The Rohingya, an ethnic minority group that traditionally have lived in Rakhine State, Myanmar, are facing severe structural discrimination from the Myanmar state. Rohingya women and girls have experienced horrific acts of gender-based violence from the Myanmar army in Rakhine State before they fled to Bangladesh and the refugee camps in Cox Bazar area. In these refugee camps gender-based violence continues to be widespread, much like other refugee camps in other parts of the world. Rohingya women and girls are vulnerable because of their gender, refugee status and ethnic affiliation. In addition they become even more vulnerable because family and community structures have broken down. These intersecting vulnerabilities make them exposed to gender-based violence from a number of different perpetrators. In addition these intersecting vulnerabilities lead to a lack of access to sexual and reproductive health services. Overall the humanitarian organisations operating in Cox Bazar did not manage to deliver these sexual and reproductive health services to the amount of Rohingya women and girls that needed them. Although gender-based violence was identified to be widespread in the refugee camps preventive measures were few. The unequal power relationships are identified as an underpinning reason for gender-based violence. In addition, the underlying causes of gender-based violence are connected with beliefs, norms, attitudes and structures that promote and/or tolerate gender-based discrimination and unequal power relationships.

Bakgrund: Organisationer och företag står inför flera utmaningar vad gäller anpassning till den snabba utveckling som sker i dagens samhälle. Det är vitalt för företag som befinner sig inom snabbföränderliga branscher att agera snabbt och effektivt för att ligga i framkant inom sitt specifika område. Syfte: Denna studie har för avsikt att forma en förståelse kring hur relationen mellan stabilitet och förändring ter sig i ett innovativt företag, vilka befinner sig i en snabbföränderlig miljö. Vidare ämnar studien att bidra med djupare insikter kring balansen mellan organisatorisk stabilitet och kortsiktiga innovationsprocesser samt medarbetares syn på denna balans. Metod: Studien har anammat en kvalitativ ansats där insamling av empiri genomförts genom tolv intervjuer med anställda på olika nivåer inom den undersökta organisationen. Slutsats: Studien visar att den undersökta organisationen bibehåller en stabilitet genom arbetsuppgifter som bygger på rutiner, erfarenheter och vanor. Det går att finna skillnader i hur de anställda uppfattar relationen mellan stabilitet och förändring, där olika perspektiv finns på lednings- och medarbetarnivå. / Background: Organizations and companies face several challenges regarding adaptation to the rapid development that is taking place in today's society. It is vital for companies that are in fast-changing industries to act quickly and efficiently to stay at the forefront of their specific area. Purpose: This study intends to form an understanding of how the relationship between stability and change occurs in an innovative company, which work within a rapidly changing environment. Furthermore, the study intends to contribute deeper insights into the balance between organizational stability and short-term innovation processes as well as employees' views on this balance. Method: The study has embraced a qualitative approach where empirical gathering was conducted through twelve interviews with employees at different levels within the investigated organization. Conclusion: The study shows that the surveyed organization maintains stability through work based on routines, experiences and habits. Differences can be found in how employees perceive the relationship between stability and change, with different perspectives at management level and employee level.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:07:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 homem_tpd_me_bauru.pdf: 3557697 bytes, checksum: a1fa6fe9ed118fd4c4f8be6400b6d78f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O Brasil é o maior produtor de cana-de-açúcar do mundo. Mas, existe uma grande preocupação com o sistema de colheita utilizado nesta cultura, pois é prática comum a colheita manual com a pré-queima do palhiço. Autoridades brasileiras têm aprovado leis proibindo a queimada nos canaviais. Entretanto, a colheita mecanizada, com cana-de-açúcar crua, cria novos problemas com a permanência do resíduo no solo. Assim, muitos estudos têm sido propostos para o uso deste resíduo para geração de energia. A maior dificuldade no uso desta biomassa está no custo de coletar e transferir o resíduo, do campo para o centro de processamento. Para análise da viabilidade deste sistema há a necessidade de um estudo do balanço de energia envolvido, devido ao grande número de maquinário utilizado no processo. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar modelos matemáticos que auxiliem na escolha das variedades de cana-de-açúcar a serem implantadas, de forma a minimizar o custo de coleta da biomassa residual e avaliar o balanço de energia gerado, adicionado restrições sobre a produção de sacarose e limitações da área para plantio e considerando as distâncias entre os talhões e o centro de processamento. Para isto, técnicas de programação linear e inteira 0-1 foram utilizadas. A busca de soluções para problemas de programação inteira com grande número de variáveis e restrições é de difícil resolução, mas os resultados apresentados mostram que a utilização d eum procedimento híbrido envolvendo o método Primal-Dual de Pontos Interiores e o método Branch and Bound promove uma boa performance computacional, apresentando soluções confiáveis. Assim, o uso deste procedimento é viável para o auxílio na seleção de variedades, otimizando o custo do uso da biomassa residual de colheita ou o balanço de geração de energia / It is that Brazil is the world's largest sugar cane producer. But there is great concern about the harvesting system used in this culture, because it is a common practice to burn the straw before the barvest. Brazilian authorities have approved laws prohibiting the burning in the sugar cane fields. However, with mechanized harvesting of sugar cane raw creates new problems with the accumulation of the waste biomass in the ground. Many studies have been proposed to use this waste for energy generation. The greatest difficulty to use this biomass is in the cost of collect and transfer the residues from the field to the the processing center. To analyze the feasibility of this system, it is necessary a study of the involved energy balance, because of the large number of machines in the process. The aim of this study is to investigate mathematical models that help on choosing varieties of sugar cane to be planted, to minimize the cost of collect of residual biomass and to analyze the balance of power generated, adding restrictions on the production on the production of sucrose and limitations on the area for planting and considering the distances among the plots the processing center. To this, techniques of 0-1 integer linear programming were used. The search for solutions to integer programming problems with many variables and constraints its very hard, but the results show that the use of a hybrid procedure involving the Primal-Dual Interior Point method and Branch and Bound method promotes good performance computing, with reliable solutions. Thus, the use of this procedure is feasible to help on select of varieties, optimizing the cost of collect of the waste biomass or the the balance of power generation

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1112901 bytes, checksum: 6263de1e85a1b32b1df759be0640023c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Sexual and commercial explotation of children and adolescents is a social phenomenon which, nowadays, has found vast regulation in Brazilian law. According to the article 244-A of Child and Adolescent Statute and the article 218-B of Brazilian Penal Code it is considered a crime the conduct of submitting or favoring children and adolescents to prostitution or other forms of exploitation. However, there is a great controversy both in terms of doctrine and jurisprudence from the Brazilian Court of Justice in relation to establishing if the criminal responsibility in these cases would not only be upon the agents and allucers who intermediate the sexual practice, as ponces and ruffians, but if it would also extend to those users who, without the intermediation of others, keep sexual contact with children and adolescents who are included in a context of prostitution. Thus, the object of this study consists in the analyses of the criminal responsibility of the violations related to sexual exploitation of prostituted children and adolescents. Our aim is to understand the present mainstream legal argument in the jurisprudence of Brazilian Superior Court of Justice in order to establish the extent of the penal norm as well as the criminal responsibility of the agents involved. The understanding of the factors which favor the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents, such as social inequality, sexual mercantilization and the asymmetrical genders relationships in our society are presented as important instruments for analyses of the legal argument in the scope of the courts as well as for the strength of the child and adolescent protection system in this country. This research has an empirical nature and has been based on a legislation and specialized literature review about this theme. / A exploração sexual comercial de crianças e adolescentes é um fenômeno social que encontra atualmente no sistema jurídico brasileiro intensa repressão no campo normativo, sendo considerada crime a conduta de submeter ou favorecer crianças e adolescentes à prostituição ou outra forma de exploração, conforme estabelecem os art. 244-A do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente e o art. 218-B do Código Penal Brasileiro. Entretanto, existe uma grande controvérsia tanto no âmbito da doutrina quanto na jurisprudência dos Tribunais de Justiça do país em relação a estabelecer se a responsabilização criminal nestes casos recairia tão somente aos agenciadores e aliciadores que intermediam a prática sexual, como cafetões e rufiões, mas se também se estenderia àqueles usuários que, sem a intermediação de terceiros, mantêm contatos sexuais com crianças e adolescentes inseridas em um contexto de prostituição. Neste cenário, estariam crianças e adolescentes protegidas pela tutela da norma penal? Assim, o objeto de estudo deste trabalho consiste na análise da responsabilização criminal nos delitos relacionados à exploração sexual de crianças e adolescentes em situação de prostituição. Busca-se compreender a orientação jurídica que atualmente prevalece na jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça STJ para se estabelecer o alcance da norma penal e a responsabilização criminal dos agentes envolvidos. A compreensão dos fatores que favorecem a exploração sexual de crianças e adolescentes, dentre os quais as desigualdades sociais, a mercantilização do sexo e as relações assimétricas de gênero na sociedade, se apresentam como importantes instrumentos para análise do posicionamento jurídico no âmbito dos tribunais, como também para o fortalecimento do sistema de proteção de crianças e adolescentes no país. Esta pesquisa é de caráter empírico, sendo realizada a partir da revisão da legislação e da literatura especializada sobre o tema.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:24:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1289391 bytes, checksum: e421be314d054f56ef8fb47ca4b67dc9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This is a study of the productive relations in the sugarcane industry of Paraiba, in this century, emphasizing the ways to realize there holding of capital accumulation to analyze the changes arising from the restructuring of productive capital, from the year 1980, to check how they express themselves in work and life of workers of that key production to the Brazilian economy. This dissertation deals with the formatting and rearrangements triggered by the sugar cane agroindustrial capital in recent years, which are expressed within the territorial and productive and have greatly reflected in the dynamic work that develops in this segment. In the current scenario, we are faced with opening up new areas of expansion of this activity monoculture of capitalist markedly, we look for seizing and understanding the processes of exploitation of labor, embodied mainly in the sugar cane agribusiness. Also pay attention to the intensification of the precariousness of working conditions, housing and workers' lives, subject of those proceedings, under the excesses of capital, which changes in techniques of cultivation of sugarcane, not impacting on the working conditions of sugar cane. For these, the only significant change is the level of work intensification. The following text aims to show, albeit minimally, as they have been given the working relationship in the biofuels industry in general and seeks to verify the specifics of these relationships in the Northeast region of Paraíba. / Trata-se de um estudo sobre as relações produtivas na agroindústria canavieira paraibana, neste século XXI, enfatizando as formas de exploração que ali dão conta da acumulação capitalista Analisam-se as transformações decorrentes da reestruturação produtiva do capital, a partir dos anos 1980, a fim de verificar como as mesmas se expressam no trabalho e na vida dos trabalhadores dessa produção fundamental à economia brasileira. Esta dissertação trata dos rearranjos e das formatações desencadeadas pelo capital agroindustrial canavieiro, nos últimos anos, que se expressam no âmbito territorial e produtivo e têm repercutido sobremaneira na dinâmica do trabalho que se desenvolve nesse segmento. No cenário atual, em que nos deparamos com a abertura de novas frentes de expansão dessa atividade de monocultora, de caráter marcadamente capitalista, atentamos para a apreensão e compreensão dos processos de exploração do trabalho, materializados, principalmente mediante as formas de salário empregadas no agronegócio canavieiro. Atentamos também para a intensificação da precariedade das condições de trabalho, moradia e vida dos trabalhadores, sujeitos desses processos, sob os desmandos do capital, cujas mudanças ocorridas nas técnicas de cultura e aproveitamento da cana não repercutem nas suas condições de trabalho e vida, sobretudo nas dos canavieiros. Para estes, a única mudança significativa são os níveis de intensificação do trabalho. O texto que segue procura mostrar, ainda que minimamente, como têm se dado as relações de trabalho no setor sucroalcooleiro em geral e busca verificar as especificidades dessas relações no Nordeste paraibano.

A implantação de grandes projetos nas amazônias apresenta dinâmicas territoriais marcadas por conflitos socioambientais e prejuízos às comunidades locais. No município de Juruti-Pará, a exploração de bauxita, pela mineradora ALCOA, não foge à regra histórica da territorialização dos grandes empreendimentos em detrimento dos territórios abrigos das comunidades, ainda que se tenha detectado um grande esforço da mineradora para minimizar os efeitos do conflito socioambiental por ela gerado. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o conflito socioambiental e a (re)organização territorial do Projeto Agroextrativista Juruti Velho. A metodologia aplicada aproximou dois campos de ação, o primeiro vinculado às reminiscências do autor e o segundo assentado na investigação com âncoras teóricas e metodológicas bem definidas. A fusão desses dois campos de ação se fez presente em todas as fases de sua construção: elaboração inicial e construção do projeto para submeter ao exame de qualificação e, finalmente, a tese. Da referida fusão, houve a formulação da questãoproblema, ou seja: como o conflito socioambiental influencia na (re)organização territorial de comunidades ribeirinhas do PAE Juruti Velho, a partir da instalação e operação do Projeto Mina de Bauxita de Juruti? Tendo em mente que o processo compulsório de transformação do território abrigo em território recurso, pela ALCOA, no PAE Juruti Velho é a expressão maior do conflito socioambiental envolvendo vários atores e relações. Nesse sentido, ao longo da pesquisa foram identificados atores, relações e ambientes em que se realizam tal conflito. Nessa perspectiva, a maioria dos entrevistados declarou sua insatisfação em relação à atuação da mineradora no município. Essa condição pode ser um indicador importante para abrir um novo canal de diálogo, no qual se possa repensar e requalificar o padrão de exploração mineral hoje em atuação no município, caso seja o desejo das partes envolvidas no conflito. Este trabalho também verificou que a maioria das pessoas envolvidas na pesquisa não se manifesta contrária à implantação do projeto de extração de bauxita, pois acredita ser importante para a economia regional. Todavia, questiona a forma de atuação da mineradora, que não criou oportunidades econômicas para todos, como prometido por ela no momento de sua implantação, gerando um forte sentimento de frustração entre os diversos atores sociais locais. Dessa maneira, a pesquisa pôde concluir que a maior parte dos questionamentos realizados localmente se refere ao modo como a mineradora ALCOA opera em Juruti e não à exploração da bauxita em si. / The implementation of large projects in the Amazonias has induced to territorial dynamics that are stressed by socio-environmental conflicts which bring significant consequences to local communities. The exploitation of bauxite by the ALCOA mining company in the município of Juruti - that is located on the furthermost west of Pará state – does not differ from the historical process of territorialisation of large enterprises that work in detriment of communities’ territory-place. This has been done in spite of the mining company effort to minimise the effects of its activities in the município of Juturi. The research aim is to analyse the socio-environmental conflicts and the new territorial organisation of the Old Juruti Agroextraction Project [Projeto Agroextrativista Juruti Velho]. The research methodology adopted took two action streams. The first stream was linked to the author reminiscences about the place where the research was taken. The second stream was based on the research theory and methodology defined during the PhD process. The linkage between the two action streams took place during all the thesis phases: the project first draft, the final project, qualification exam submission and finally the thesis writing. From the linkage between the two streams the research question was changed to “how do socio-environment conflicts influence on territory new organisation of the ribeirinhos (people who live by the rivers) communities of the Old Juruti Agro-extraction Project from the implementation and operation of the Juruti Bauxite Mining Project? The author always took in his mind that the compulsory transformation of the territory from territory-place to territory-resource carried out by the ALCOA in the Old Juruti Agro-extraction Project is the major expression of the socio-environment conflicts that involve local and external social actors and their relationships. Then, it was identified during the research process the actors, relationships and environments where the conflicts have taken place. In this way, the most of the interviewed stated their disappointment about the mining company actions in the município. This may be a main indicator for opening a new canal for a dialogue in order to rethink and to qualify a new pattern of mineral exploitation to contrast to actual model carrying out in the município and region - if it is a desire of the parts involved in the conflicts -. The research also identified that the most of interviewed do not declare they are against the implementation of the bauxite extraction project once they believe that the project is essential to the regional economy. However, they make questions about the mining company form of action once it did not create economic opportunities for everyone as it was promised during the time of the project implementation. It has making a considerable feeling of frustration for the different local social actors. Then, the research concludes that the most disappointment at local level is linked to the way which the ALCOA mining company works in Juruti and not to the bauxite exploitation itself.

The region I´ve chosen for my diploma thesis is situated on the border of Poberounská and Czech-Moravian system of geomorphological unit Bohemian Massif. It used to be one of the richest uranium mining district of Příbram region, and it is characterized by geological structure of central-Bohemian plutonium within the geological complex Bohemian Massif. On the contiguity of it there is found vast hydrothermal uranium deposit. This deposit is divided into 9 panels ? Třebsko, Kamenná, Lešetice, Brod, Jeruzalém, Háje, Svatá Hora, Bytíz, Skalka and Obořiště, which belong to the Příbram district. The town Příbram is famous for its long-standing mining tradition not only of polymetalic but above all of uranium ores. This tradition achieved the great success of world standards in the second half of the 20th century. There was revealed a lot of hydrothermal dikes containing requested uranite (black blende, nasturan) after the Second World War. This raw material was heading to Soviet Union. Uranium mining works initiated its epoch in 1949 and regular mining activities finished by the closing of the last shaft in 1991. In all the period of time there was mined 50200, 8 tones of uranium ore. Uranium deposit in Příbram can also take pride in the deepest shaft No. 16 with the depth of 1838, 4 m which is the shaft No. 16. In connection with the mining there was formed the life of local people and also the life of people from all Czechoslovakia who were setting off to seek a living there. Today all the shafts are closed and deluged in a natural way. In certain area of the deposit has been built cavern gas reservoir. No other mining will be possible in the future. The state enterprise Diamo realizes revitalization works on former mining panels and monitors the value of surrounding environment.

This Diploma theses is dealing with the creation of general current list of reserves, production, consumption and trade of each energy raw material with a view to fossil fuel. The introduction of my work is applied to general reflection reflecting present state of fuel issue. The following chapters are talking about the aims of my work, the literature analysis and the methodology. After the introductory part there are particular chapters talking about crude oil, gas and coal. All these parts of work are dividend into the subchapters containing general introduction that describes each energy raw material. This work brings the inttegrated current data of mined fuel material organized into the synoptic tables. These tables are completed with schematic graphs. The assembled tables determine the list of the biggest international producers, consumers, shippers and importers of each strategic energy commodity. The conclusion of study belongs to the summary of determined aims of work and the outline of importance of fuels in the present-day world.

An extensive review of research and policy literature revealed that links are made between: going missing and forced marriage; going missing and child sexual exploitation; and forced marriage and child sexual exploitation. However, despite these overlaps, no links are made between all three issues. Given that some South Asian young women will run away from home in order to avoid being forced into marriage and that young people who run away or go missing from home are at risk of, or abused, through child sexual exploitation a research proposition was developed on the basis that a three way link was theoretically possible. A case study methodology was developed to test the research proposition. Eight cases were identified in which South Asian young people (under 18 years of age) had experienced some combination of all three issues. However, the pattern identified within the research proposition was not the ‘final explanation’. Analysis of the research findings revealed that variation existed within the pattern proposed. Moreover, a second pattern was identified in which forced marriage emerged as a parental response to young people who were already being sexually exploited and going missing in this context. The patterns identified were confirmed through analysis of interviews undertaken with twelve subject experts (key informants) and resonated with a specifically selected group of nine young people who were presented with a composite case study during focus group discussion. I argue that awareness of patterns linking all three issues will help practitioners to identify and respond appropriately to cases where the issues of going missing, forced marriage and child sexual exploitation overlap. That said the complexity of the cases highlighted risks associated with overlooking diversities: social divisions related to age, gender, ethnicity, class, sexuality and disability were explored to see how they shaped the young people’s experiences. This process revealed that they were located within complex axes of power which then intersected with social systems, including family, community and public institutions. As a consequence, young people lacked relational support and had limited access to safe accommodation and economic resources. This resulted in some young people making attempts to try and self-manage the competing harms that they were facing. The practitioners who supported the young people highlighted the challenges involved in working with them. Analysis of practitioners’ accounts further revealed how power dynamics within multi-agency working arrangements also impacted their efforts to respond to the needs of young people. Through testing the research proposition, I addressed a recognised need for more focused research into the issue of going missing as it relates to young people from different ethnic backgrounds (Berelowitz et al. 2012; Berelowitz et al., 2013; OCC, 2012; Patel, 1994; Safe on the Streets Research Team, 1999; Stein et al. 1994) as well as furthering knowledge about how child sexual exploitation is experienced by young people from black and minority ethnic (BME) communities (Chase & Statham, 2004; CEOP, 2011b; Jago et al., 2011; Berelowitz et al., 2013; Thiara & Gill, 2010; Kelly, 2013; Ward & Patel, 2006). The development of a typology of patterns linking going missing, forced marriage and child sexual exploitation provides a unique contribution to the scholarly literature.

La explotación sexual comercial es una actividad constante y extendida en varias partes del Amazonía peruana. en los alre- dedores del puerto fluvial de Pucallpa, en la región ucayali, esa práctica aparece sistemáticamente: las adolescentes que atienden las precarias tabernas alrededor del puerto y aquellas dedicadas a las labores de cocina en los campamentos madereros son víctimas de explotación constante, y muchas de ellas también de trata de personas. este artículo se dirige a reconstruir la trayectoria de vida y el ciclo de reproducción de las formas de explotación en una muestra de veinte mujeres, y se concentra en: (i) la evidencia de formas de explotación estacionales; (ii) la trayectoria de vida de estas mujeres que muestra pasos en una cadena de explotación de varias etapas y en diferentes áreas de trabajo; (iii) en ese contexto, la explotación sexual y la trata parecen no ser fenómenos permanentes sino estar concentrados en un momento de la trayectoria y detenerse con la maternidad, entre los 19 y 25 años, y (iv) con la maternidad y el asentamiento matrilocal, las hijas e hijos repitenel ciclo y reproducen la cadena. / The commercial sexual exploitation is a constant activity in the Peruvian Amazon. Around the river port of Pucallpa in ucayali region, the practice appears systematically: teenage attend taverns around the port, and those dedicated to the work of cooking camps logging, are victims of constant exploitation and many also of trafficking. this article aims to reconstruct the path of life and reproductive cycle of the forms of exploitation in a sample of 20 women, and focuses on: (i) evidence of seasonal forms of exploitation; (ii) the path of life of these women showing steps in a chain holding several stages and in different work areas; (iii) in this context, sexual exploitation and trafficking are not permanent phenomena, are concentrated in one point in the path and stopped to motherhood, between 19 and 25 years; (iv) with motherhood and matrilocal settlement, daughters and sons repeat the cycle and reproduce the chain.