The ways that categories of immigration are drawn and standards of successful citizenship are measured in Canadian society influence the ways that people script themselves to appear as worthy immigrant applicants and potential Canadian citizens. For immigrant hopefuls, scripting oneself using the language of immigration and positioning oneself as a deserving and desirable immigrant is crucial for gaining mobility and passage into Canadian society. In my thesis, I explore the literature surrounding processes and concepts like borders, mobility, good citizenship, the ???white standard???, and racialization that serve as foundations and outcomes of scripting ???good??? immigrants and ???successful??? citizenship. I embed the experiences of my informants within an analysis of this literature as well as the processes of immigration outlined by Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC). I find that scripting immigrant categories and citizenship can result in immigrants enacting only a limited Canadianness. Immigrant categories involve restrictive policies that can result in exploitation. I also offer that immigrants may live a double-consciousness through their transnationalism and constituting of ???back home???. The larger hope for this project is to provide an understanding of the processes of scripting that work to make exclusive the right to be Canadian so that the vulnerability and suffering caused by the existence of hierarchies of citizenship can be tackled as a public issue and make for a more inclusive and equitable Canada.

Mémoire (M.E.S.R.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1988. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

No description available.

As empresas alocam seus recursos escassos entre dois processos fundamentais: de criação de valor (ex. inovando, produzindo e entregando produtos ao mercado) e de apropriação de valor (ex. extraindo lucros do mercado). Embora ambos os processos sejam pré-requisito para a vantagem competitiva sustentável, a empresa possui considerável liberdade para decidir qual processo será enfatizado. Configura-se um trade-off estratégico que é representado por uma ênfase estratégica, ou seja, a ênfase relativa que a empresa emprega na apropriação de valor em relação à criação de valor. No entanto, poucas pesquisas exploraram o impacto desse trade-off no desempenho financeiro. Quais são os impactos da mudança da ênfase estratégica (criação de valor versus apropriação de valor) no desempenho financeiro das empresas no contexto brasileiro? Uma métrica de ênfase estratégica baseada nos gastos em P&D (criação de valor) e nos gastos de Marketing (apropriação de valor) foi testada e validada no contexto brasileiro. Em seguida, analisou-se o impacto financeiro deste trade-off por meio de cinco indicadores de desempenho (Retorno da Ação, Giro do Ativo, Margem Líquida, q de Tobin e Crescimento de Vendas) por meio de regressões múltiplas. Adicionalmente o trade-off foi investigado segundo três fatores: o ambiente tecnológico, a rentabilidade prévia e a estratégia do passado. A ênfase estratégica foi validada como indicador que mensura o trade-off entre criação de valor (exploration) e apropriação de valor (exploitation) no contexto brasileiro. Quando a empresa enfatiza mais a apropriação de valor relativamente à criação de valor, maior é o Giro do Ativo e o Crescimento das Vendas. Esses resultados podem ser fruto da administração míope de marketing, ou seja, a ênfase excessiva nos resultados de curto prazo por meio da redução dos investimentos em marketing. Isso não minimiza a relevância do processo de criação de valor, mas evidencia a importância dos mecanismos de isolamento na apropriação de parte do valor criado. Duas características da empresa se revelaram como moderadoras da relação entre a ênfase estratégica e o desempenho financeiro: a estratégia passada e a rentabilidade anterior. A estratégia anterior influencia a ênfase estratégica por meio dos retornos marginais decrescentes. As empresas que mudam sua ênfase estratégica anterior, seja criação de valor ou apropriação de valor, tendem a apresentar retornos superiores (maiores Margem Líquida, Giro do Ativo, Crescimento de Vendas e q de Tobin). Também se identificou que a rentabilidade anterior influencia a estratégia atual da empresa. Se a empresa foi lucrativa, a apropriação de valor é mantida para garantir uma Margem Líquida e um q de Tobin maiores. Por outro lado, as empresas com prejuízo se voltam à criação de valor para fomentar novas oportunidades de ganhos. Por fim, apresentam-se as limitações do estudo com a agenda de pesquisas futuras. / Firms allocate their limited resources between two fundamental processes of creating value (i.e., innovating, producing, and delivering products to the market) and appropriating value (i.e., extracting profits in the marketplace). Although both value creation and value appropriation are required for achieving sustained competitive advantage, a firm has significant latitude in deciding the extent to which it emphasizes one process over the other. There is a strategic trade-off represented by the strategic emphasis: the relative emphasis a firm places on value appropriation relative to value creation. However, few researches have explored the financial impact of this trade-off. What impact does strategic emphasis shift (i.e., emphasis on value creation versus value appropriation) have on firm‟s financial performance in the Brazilian context? A strategic emphasis metric based on the R&D spending (value creation) and on marketing spending (value appropriation) was tested and validated in the Brazilian context. Then, the financial impact of this trade-off was analyzed by five performance metrics (Stock Return, Asset Turnover, Net Margin, Tobin‟s Q and Sales Growth) by multiple regressions. In addition, the trade-off was investigated according three factors: technological environment, previous profitability and past strategy. The strategic emphasis was validated as a metric that measures the trade-off among value creation (exploration) and value appropriation (exploitation) in the Brazilian context. When the firm emphasizes more in value appropriation than the value creation, the Asset Turnover and the Sales Growth are higher. These results may occur because of the myopic marketing management, in other words, an overemphasis on the current term financial performance and the use of marketing tools to inflate current profitability measures. This doesn‟t understate the relevance of the value creation process, but rather highlight the importance of the isolating mechanisms in the appropriation of the part of the value created. Two firm‟s characteristics moderate the relation of strategic emphasis and financial performance: the past strategy and the previous profitability. The past strategy affects the strategic emphasis by the diminishing marginal returns. Firms that change their strategic emphasis (value creation or value appropriation), tend to present superior return (higher Net Margin, Asset Turnover, Sales Growth and Tobin‟s Q). Also the previous profitability influences the current firm‟s strategy. If the firm was profitable, the value appropriation is maintained to guarantee higher Net Margin and Tobin‟s Q. On the other hand, the firms with negative profitability turn to value creation to promote new opportunities of gains. Finally, research limitations and future research agenda is presented.

This article studies the relationship between trafficking for sexual exploitation and prostitution. The study of this relationship will focus on the positions advocating the criminalization of prostitution and/or conduct consumer / customer. This analysis leads us to analyze, first, the crime of trafficking in persons. In this line, we will discuss the issue on the legal right; and its characteristic as complex crime comprising various means, behaviors and purposes. Second, we will approach the four kinds of legislative policies prostitution: reglamentarism, prohibitionist, abolitionist and regulationism. The critical study of these models will allow us to outline a tentative conclusion on the criminalization of prostitution and consumer behavior / customer. / El presente artículo estudia la relación entre la trata con fines de explotación sexual y la prostitución. El estudio de esta relación se focalizará en las posturas que abogan por la criminalización de la prostitución y/o de la conducta del consumidor/cliente. Dicho análisis nos llevará a analizar, en primer lugar, el tipo penal de trata de personas. En esta línea, expondremos la problemática sobre el bien jurídico; y su característica como delito complejo integrado por distintos medios, comportamientos y fines. En segundo lugar, nos aproximaremos a las cuatro clases de políticas legislativas en materia de prostitución: reglamentarismo, prohibicionismo, abolicionismo y regulacionismo. El estudio crítico de estos modelos nos permitirá esbozar una conclusión provisional sobre la criminalización de la prostitución y de la conducta del consumidor/cliente.

L’étude a pour objet d’analyser les rapports qui peuvent être établis entre l’exploitation des hydrocarbures et la protection de l’environnement en République du Congo. Malgré son intitulé, il s’agit d’une étude de droit international, dans laquelle le droit de la mer et surtout le droit international de l’environnement contribuent par leurs règles respectives à limiter les conditions d’exercice des activités d’exploitation des hydrocarbures. C’est – en effet – sous le prisme du développement en droit international et d’une évolution internationale presque continue, que ces rapports, appréciés dans le cadre du droit national congolais, peuvent revêtir leur pleine signification. L’étude fait le constat d’une exclusion mutuelle, pour des raisons qui tiennent à la fois à la priorité nationale reconnue à l’exploitation des hydrocarbures et à la faiblesse encore significative des règles environnementales, telles qu’elles sont transcrites en droit interne. Elle permet de fonder ce constat sur une approche isolée de chacune d’entre elles, qui limite les possibilités d’interaction réciproque. Rendant ces deux régimes peut complémentaires. S’appuyant sur l’exigence soulignée par le CIJ en 1997 d’une conciliation nécessaire entre eux, l’étude montre comment l’émergence en droit international de cette démarche de conciliation est traduite en droit interne sous l’effet de la dynamique du développement durable. Il en résulte, malgré la prudence nécessaire d’un pays en développement, qui ne peut compter pour l’instant que sur cette rente économique et financière, une volonté affirmée par les autorités nationales d’adopter une gestion rationnelle de l’exploitation. À cet égard, l’action positive de la conciliation devient, dans un contexte de crise climatique et de nécessité d’une nouvelle orientation vers la transition énergétique, le vecteur de cette transformation profonde qui doit se concrétiser par une réforme juridique de même ampleur, intégrant la gestion de l’ensemble des ressources énergétiques dans un cadre juridique intégré et favorable à la disparition progressive de ces ressources carbonées et leur remplacement par des énergies plus propres et renouvelables. / The purpose of the study is to analyze the relationships that can be established between the exploitation of hydrocarbons and the protection of the environment in the Republic of Congo. Despite its title, it is a study of international law, in which the law of the sea and especially international environmental law contribute by their respective rules to limit the conditions for the exercise of the activities of exploitation of the hydrocarbons. It is - indeed - under the prism of development in international law and of an almost continuous international evolution, that these relations, appreciated within the framework of the Congolese national law, can take full significance. The study finds a mutual exclusion, for reasons that are due both to the national priority recognized for the exploitation of hydrocarbons and the still significant weakness of environmental rules, as transcribed in domestic law. It makes it possible to base this observation on an isolated approach of each of them, which limits the possibilities of reciprocal interaction. Making these two schemes lowly complement to each other. Based on the requirement emphasized by the ICJ in 1997 of a necessary conciliation between them, the study shows how the emergence in international law of this process of conciliation is translated into domestic law under the effect of the dynamics of the sustainable development. As a result, in spite of the necessary prudence of a developing country, which can only count on this economic and financial rent for the moment, the will of the national authorities to adopt a rational management of the exploitation. In this respect, the positive action of conciliation becomes, in the context of a climate crisis and the need for a new orientation towards the energy transition, the vector of this profound transformation which must be translated into legal reform of the same magnitude. integrating the management of all energy resources into an integrated legal framework favorable to the gradual disappearance of these carbon resources and their replacement by cleaner and renewable energies.

As empresas alocam seus recursos escassos entre dois processos fundamentais: de criação de valor (ex. inovando, produzindo e entregando produtos ao mercado) e de apropriação de valor (ex. extraindo lucros do mercado). Embora ambos os processos sejam pré-requisito para a vantagem competitiva sustentável, a empresa possui considerável liberdade para decidir qual processo será enfatizado. Configura-se um trade-off estratégico que é representado por uma ênfase estratégica, ou seja, a ênfase relativa que a empresa emprega na apropriação de valor em relação à criação de valor. No entanto, poucas pesquisas exploraram o impacto desse trade-off no desempenho financeiro. Quais são os impactos da mudança da ênfase estratégica (criação de valor versus apropriação de valor) no desempenho financeiro das empresas no contexto brasileiro? Uma métrica de ênfase estratégica baseada nos gastos em P&D (criação de valor) e nos gastos de Marketing (apropriação de valor) foi testada e validada no contexto brasileiro. Em seguida, analisou-se o impacto financeiro deste trade-off por meio de cinco indicadores de desempenho (Retorno da Ação, Giro do Ativo, Margem Líquida, q de Tobin e Crescimento de Vendas) por meio de regressões múltiplas. Adicionalmente o trade-off foi investigado segundo três fatores: o ambiente tecnológico, a rentabilidade prévia e a estratégia do passado. A ênfase estratégica foi validada como indicador que mensura o trade-off entre criação de valor (exploration) e apropriação de valor (exploitation) no contexto brasileiro. Quando a empresa enfatiza mais a apropriação de valor relativamente à criação de valor, maior é o Giro do Ativo e o Crescimento das Vendas. Esses resultados podem ser fruto da administração míope de marketing, ou seja, a ênfase excessiva nos resultados de curto prazo por meio da redução dos investimentos em marketing. Isso não minimiza a relevância do processo de criação de valor, mas evidencia a importância dos mecanismos de isolamento na apropriação de parte do valor criado. Duas características da empresa se revelaram como moderadoras da relação entre a ênfase estratégica e o desempenho financeiro: a estratégia passada e a rentabilidade anterior. A estratégia anterior influencia a ênfase estratégica por meio dos retornos marginais decrescentes. As empresas que mudam sua ênfase estratégica anterior, seja criação de valor ou apropriação de valor, tendem a apresentar retornos superiores (maiores Margem Líquida, Giro do Ativo, Crescimento de Vendas e q de Tobin). Também se identificou que a rentabilidade anterior influencia a estratégia atual da empresa. Se a empresa foi lucrativa, a apropriação de valor é mantida para garantir uma Margem Líquida e um q de Tobin maiores. Por outro lado, as empresas com prejuízo se voltam à criação de valor para fomentar novas oportunidades de ganhos. Por fim, apresentam-se as limitações do estudo com a agenda de pesquisas futuras. / Firms allocate their limited resources between two fundamental processes of creating value (i.e., innovating, producing, and delivering products to the market) and appropriating value (i.e., extracting profits in the marketplace). Although both value creation and value appropriation are required for achieving sustained competitive advantage, a firm has significant latitude in deciding the extent to which it emphasizes one process over the other. There is a strategic trade-off represented by the strategic emphasis: the relative emphasis a firm places on value appropriation relative to value creation. However, few researches have explored the financial impact of this trade-off. What impact does strategic emphasis shift (i.e., emphasis on value creation versus value appropriation) have on firm‟s financial performance in the Brazilian context? A strategic emphasis metric based on the R&D spending (value creation) and on marketing spending (value appropriation) was tested and validated in the Brazilian context. Then, the financial impact of this trade-off was analyzed by five performance metrics (Stock Return, Asset Turnover, Net Margin, Tobin‟s Q and Sales Growth) by multiple regressions. In addition, the trade-off was investigated according three factors: technological environment, previous profitability and past strategy. The strategic emphasis was validated as a metric that measures the trade-off among value creation (exploration) and value appropriation (exploitation) in the Brazilian context. When the firm emphasizes more in value appropriation than the value creation, the Asset Turnover and the Sales Growth are higher. These results may occur because of the myopic marketing management, in other words, an overemphasis on the current term financial performance and the use of marketing tools to inflate current profitability measures. This doesn‟t understate the relevance of the value creation process, but rather highlight the importance of the isolating mechanisms in the appropriation of the part of the value created. Two firm‟s characteristics moderate the relation of strategic emphasis and financial performance: the past strategy and the previous profitability. The past strategy affects the strategic emphasis by the diminishing marginal returns. Firms that change their strategic emphasis (value creation or value appropriation), tend to present superior return (higher Net Margin, Asset Turnover, Sales Growth and Tobin‟s Q). Also the previous profitability influences the current firm‟s strategy. If the firm was profitable, the value appropriation is maintained to guarantee higher Net Margin and Tobin‟s Q. On the other hand, the firms with negative profitability turn to value creation to promote new opportunities of gains. Finally, research limitations and future research agenda is presented.

A implantação de grandes projetos nas amazônias apresenta dinâmicas territoriais marcadas por conflitos socioambientais e prejuízos às comunidades locais. No município de Juruti-Pará, a exploração de bauxita, pela mineradora ALCOA, não foge à regra histórica da territorialização dos grandes empreendimentos em detrimento dos territórios abrigos das comunidades, ainda que se tenha detectado um grande esforço da mineradora para minimizar os efeitos do conflito socioambiental por ela gerado. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o conflito socioambiental e a (re)organização territorial do Projeto Agroextrativista Juruti Velho. A metodologia aplicada aproximou dois campos de ação, o primeiro vinculado às reminiscências do autor e o segundo assentado na investigação com âncoras teóricas e metodológicas bem definidas. A fusão desses dois campos de ação se fez presente em todas as fases de sua construção: elaboração inicial e construção do projeto para submeter ao exame de qualificação e, finalmente, a tese. Da referida fusão, houve a formulação da questãoproblema, ou seja: como o conflito socioambiental influencia na (re)organização territorial de comunidades ribeirinhas do PAE Juruti Velho, a partir da instalação e operação do Projeto Mina de Bauxita de Juruti? Tendo em mente que o processo compulsório de transformação do território abrigo em território recurso, pela ALCOA, no PAE Juruti Velho é a expressão maior do conflito socioambiental envolvendo vários atores e relações. Nesse sentido, ao longo da pesquisa foram identificados atores, relações e ambientes em que se realizam tal conflito. Nessa perspectiva, a maioria dos entrevistados declarou sua insatisfação em relação à atuação da mineradora no município. Essa condição pode ser um indicador importante para abrir um novo canal de diálogo, no qual se possa repensar e requalificar o padrão de exploração mineral hoje em atuação no município, caso seja o desejo das partes envolvidas no conflito. Este trabalho também verificou que a maioria das pessoas envolvidas na pesquisa não se manifesta contrária à implantação do projeto de extração de bauxita, pois acredita ser importante para a economia regional. Todavia, questiona a forma de atuação da mineradora, que não criou oportunidades econômicas para todos, como prometido por ela no momento de sua implantação, gerando um forte sentimento de frustração entre os diversos atores sociais locais. Dessa maneira, a pesquisa pôde concluir que a maior parte dos questionamentos realizados localmente se refere ao modo como a mineradora ALCOA opera em Juruti e não à exploração da bauxita em si. / The implementation of large projects in the Amazonias has induced to territorial dynamics that are stressed by socio-environmental conflicts which bring significant consequences to local communities. The exploitation of bauxite by the ALCOA mining company in the município of Juruti - that is located on the furthermost west of Pará state – does not differ from the historical process of territorialisation of large enterprises that work in detriment of communities’ territory-place. This has been done in spite of the mining company effort to minimise the effects of its activities in the município of Juturi. The research aim is to analyse the socio-environmental conflicts and the new territorial organisation of the Old Juruti Agroextraction Project [Projeto Agroextrativista Juruti Velho]. The research methodology adopted took two action streams. The first stream was linked to the author reminiscences about the place where the research was taken. The second stream was based on the research theory and methodology defined during the PhD process. The linkage between the two action streams took place during all the thesis phases: the project first draft, the final project, qualification exam submission and finally the thesis writing. From the linkage between the two streams the research question was changed to “how do socio-environment conflicts influence on territory new organisation of the ribeirinhos (people who live by the rivers) communities of the Old Juruti Agro-extraction Project from the implementation and operation of the Juruti Bauxite Mining Project? The author always took in his mind that the compulsory transformation of the territory from territory-place to territory-resource carried out by the ALCOA in the Old Juruti Agro-extraction Project is the major expression of the socio-environment conflicts that involve local and external social actors and their relationships. Then, it was identified during the research process the actors, relationships and environments where the conflicts have taken place. In this way, the most of the interviewed stated their disappointment about the mining company actions in the município. This may be a main indicator for opening a new canal for a dialogue in order to rethink and to qualify a new pattern of mineral exploitation to contrast to actual model carrying out in the município and region - if it is a desire of the parts involved in the conflicts -. The research also identified that the most of interviewed do not declare they are against the implementation of the bauxite extraction project once they believe that the project is essential to the regional economy. However, they make questions about the mining company form of action once it did not create economic opportunities for everyone as it was promised during the time of the project implementation. It has making a considerable feeling of frustration for the different local social actors. Then, the research concludes that the most disappointment at local level is linked to the way which the ALCOA mining company works in Juruti and not to the bauxite exploitation itself.

The aim of this work is to analyze the factors that contribute to increase the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents in the state of Alagoas and Maceió, both in relation to aspects of macro-structural modernization as compared to the sector modernization in the field of tourism development, giving visibility to institutional silences that block the formulation and implementation of adequate public policies to the monitoring and defense of this population segment. The investigation involves historical analysis, bibliographic search and document analysis for understanding processes related to modernization and its impact on the phenomenon of sex tourism and sexual exploitation of children and adolescents at the federal level and in the State of Alagoas. The research identified problems and gaps in the Tourism Development Program in the Northeast - Prodetur I and II and gaps in the Strategic Plan for Tourism Development in the State of Alagoas for the formulation of structural policies to contain the negative effects of modernization on vulnerable segments of the population, especially children and adolescents. The results of the documentary research presented here are restricted exclusively to the formal content of the analyzed documents. / O objetivo desta dissertação é evidenciar os fatores que concorrem para a proliferação da exploração sexual de crianças e adolescentes no Estado de Alagoas e em Maceió, tanto em relação aos aspectos ligados à modernização macroestrutural como em relação à modernização setorial no campo do desenvolvimento turístico e dar visibilidade aos silêncios institucionais que bloqueiam a formulação e execução de políticas públicas adequadas ao monitoramento e defesa desse segmento populacional. A investigação envolve análise histórica, pesquisa bibliográfica e análise documental de processos relacionados à modernização e seus impactos sobre o fenômeno do turismo sexual e da exploração sexual de crianças e adolescentes no âmbito federal e no Estado de Alagoas. A pesquisa identificou problemas e lacunas nos Programas de Desenvolvimento do Turismo no Nordeste – Prodetur I e II e lacunas no Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento do Turismo no Estado de Alagoas com relação à elaboração de políticas públicas estruturantes para conter os efeitos negativos da modernização sobre segmentos vulneráveis da população, em especial crianças e adolescentes. Os resultados da pesquisa documental aqui apresentados restringem-se exclusivamente ao conteúdo formal dos documentos analisados.

Ce travail de recherche traite des rapports entre le droit de la propriété littéraire et artistique et le principe d'équité, qui permet à chacun des acteurs de la propriété littéraire et artistique : auteur, public, exploitant, de se voir attribuer des prérogatives à sa juste mesure, en faisant en sorte de léser le moins possible les autres acteurs. Les rapports à l'équité sont dans un premier temps étudiés dans le cadre de l'exploitation traditionnelle des droits d'auteur : d'une part par l'intermédiaire des sociétés de gestion collective et d'autre part du fait des contrats d'exploitation portant sur des œuvres. Dans ces cas de figure, l'équité sert de référence dans les relations contractuelles entre l'auteur et l'exploitant. Les rapports à l'équité sont également étudiés dans le cadre du phénomène des œuvres évolutives et des licences libres qui les accompagnent. Les rapports à l'équité sont ensuite étudiés dans le cadre des limitations des droits de l'auteur. Certains de ces limitations font l'objet de compensation, telles les licences légales et les exceptions rémunérées. Les exceptions qui ne font pas l'objet d'une rémunération font l'objet d'une rationalisation. Sont évalués à l'aune de l'équité les moyens de rationalisation d'une part et les exceptions rationalisées du fait de ces moyens d'autre part. L'équité est mesurée dans cette hypothèse entre les prérogatives des ayants droit et celles des bénéficiaires des exceptions. / This PhD thesis deals with the link between the French copyright system and the principle of equity. The French copyright system should allow each of its actors: the author, the public and the manager of the work, to receive attribution pertaining to their role without being overly affected by the other actors' prerogatives. First, we shall study effects on the principle of equity within the framework of traditional exploitation, namely when the author confides the exploitation of his work either to a copyright collecting agency or to a publishing company. Influences on equity will be measured in the nature of the contractual relationship between the author and the copyright manager. Impact on equity will also be studied in cases of open artworks and open licences, such as Copyleft and Creative Commons licences. Next, we shall evaluate the influence on equity within the framework of copyright limitations. These limitations can be offset either by payment – such is the case with legal licences or remunerated exceptions – or by a restriction of their use. Unremunerated exceptions undergo rationalization; we shall examine both the means of rationalization and the rationalized exceptions from a point of view of equity. In the various cases of limitation, the impact on equity will be determined according to the relationship between the copyright owner and the beneficiary of the limitation.