知識得以分享、流通與再創造與加值，因此對於知識管理(Knowledge Management)與PLM的關係進行探討。2003年歐盟立法通過兩大環保法規—WEEE(Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment)及RoHS(Restriction of Hazardous Substances)，要求製造廠商從設計開始即需考慮整個產品生命週期的環境保護觀念，此法規讓產品生命週期觀念有了具體的落實實施，因此本研究亦對綠色環保法規與PLM解決方案的關係進行探討與說明。 本研究為協助企業在導入PLM解決方案前，能夠深入了解PLM解決方案，因此以個案研究方式深入分析個案公司在協同研發產品生命週期中所面臨的問題，並針對這些問題提出PLM系統解決方案的建構策略，也提出PLM系統整合應用架構做為PLM企業策略方法施行的基礎；此PLM系統整合應用架構的特色包括以產品為核心，重視人員、流程及產品資訊；涵蓋從產品觀念的構思開始一直到產品生命結束為止的全生命期間的管理與支援；支援涵蓋跨部門、客戶、設計夥伴與供應夥伴等跨企業間的協同合作。並說明此整合應用架構在協同產品研發生命週期管理中的運作情境，最後再對導入PLM系統解決方案提出規劃重點與想法。 本研究在研究過程中有底下幾點重要發現，特別整理如下： 一、 因為綠色環保法規的規定而使得產品生命週期觀念能落實執行。 二、 PLM是一種企業策略方法，要成功導入必須從人員、流程、資訊科技三方面同時規劃。 三、 由於PLM系統架構的定義不同，且PLM系統廠商所提供的PLM系統解決方案亦有不同功能，企業必須根據自己的需求選擇適當的解決方案。 四、 PLM理念一直不斷變化與延伸，PLM系統已成為製造業不可或缺的系統。 對於後續研究者，本研究建議的未來研究方向如下： 一、 建議對於導入PLM要如何進行變革管理進行研究。 二、 建議對於如何利用知識管理來協助研發創新進行研究。 三、 建議對於PLM解決方案所帶來的協同產品研發績效的影響進行研究。 / Referring to the Smiling Curve Theory (Shih Chen-Rong, 1992), it is realized that enterprise should gradually lead the “High Value-Added” concept to its management system. Since recent years, Taiwan local OEM and ODM factories widely moved their production base to Mainland China, and so in order to avoid domestic industries being emptied, “Intelligent Property” and “Knowledge Economics” must be cultivated deep into our country. On the other hand, prior to strengthen Intelligent Property and Knowledge Economics, the premise is to strengthen the competency of Product Development and Product Innovation. In addition, to enhance the competency of Product Development and Product Innovation must follow by good “Collaborative product development lifecycle management solution”. However, the solution is still at initiation phase, therefore so far as now, either the enterprises or the individuals are not acquainted with it, and also do not know well how to utilize the solution to reinforce the Product Development competency. By means of the concept mentioned above, literatures are collected and investigated by this study to work up the definition and evolution of PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) Solution. In advance, the framework of PLM solution is discussed; and the PLM system, provided by supplier, is introduced by this research as well, in order to allow businessmen, who would like to lead PLM Solution into their organizations, to adopt them as a reference for developing their enterprises. Moreover, considering of that Knowledge Management enables the experience and knowledge of Product Development and Product Information, collected by PLM system, to be shared, circulated, recreated and value-added, the relation between Knowledge Management and PLM system is examined in this study. Also, the relation between the legislated rules of Green Environmental Protection and PLM Solution is researched and reported in response to the two regulations of WEEE (Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment) and RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances), which were legislated by European Union (EU) in 2003. In accordance with the two statutes, manufacturers are requested to think of the concept of environmental protection for the entire Product Lifecycle, starting from product design begins. For the sake of assisting enterprises in understanding deeply about the PLM Solution, before introducing it into their organization, “case study” access is therefore adopted by the study to analyze in deep the problems on “Collaborative product development lifecycle management solution”, which might be incurred in each individual case. In line with the problems, a constructional strategy for PLM system as well as a framework of the application and integration of PLM system are proposed as a base of executing business strategic approach. Characteristics of the framework of the application and integration of PLM system include “strategic core by product”; “to value personnel, operation flow and product information”; “to manage and support the entire lifecycle from product concept to product lifespan being ended”; “the support covers collaboration between the divisions, customers, designing coworkers, suppliers. In addition, the running situation of this framework, which runs under the “Collaborative product development lifecycle management solution” is presented in the study. In the final part of the research, the key-points and strategies are presented for the proposal of introducing PLM systemic solution. During the researching process, some important conceptions are discovered, and are summarized as follow: 1. Owing to the rules of Green Environmental Protection is legislated, it therefore enables the concept of product lifecycle be executed accurately. 2. PLM is a business strategic approach, so to introduce into enterprise successfully must through a proposal with the factors of personnel, operation flow and information technology simultaneously. 3. Since PLM system has varied system as well as different solution function from different suppliers, enterprises should choose a proper PLM systemic solution based on actual needs. 4. PLM concept varies and extends consecutively, so today PLM has become to the only system for option. Hereunder suggestions from researcher to the latter in future as the researching direction reference. 1. Suggest proceeding study with how to run Reformation Management after the adoption of PLM system. 2. Suggest proceeding study with how to utilize Knowledge Management for assisting in developing innovation. 3. Suggest proceeding study with the subject of “Influence on the results of collaborative product development by PLM systemic solution”.

In der Zusammenfassung der Tagung werden die behandelten Themen sowie wichtige Sprecher kurz vorgestellt. Themen sind Innovation im Bergbau, Nachhaltigkeit im Bergbau (New Climate Economy), Aufarbeitung von Halden und Tailings und Industrie 4.0 im chilenischen Bergbau sowie technologische Neuerungen. Wesentliche Kooperationsprojekte werden genannt. Das Deutsch-Chilenische Rohstoffforum wurde durch das „Kompetenzzentrum Bergbau und Rohstoffe“ der Deutsch-Chilenischen Industrie- und Handelskammer inhaltlich vorbereitet. / In the summary the topics of the meeting and important speakers are listed and shortly presented. Topics are the efficency of resources, environmental aspects, secondary mining and human resources in the mining industry of Chile. Technological innovations of the mining industry are also in the focus of the meeting. Some projects for cooperation are introduced. The German-Chilean Raw Materials Forum was organized by the „Kompetenzzentrum Bergbau und Rohstoffe“ of the Deutsch-Chilenische Industrie- und Handelskammer.

Débutée par l’étude des règles communautaires engendrées par le naufrage de l’Erika, la présente recherche s’est affinée autour de la relation entre sécurité maritime et protection du milieu marin tout en s’enrichissant de l’observation des règles internationales. Dès lors, l’idée retenue fut d’étudier la collision entre deux éléments ni équivalents, ni complètement différents et de voir ce que ce « big-bang » juridique avait pu provoquer.La première partie envisagera le renouvellement de la fonction de sécurité maritime autour de la finalité de protection du milieu marin. En effet, vers le milieu du XXème siècle, l’apparition des préoccupations environnementales vient déséquilibrer la répartition classique des compétences entre l’Etat du pavillon et l’Etat côtier. La liberté, principe fondateur de l’ordre des mers, se transforme pour s’adapter aux réalités de la protection du milieu marin. Elle devient alors le principe d’utilisation durable de la mer, nouvelle clé de la répartition des souverainetés en mer. Une forme de gouvernance environnementale de la sécurité maritime paraît se constituer autour de l’Organisation maritime internationale et de l’Union européenneLa seconde partie permettra de mettre en lumière la redéfinition de l’espace normatif de sécurité maritime au prisme de l’objectif de prévention des pollutions. A l’origine, les règles de sécurité maritime avaient pour but de protéger l’entreprise maritime contre les dangers de la mer. Désormais, il s’agit de protéger la biosphère pour sauvegarder l’humanité et ses générations futures. C’est pourquoi la sécurité maritime classique, devenue insuffisante, évolue vers une notion plus moderne, « environnementale ». / Begun with the study of the European Union rules engendered by the wreck of Erika, the present research was refined around the relation between marine safety and marine environment protection while growing rich of the observation of the international rules. From then on, the idea was to study the collision between two elements neither equivalents, nor completely different and to see what this legal "big-bang" had provoke.The first part will envisage the renewal of the function of marine safety around the purpose of marine environment protection. Indeed, by the middle of the XXth century, the appearance of the environmental concerns comes to destabilize the classic distribution of the skills between the flag State and the coastal State. The freedom, founding principle of the order of seas, has been transformed to adapt itself to the realities of the marine environment protection. It becomes then the principle of sustainable use of the sea, the new key of the distribution of sovereignties on the sea. A shape of environmental governance of the maritime safety appears to establish around the International Maritime Organization and the European Union.The second part will allow to bring to light the redefining of the normative space of maritime safety in the prism of the objective of prevention of the pollutions. Originally, the regulations of marine safety aimed at protecting the sailormen against the dangers of the sea. Henceforth, it is today a question of protecting the biosphere, the humanity and its future generations. That is why the classic marine safety, become insufficient, evolves towards a more modern, " environmental " notion.