De nouveaux hydroxydes doubles lamellaires (LDHs) contenant des entités oxométallates (Mo, W) intercalées ont été préparés et caractérisés par diffraction des rayons X (DRX), analyse chimique, spectroscopie infrarouge (IR) et EXAFS. Dans les deux cas, des anions M2072- (M = Mo, W) constitués de deux tétraèdres à sommet commun, sont intercalés. L'évolution structurale des phases LDHs contenant des ions oxométallates libres dans l'espace interfeuillet, traitées thermiquement jusqu'à 800'C, a été étudiée. Il a ainsi été montré que les anions oxométallates se greffent à deux feuillets adjacents au voisinage de 200'C. Le comportement thermique de phases contenant des anions carbonate intercalés a également été appréhendé par DRX in et ex situ, spectroscopie IR, analyse chimique et thermogravimétrie couplée à la spectrométrie de masse. Il a été mis en évidence un mono-greffage des anions carbonate aux feuillets. L'intercalation et l'oligomérisation d'anions acrylate dans les LDHs ont également été réalisées. Des différences, de comportement sont observées selon la nature de l'ion substituant du nickel (Fe, Co ou Mn) dans les feuillets. Dans le cas du fer, la phase contenant les monomères intercalés a pu être isolée et caractérisée, alors que dans le cas du cobalt et du manganèse, une polymérisation spontanée, simultanément à l'intercalation dans la matrice, a été observées. Les macromolécules polymérisées in situ ont été extraites par échange anionique, dérivatisées en poly(acrylate de méthyle) et analysées par chromatographie d'exclusion stérique.

Les matériaux cages sont intéressants, entre autres, parce qu'ils offrent différentes possibilités de dopage : en plus du dopage par substitution, on peut avoir un dopage endoèdre ou exoèdre selon la localisation du dopant à l'intérieur ou l'extérieur de la cage. Nous avons étudié expérimentalement (notamment par spectroscopie Raman, absorption X et diffraction X) et théoriquement (simulations ab initio dans le formalisme de la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité) le cas de plusieurs matériaux nanostructurés à base de cages covalentes : le C60 et les clathrates de silicium. Nous montrons comment le dopage peut permettre d'obtenir des structures exotiques, avec de nouvelles liaisons chimiques et de modifier ainsi les propriétés électroniques, structurales, etc. d'un matériau. Par ailleurs, la notion de dopage elle-même est discutée, puisqu'un fort dopage peut donner naissance à des matériaux nouveaux aux propriétés originales.

<p>This thesis is a summary of five papers with focus on adsorption processes of various monocarboxylates and aminocarboxylates at the water/goethite interface. Interaction of organic acids at the water/mineral interfaces are of importance in biogeochemical processes, since such processes have potential to alter mobility and bioavailability of the acids and metal ions.</p><p>In order to determine the coordination chemistry of acetate, benzoate, cyclohexanecarboxylate, sarcosine, MIDA (methyliminediacetic acid), EDDA (ethylenediamine-N,N’-diacetic acid) and EDTA (ethylenediamine-N,N’-tetraacetic acid) upon adsorption to the goethite (alpha-FeOOH) surface, a combination of quantitative measurements with attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was utilized.</p><p>Over the pH range studied here (pH 3- 9) all ligands, except for sarcosine, have been found to form surface complexes with goethite. In general, theses were characterized as outer sphere surface complexes i.e. with no direct interaction with surface Fe(III) metal ions. Furthermore, two types of different outer-sphere complexes were identified, the solvent-surface hydration-separated ion pair, and hydration-shared ion pair. For the monocarboxylate surface complexes distinction between these two could be made. At high pH values the solvent-surface hydration-separated ion pair was the predominating complex, while at low pH the surface complex is stabilized through the formation of strong hydrogen bonds with the goethite surface. However, it was not possible to clearly separate between the two outer-sphere complexes for coordination of the aminocarboxylates with the surface of goethite. Additionally, EDDA also formed an inner-sphere surface complex at high pH values. The EDDA molecule was suggested to coordinate to the surface by forming a five membered ring with an iron at the goethite surface, through the amine and carboxylate groups.</p><p>Contrary to the other ligands studied, EDTA significantly induced dissolution of goethite. Some of the dissolved iron, in the form of the highly stable FeEDTA- solution complex, was indicated to re-adsorb to the mineral surface as a ternary complex. Similar ternary surface complexes were also found in the Ga(III)EDTA/goethite system, and quantitative and spectroscopic studies on adsorption of Ga(III) in presence and absence of EDTA showed that EDTA considerably effects speciation of gallium at goethite surface.</p><p>The collective results in this thesis show that the affinity of these ligands for the surface of goethite is primarily governed by their chemical composition and structure, and especially important are the types, numbers and relative position of functional groups within the molecular structure.</p>

Ce travail présente, dans trois systèmes différents, l'étude de nouveaux oxydes à structures incommensurables. Le composé $Ba_6Mn_{24}O_{48}$ ($Ba_{0.25}MnO_2$) possède une structure constituée par une charpente d'octaèdres $MnO_6$ dont l'arrangement définit des tunnels de type rutile, hollandite et des tunnels plus larges appelés "double barrelled". Les phénomènes d'incommensurabilité et de diffusion diffuse rencontrés dans ce composé sont décrits et expliqués par la distribution particulière des baryum dans les tunnels hollandite et "double barrelled". L'existence d'oxydes à structures lamellaires désaccordées est démontrée avec les composés de formulation $A'_{\alpha}[(AO)_{\frac{1+x}{2}}]_n(CoO_2)$. Ils sont construits sur la succession, selon un axe d'empilement, de (n-1) couches [AO] de type $NaCl$ et d'une couche hexagonale d'octaèdres $CoO_6$ joints par les arêtes. La transition entre ces deux couches est assurée par un élément de post-transition A'. Des termes n=2, avec $A'=Tl$ ou $Hg/Pb$ et des termes n=3 avec $A'=Bi$ ont été isolés. Dans les deux cas, le cation $A$ est $Sr$ et/ou $Ca$. Les composés ($Ba_{2-3x}Bi_{3x-}$)($Fe_{2x}Bi_{1-2x}$)$O_{3-\delta}$ ($x\in$[1/3, 1/2]), dérivés de la pérovskite, présentent des structures modulées de symétrie quadratique pour $x>0.4$. En utilisant le formalisme des groupes de superespace, une étude par analyse Rietveld montre que c'est la c\oe xistence sur le m\^{e}me site A pérovskite des cations $Ba$ et $Bi$ qui est responsable du phénomène d'incommensurablité observé. La structure magnétique de ces composés, déterminée par diffraction neutronique, est de type antiferromagnétique avec ferromagnétisme faible.

<p>In the first part of this work, the influence of hydrogen on the structural and magnetic properties of Fe/V(001) superlattices was studied. The local structure of the vanadium-hydride layers was determined by extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements. The magnetic ordering in a weakly coupled Fe/V(001) superlattice was investigated using the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). The interlayer exchange coupling is weakened upon alloying with hydrogen and a phase with short-range magnetic order was observed.</p><p>The second part is concerned with first-principles calculations of magnetic materials, with a focus on magnetic recording applications. The uniaxial magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) of Fe, Co, and Ni was calculated for tetragonal and trigonal structures. Based on an analysis of the electronic states of tetragonal Fe and Co at the center of the Brillouin zone, tetragonal Fe-Co alloys were proposed as a material that combines a large uniaxial MAE with a large saturation magnetization. This was confirmed by experimental studies on (Fe,Co)/Pt superlattices. The large uniaxial MAE of L1₀ FePt is caused by the large spin-orbit interaction on the Pt sites in connection with a strong hybridization between Fe and Pt. Furthermore, it was shown that the uniaxial MAE can be increased by alloying the Fe sublattice with Mn. The combination of the high-moment rare-earth (RE) metals with the high-<i>T</i>_C 3<i>d</i> transition metals in RE/Cr/Fe multilayers (RE = Gd, Tb, Dy) gives rise to a strong ferromagnetic effective exchange interaction between the Fe layers and the RE layer. The MAE of hcp Gd was found to have two principal contributions, namely the dipole interaction of the large localized 4<i>f</i> spins and the band electron magnetic anisotropy due to the spin-orbit interaction. The peculiar temperature dependence of the easy axis of magnetization was reproduced on a qualitative level.</p>

Les catalyseurs hétérogènes sont des matériaux complexes dont les structures peuvent être modifiées en cours de fonctionnement. Une meilleure compréhension des relations entre propriétés catalytiques et propriétés structurales est nécessaire pour répondre à de nouveaux enjeux environnementaux et économiques. Seules les caractérisations in situ résolues dans le temps i.e. dans des conditions réelles, permettent d'apporter ces informations. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à la caractérisation operando par spectroscopie d'absorption des rayons X (XAS) résolue dans le temps de deux types de catalyseurs hétérogènes : les catalyseurs Fischer-Tropsch et les catalyseurs d'hydrodésulfuration. Si ces catalyseurs sont connus depuis de nombreuses années, peu de caractérisations sont réalisées in situ ou operando au cours de la réaction.Etant données leurs conditions réactionnelles (haute température et haute pression), la mise en œuvre de ces caractérisations a nécessité tout d'abord la construction des outils nécessaires à la caractérisation in situ de catalyseurs hétérogènes sous haute pression de gaz. Ensuite, nous avons réuni un ensemble cohérent de techniques de caractérisation autour du catalyseur Fischer-Tropsch afin de permettre son étude structurale à différentes échelles : l'ordre local avec le Quick-EXAFS et l'ordre à grande distance avec la diffraction des rayons X. Afin d'observer l'effet de la forme cristalline de la phase active sur les propriétés catalytiques, nous avons pour un même catalyseur, activé selon deux voies d'activation, quantifié son activité au moyen de la spectroscopie Raman et la spectrométrie de masse. D'autre part, la caractérisation simultanée de deux centres métalliques, accessible par le dispositif QEXAFS installé sur la ligne de lumière SAMBA, a permis d'obtenir une description fine des processus d'activation des catalyseurs bimétalliques d'hydrodésulfuration. Notre étude s'est portée, sur la comparaison de catalyseurs de même formulation avec des prétraitements différents (séché/calciné) et de deux catalyseurs promus par des métaux différents : le cobalt et le nickel.

Co-doped ZnO (ZnO:Co) thin film with room temperature ferromagnetism and spin polarized carriers is one of the advance materials and highly applicable in future development in spintronics. When ZnO:Co films deposited by a £_ growth method in a ion sputtering system, low solubility of Co (3.75%) limits further applications such that a single-guns sputtering thin film growth technique is employed in this study to outreach this limitation. A ZnO:Co bulk with 5 at% of Co was formed by a solid reaction method and used as a target. ZnO:Co films were grown in a single-gun RF sputtering system. However, all films grown at room temperature were insulator which might because sufficient oxygen content in the target and the negative charge of oxygen ion moving toward substrate making the films of full oxygen content. In this study, the post annealing in vacuum environment and the deposition of films in hydrogenation environment are conducted to try to produce various level of oxygen vacancies in the films for understanding the interplay between the oxygen vacancies and the electric transport and magnetic coupling. The present experiment contains two parts: (1) grow films with various thicknesses by controlling deposition time and then applying post annealing process, and (2) grow the films in oxygen reduced environment by introducing hydrogen during growth and taking out partial oxygen content in the plasma and the films. In the first part, the grain sizes of the films are near constant while the crystal quality is improved with the thickness of films. The worse crystal quality of grains, the better the electric transport and the stronger the magnetic coupling after post annealing processes. This indicates that the electric transport and magnetic coupling could be improved when the thin films was formed by crystals with certain disordering and contained a certain level of oxygen vacancies. In the second part, the introduced hydrogen may combine with the oxygen sputtered out from the target before deposition on substrates. It means that the films are grown in oxygen deficient conditions and result in various degrees of oxygen vacancies. Zn clusters precipitate in films when the concentration of hydrogen is over 20%, and at the meantime, they increase the conductivity and suppress the magnetic coupling in the films. These discoveries provide new perspective in understand the electric transport and ferromagnetism mechanics in DMS materials.

In the course of these investigations altogether 18 different compounds have been synthesized and their chemical, structural and physical properties were characterized (XRD, XANES, IR, Raman spectrum, magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity, low temperature and TG/DTA). Up to now only nitridonickelates and nitridocuprates were known to exhibit exclusively low oxidation states of the transition metals between 0 and +2. In this work it has been presented that also nitridocobaltates belong to this group. We have proved that “Ca3CoIIIN3” do not exist and the real chemical formula can be regarded as Ca5[CoIN2]2. In the thesis another seven new nitridocobaltates(I) have been described, these add to four already known structures. Among novel phases only Ba9Ca[Co2N3]3 may indicate higher valency state for cobalt with the [Co2N3]5- complexes. The XANES data supporting CoII state by comparison with other compounds possess this oxidation state. The crystal structure of Ba9Ca[Co2N3]3 is related to the perovskite type structure. The remarkable structural features of Sr2[CoN2]0.72[CN2]0.28 ≈ Sr6[CoN2]2[CN2] nitridocobaltates [CoIN2]5- ions partially substituted by carbodiimides [N=C=N]2- ions. Up to now in the crystal structure no indications for a homogeneity range could be observed. Both crystal structures of (Sr6N)[CoN2][CN2]2 and Sr6[CoN2]2[CN2] encompass nitridocobaltate [CoN2]5- and carbodiimide [N=C=N]2- ions. In the structures distorted rocksalt motif based on Sr-N partial structure can be distinguished. Up to now in the system AE-Fe-N-(C) only four crystal structures were reported and in the thesis three new were refined Sr8[FeIIIN3]2[FeIIN2], Sr3[FeN3] and (Sr6N)[FeN2][CN2]2 and their physical properties were characterized. The system AE-Mn-N-(C) via this work was extended by Sr8[MnN3]3 and Sr4[MnN3][CN2]. Up to date the only nitridometalate containing different transition elements is Ba[Ni1-xCuxN]. In this work one more mixed nitridometalate has been described Sr8[MnIIIN3]2[FeIIN2]. The crystal structure of Sr4[MnN3][CN2] revealed some weak diffuse scattering lines. The general formula of Sr4[MnN3][CN2] can be written as Sr4[Mn0.96N2.90][C0.96N2] to emphasize possible homogeneity range. Any explanation of the phenomena and establishment of possible homogeneity range are still a challenge. The structures of Sr8[MIIIN3]2[FeIIN2] (M = Mn, Fe) are related to Sr8[MnIVN3]2[MnIIIN3]. All these compounds are first mixed-valency compounds for respective systems and exhibit close relation to crystal structures of Sr3[MN3] (M = Mn, Fe). From the XANES data alike behaviour of all structures containing Mn was observed. Due to some possible degree of Mn/Fe mixing in the crystal structure of Sr8[MIIIN3]2[FeIIN2] the chemical formula might be written as Sr8[MnN3]2-x[FeN3]x[FeN2]. This needs to be investigate in details. Up to now in the literature the only crystallographic data of nitridometalates contain [NCN]2- ions include two compounds. In this work four novel nitridometalate carbodiimides and cyanamides Sr4[MnN3][CN2], (Sr6N)[MN2][CN2]2 (M = Co, Fe) and Sr6[CoN2]2[CN2] have been synthesized. Predominant magnetic properties in the investigated nitridometalates are connected to some antiferromagnetic M-M interactions supported by AFM ordering. The electrical resistivity often shows at some semi-conducting character of these compounds. XANES spectroscopy provided many useful data about valency states of the transition elements, coordination environment around absorbing atoms and electronic structure. The influence of different parameters on the transition metals K-edges was studied in details. IR and Raman give general data about [NCN]2- ions.

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) frequently occur in the deep granitic rock aquifers at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (Äspö HRL), Sweden. The new SRB strain Desulfovibrio äspöensis could be iso-lated. The objective of this project was to explore the basic interaction mechanisms of uranium, curium, neptunium and plutonium with cells of D. äspöensis DSM 10631T. The cells of D. äspöensis were successfully cultivated under anaerobic conditions as well in an optimized bicarbonate-buffered mineral medium as on solid medium at 22 °C. To study the interaction of D. äspöensis with the actinides, the cells were grown to the mid-exponential phase (four days). The collected biomass was usually 1.0±0.2 gdry weight/L. The purity of the used bacterial cultures was verified using microscopic techniques and by applying the Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Enzyme Analysis (ARDREA). The interaction experiments with the actinides showed that the cells are able to remove all four actinides from the surrounding solution. The amount of removed actinide and the interaction mechanism varied among the different actinides. The main U(VI) removal occurred after the first 24 h. The contact time, pH and [U(VI)]initial influence the U removal efficiency. The presence of uranium caused a damaging of the cell membranes. TEM revealed an accumulation of U inside the bacterial cell. D. äspöensis are able to form U(IV). A complex interaction mechanism takes place consisting of biosorption, bioreduction and bioaccumulation. Neptunium interacts in a similar way. The experimental findings are indicating a stronger interaction with uranium compared to neptunium. The results obtained with 242Pu indicate the ability of the cells of D. äspöensis to accumulate and to reduce Pu(VI) from a solution containing Pu(VI) and Pu(IV)-polymers. In the case of curium at a much lower metal concentration of 3x10-7 M, a pure biosorption of Cm(III) on the cell envelope forming an inner-sphere surface complex most likely with organic phosphate groups was detected. To summarize, the strength of the interaction of D. äspöensis with the selected actinides at pH 5 and actinide concentrations ≥10 mg/L ([Cm] 0.07 mg/L) follows the pattern: Cm > U > Pu >> Np.

Les ferroélectriques relaxeurs se caractérisent par un large pic de permittivité en fonction de la température, dépendant de la fréquence du champ de mesure. Ce comportement est généralement attribué à la présence de régions polaires de taille nanométrique. L'un des enjeux expérimentaux est la détermination de la nature structurale de ces régions, nécessitant entre autres l'utilisation de sondes de la structure locale. L'objet de ce travail est l'étude de la structure locale dans les pérovskites relaxeurs BaTi1-xZrxO3 (0.25 ≤ x ≤ 0.50), présentant une substitution isovalente Ti4+/Zr4+. Les techniques expérimentales utilisées sont l'absorption des rayons X (EXAFS et XANES) et la détermination de la fonction de distribution de paires par diffusion totale des neutrons. Les déplacements des cations Ti4+ et Zr4+ dans leur cage d'oxygènes ont pu être déterminés. Le principal résultat est que les cations Ti4+ jouent un rôle majeur dans la polarisation locale des relaxeurs BaTi1-xZrxO3. Par ailleurs, il est montré que la déformation des octaèdres ZrO6 dépend directement de la répartition locale des Ti et des Zr dans la solution solide.