本研究探討我國導入一系列公平價值會計之市場反應，本文分別從市場景氣狀況以及財報品質、盈餘管理及公司治理四個面向檢視資本市場之反應。實證分析顯示，由於公平價值會計的順循環效果，於市場景氣較佳時其異常報酬較高，反之則較低，而金融業順循環效果比一般產業來的強，而財報品質愈差、盈餘管理可能性愈高、公司治理機制愈弱的企業，股票市場對此事件的正向反應愈強，其原因可能為公平價值會計導入將有助於提升財報品質、降低盈餘管理的機會，並減少內外部人資訊不對稱的情況。 本研究結果顯示公平價值會計的採行將有助於財報透明度的提升，避免企業財報隱藏其財報增減值的部分，對投資者是具有效益的，但同時，公平價值會計將財報資訊與市場景氣連結，將造成其財報數值的波動加劇。 / This research from four aspects, business cycle, financial reporting quality, earnings management, and corporate governance, examines that Taiwan stock market reaction to the seventeen events associated with adoption of Fair Value Accounting (FVA). The empirical results reveal that due to Fair Value Accounting’s procyclical effect, when economic is booming the market tends to positively react with FVA and banking industry displays a higher procyclical effect than other industries. The study also finds that with FVA investors tend to have positive reaction on firms’ pre-adoption information with lower financial quality, higher earnings management possibility and weaker corporate governance. The findings suggest that the FVA adaption increased the quality of financial reporting, reduced earning management and decreased information asymmetry. In the meantime, the FVA links financial reporting with business cycle which might aggravate the financial reporting’s fluctuation.

I januari år 2013 införde IASB en ny standard (IFRS 13) med syftet att ge vägledning i hur verkligt värde bör beräknas och redovisas. Förvaltningsfastigheter är ett tillgångsslag som skall redovisas till verkligt värde antingen i värderingssyfte eller i upplysningssyfte. Förvaltningsfastigheter är fastigheter som innehas av ägaren för att generera hyresinkomster och/eller värdestegring. Den här studien syftar till att undersöka hur IFRS 13 har påverkat både värderingen och redovisningen av förvaltningsfastigheter hos svenska fastighetsbolag noterade på OMX Stockholm, Mid & Large Cap. I studien undersöks räkenskapsåren 2011–2014 för att försöka fånga utvecklingen och de förändringar som implementeringen av standarden givit upphov till. Syftet med IASB:s arbete är att harmonisera redovisningen globalt och därmed underlätta jämförelse av och förståelse för redovisning från olika delar av världen. Resultatet från vår studie indikerar att IFRS 13 inte har haft någon större inverkan på redovisningen av förvaltningsfastigheter samt att värderingstekniker och tillvägagångssätt vid värdering inte påverkats överhuvudtaget. Ett tydligt mönster som kan skönjas i studien är att fastighetsbolagen gärna väljer att värdera sina fastigheter baserat på en kassaflödesmodell som bygger på icke observerbara data i form av uppskattningar och egna antaganden. Detta trots att man i första hand skall använda information från tidigare transaktioner från likartade objekt när man uppskattar en förvaltningsfastighets värde. Icke observerbara data är något som bör undvikas i största möjliga utsträckning vid värdering till verkligt värde då det tillhör den lägsta nivån i den värderingshierarki som finns för verkligt värde i IFRS 13. Anledningen till detta är att data på de högre nivåerna (nivå 1&2) bygger på faktiska händelser och transaktioner. Icke observerbara data (nivå 3) bygger på bästa tillgängliga information då marknadsuppgifter från tidigare händelser och transaktioner saknas. För att undersöka hur bolagen har efterföljt IFRS 13 har ett par av upplysningskraven i standarden valts ut. Fastighetsbolagens årsredovisningar har sedan studerats och analyserats med dessa upplysningskrav som utgångspunkt. För att genomföra studien har all väsentlig information från bolagens årsredovisningar för samtliga räkenskapsår (2011-2014) sammanställts och jämförts. Därefter har insamlat material analyserats med hjälp av den teoretiska referensram som ligger till grund för studien. IFRS 13 är principbaserat vilket gör att standarden är öppen för tolkning. Det har medfört att den data som samlats in från fastighetsbolagens årsredovisningar också är öppen för tolkning. Enligt vår mening är det inte alltid en självklarhet exakt vad som krävs för att uppfylla kraven i en principbaserad standard. Enligt vår bedömning följer alla bolag som ingår i studien de upplysningskrav som finns att tillgå i IFRS 13. Hur standarden följs skiljer sig dock en del mellan bolagen. Den största skillnaden sedan införandet av standarden är att bolagen generellt lämnar mer information som rör värdering till verkligt värde. Studien har bidragit till insikt både i vad som påverkar värdering av förvaltningsfastigheter och hur varierande tolkningen av principbaserade standarder kan vara. En standard kan enligt vår studie uppfyllas på fler än ett sätt. / In January 2013 IASB introduced a new standard (IFRS 13) with the intention to give guidance on how to account for and calculate fair value. Investment property is an asset class that must be reported at fair value either for valuation purposes or for disclosure purposes. Investment properties are estates held by the owner to generate rental income and/or increase in value. This study aims at investigate how IFRS 13 has affected both the valuation and accounting of investment properties of Swedish real estate companies listed on OMX Stockholm, Mid & Large Cap. The study examines the fiscal years 2011-2014 in order to try to capture the development and the changes that the implementation of the standard has given rise to. The purpose of the IASB's work is to harmonize the financial reporting globally and thus facilitate comparison of understanding of accounting from different parts of the world. The results of our study indicate that IFRS 13 has not had a major impact on the reporting of investment properties and that valuation techniques and valuation procedures have not been affected at all. An obvious pattern that can be seen in the study is that real estate companies prefer to value their investment properties based on a cash flow model based on unobservable inputs like estimates and own assumptions. This in spite of the fact that information from previous transactions from similar items should be used primarily when estimating the value of an investment property. Unobservable inputs should be avoided to the greatest extent possible when fair value are calculated because it belongs to the lowest level in the hierarchy for fair value in IFRS 13. The reason for this is that data on the higher levels (levels 1&2) are based on actual events and transactions. Unobservable data (Level 3) are based on best available information as market data from past events and transactions are missing. To investigate how companies have applied IFRS 13, a pair of disclosure requirements in the standard have been sorted out. The real estate companies’ annual reports have been studied and analyzed with these disclosure requirements as a root. To complete the study, all essential information from the company's annual reports for all fiscal years (2011–2014) has been compiled and compared. Afterwards, collected material has been analyzed using the theoretical reference frame on which the study is based. Subseque IFRS 13 is principle based, which makes the standard open to interpretation. As a result, the data collected from the annual reports are also open to interpretation. In our opinion, it is not always clear exactly what is required to meet the requirements of a principle-based standard. According to our assessment, all companies included in the study follows the disclosure requirements in IFRS 13. However, the compliance of the standard differs between the companies. The main IV difference since the introduction of the standard is that the companies generally provide more information about fair value measurement. The study has provided insight into both what factors affecting valuation of investment properties and how different interpretation of principle-based standards can be. According to our study, a standard can be met in more than one way.

Submitted by Guilherme Asai (guilherme.asai@gmail.com) on 2014-10-17T11:17:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação ativo biológico.pdf: 1540430 bytes, checksum: ece6ff31761be17ab042789c22ce8c39 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fabiana da Silva Segura (fabiana.segura@fgv.br) on 2014-10-17T11:58:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação ativo biológico.pdf: 1540430 bytes, checksum: ece6ff31761be17ab042789c22ce8c39 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-17T14:53:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação ativo biológico.pdf: 1540430 bytes, checksum: ece6ff31761be17ab042789c22ce8c39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-03 / O conceito de valor justo na agricultura, introduzido com a adoção das normas CPC 29 e IAS 41, entre 2009 e 2010, estabeleceu uma nova forma de mensurar e contabilizar os ativos biológicos. A mensuração dos ativos biológicos passa a ser feita, também, pelo meio do valor presente dos fluxos de caixa que o ativo gerará durante sua vida. Através deste novo panorama, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal propor uma metodologia que permita mensurar o valor justo de qualquer de ativo biológico, aliando conceitos econômicos e agronômicos. Assim, para compor a proposta metodológica do cálculo do valor justo dos ativos biológicos, buscou-se ajustar alguns parâmetros da composição do fluxo de caixa descontado para que o método consiga aferir a situação da planta ou do animal a ser avaliado no local onde eles se encontram. Além dos ajustes propostos no fluxo de caixa, uma avaliação das condições agronômicas dos ativos biológicos foi recomendada, como parte integrante da metodologia de avaliação proposta. Posteriormente, como alvo secundário, testou-se empiricamente a metodologia proposta (em exceção a parte agronômica) com uma avaliação da lavoura de soja. / The ideia of fair value in agriculture, introduced with the adoption of the CPC 29 and IAS 41 standards, between 2009 and 2010, established a new way of measuring and accounting for biological assets. The measurement of biological assets shall be made, likewise, by the present value of cash flows that the asset will generate during its lifetime. Through this new panorama, this paper aims to propose a methodology to measure the fair value of any biological asset, combining economic and agronomic concepts. Therefore, to compose the proposed methodology of calculation of fair value of biological asset, we attempted to adjust some parameters of the discounted cash flow method wherefore the method can measure the condition of the plant or animal to be evaluated at the place where they found. In addition to the proposed adjustments on discounted cash flow method, an evaluation of agronomic conditions of biological assets was recommended as part of the proposed evaluation methodology. Later, as a secondary aim, was to test empirically the proposed methodology (except in the agronomic part) with an assessment of the soybean crop.

The implementation of International Accounting Standard 32 Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation (lAS 32), International Accounting Standard 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement (lAS 39) and International Financial Reporting Standard 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures (IFRS 7) by developing countries has been met with mixed reactions largely due to the extensive use of the fair value concept by the three accounting standards. The use of the fair value concept in developing countries has proved to be a significant challenge due to either a Jack of formal capital market systems or very thinly traded capital markets. This study investigates the obstacles to determining fair values of equity share investments, government bonds and corporate bonds, treasury bills and loan advances in Mozambique. The study was done through a combination of literature review and empirical research using a questionnaire. The trading statistics of the financial instruments on the Mozambique Stock Exchange and the prospectuses of bonds were used. The empirical research was carried out using a type of non-probability sampling technique called purposive sampling. A subcategory of purposive sampling called expert sampling was used to select the eventual sample which was composed of people with specialised knowledge on the capital market system in Mozambique. The results of the empirical research were analysed using pie charts to summarise the responses. The research concluded that the Mozambique Stock Exchange is an inactive market for financial instruments characterised by thin trading in both equity shares and bonds. The estimation of fair values evidenced by observable market transactions is therefore impossible. The absence of credit rating agencies in Mozambique presents a significant challenge in assigning credit risk and pricing financial instruments such as bonds. The research also noted that significant volatility of the main economic indicators such as treasury bills interest rates and inflation made it difficult to determine fair values of financial instruments using financial modelling techniques. Due to the above obstacles to determining fair values of certain financial instruments in Mozambique, the best alternatives are to value these financial instruments at either cost or amortised cost. / Financial Accounting / M. Com. (Accounting)

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar a incidência de impactos econômicos no patrimônio das empresas brasileiras, chinesas e indianas provocados pela mensuração e reconhecimento ao valor justo dos ativos provenientes de Reduções Certificadas de Emissões (RCEs) geradas em seus processos produtivos, com a implementação de projetos de Mecanismos de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDLs), durante o período de 2005 a 2012. Consideraram-se os estímulos oferecidos com as diretrizes do Protocolo de Quioto e a representatividade de implementações de projetos de MDLs da China, da Índia e do Brasil, para apresentar, com base em pesquisas descritiva, analítica e quantitativa, uma proposta de mensuração contábil das RCEs, capaz de evidenciar os fluxos futuros de seus benefícios econômicos, partindo-se do modelo de Ratnatunga, Jones e Balachandran (2011). Para tanto, trabalhou-se com a hipótese de que as RCEs não estão sendo mensuradas ao valor justo enquanto ativo, fato este que tem inviabilizado a evidenciação dos efeitos patrimoniais dos fluxos de caixa futuros. Descreveu-se a teoria da mensuração contábil como suporte ao valor justo; discutiu-se os padrões contábeis existentes nos países mencionados e as principais características que envolvem as adoções das International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) em cada um deles, com foco na mensuração contábil ao valor justo, aceita pelo International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). As orientações contábeis internacionais emanadas para contabilização das RCEs foram apresentadas para analisar o cenário atual de desenvolvimento do tratamento contábil atribuível ao ativo em questão. Assim, detectou-se que a mensuração das RCEs tem sido pouco discutida. Sugeriu-se que com a efetivação do registro dos projetos de MDLs junto ao Conselho Executivo da United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change (UNFCCC), as RCEs passem a ser reconhecidas ao valor justo e como ativos intangíveis desenvolvidos internamente por parte das entidades hospedeiras dos projetos de MDLs, em contrapartida ao Patrimônio Líquido (PL), até o momento de sua realização. A base para mensuração do valor justo proposta foi os valores de mercados ativos. Em função do lapso temporal que estarão gerando benefícios econômicos, realizou-se projeção financeira sobre as quantidades potenciais constantes estimadas de Reduções Esperadas (REs) para todo o período de desenvolvimento das atividades dos projetos, utilizando-se uma taxa Euribor para desconto de seus valores futuros ao presente. De posse dessas variáveis, os valores justos das REs de 31 projetos de MDLs brasileiros, 379 chineses e 318 indianos, foram projetados sobre o valor do PL de 15 empresas brasileiras, 56 chinesas e 183 indianas componentes da amostra da pesquisa, com apoio do teste estatístico não-paramétrico Wilcoxon. Os resultados da pesquisa forneceram indícios de que a mensuração ao valor justo das RCEs, e seu reconhecimento enquanto ativo intangível, poderia ter representado um impacto positivo no grupo de contas patrimoniais das empresas participantes da pesquisa. Assim, a aplicabilidade empírica da mensuração ao valor justo das RCEs embasada em discussões teóricas já existentes, possibilitou a realização de avaliações desse ativo enquanto item patrimonial capaz de gerar efeitos econômicos positivos no patrimônio das entidades localizadas em países em desenvolvimento, durante a primeira fase do Protocolo de Quioto. / This research aimed to identify the incidence of economic impacts on equity of Brazilian, Chinese and Indian companies caused by the measurement and recognition at fair value of the assets from Certified Emission Reductions (CER) generated in their production processes, with the implementation of Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) projects from 2005 to 2012. It was considered the incentives offered to the guidelines of the Kyoto Protocol and the representativeness of CDM projects implementation of China, India and Brazil, to present, based on descriptive, analytical and quantitative research, a proposal for accounting measurement of CER, able to enhance the future flows of its economic benefits, based on the Ratnatunga, Jones and Balachandran (2011) model. Therefore, it worked with the hypothesis that the CER are not measured at fair value as assets, a fact that has made impossible the disclosure of balance sheet effects of future cash flows. It was described the theory of accounting measurement as support at fair value. It was discussed existing accounting standards in those countries and the main characteristics that involve the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in each of them, focusing on accounting measurement at fair value, accepted by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The international accounting guidelines issued for accounting of CER were presented to analyze the current scenario of development of the accounting treatment attributable to the asset. Thus, it was found that the measurement of CERs has been little discussed. It was suggested that with the realization of the registration of CDM projects with the Executive Council of the United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change (UNFCCC), CER start to be recognized at fair value as intangible assets developed internally by the host entities of CDM projects, in contrast to Equity, until the moment of its realization. The basis for measuring fair value proposition was the values of active markets. Depending on the time gap that will generate economic benefits, a financial projection on potential constants estimated quantities of Expected Reductions (ER) for the whole period of development of project activities was carried out, using a Euribor rate to discount their future values to the present. With these variables, the fair values of ER from 31 Brazilian CDM projects, 379 Chinese and 318 Indians were simulated on the value of equity of 15 Brazilian companies, 56 Chinese and 183 Indian components of the survey sample, with test support statistical non-parametric Wilcoxon. The survey results provided evidence that the fair value measurement of CER, and its recognition as an intangible asset, could have represented a positive impact on the group balance sheet accounts of the participating research companies. Thereby, the empirical applicability of the fair value measurement of CER grounded in existing theoretical discussions, made it possible to carry out assessments of this asset as a heritage item capable of generating positive economic effects on equity of entities located in developing countries, during the first stage of the Kyoto Protocol.

Diskontering och nuvärdesberäkning som värderingsmetod har ökat i användning. Acceptansen för värdering till verkliga värden har också ökat och IFRS tillåter i flertalet standarder användning av denna värderingsmetod som, beroende på användning är förknippad med subjektiva inslag. Tidigare forskning uppmärksammar problematiken med diskontering i de avseende att det öppnar upp för subjektivitet och möjligheter för företagsledningen att manipulera resultat och balansräkning. Även om det råder konsensus kring risker med värderingstekniker som innefattar nuvärdesberäkning saknas det, oss veterligen, studier som kartlägger omfattningen av denna värderingsteknik.Mot bakgrund av teorin om informationsasymmetri, earnings management, agentteorin samt de kvalitativa egenskaperna jämförbarhet och tillförlitlighet är studiens syfte att kartlägga användningen av diskontering hos bolag registrerade på NASDAQ Stockholm. Genom att undersöka 268 av 299 företag upptagna på börsen kan vi visa på användningen och utmärkande skillnader mellan företag tillhörande olika storlek och sektorer. Resultatet är att betraktas som vägledande för framtida studier.Slutsatsen är att diskontering förekommer hos merparten av bolagen på NASDAQ Stockholm. Ytterligare slutsats utifrån studien är att företagen avsätter olika stor yta till information om diskontering och nuvärdesberäkning. Konsekvent genom analysen förs resonemanget att om företagen avsätter en liten yta i relation till andra företag kan detta ha en negativ inverkan på den finansiella rapportens kvalité utifrån resonemang om agentteorin, informationsasymmetrin och earnings management, samt den kvalitativa egenskapen tillförlitlighet. I resonemanget kring den kvalitativa egenskapen, jämförbarhet, är det istället en nackdel att företagen avsätter olika stor yta. / Discounting and present value calculation as a valuation method has increased in use. Acceptance for fair value valuation has also increased and IFRS allows in most standards the use of this valuation method which, depending on use, is associated with subjective elements. Previous researches draws attention to the problem of discounting and present value calculations in terms of opening up for subjectivity and opportunities for management to manipulate earnings and balance sheets. Although there is a consensus about risks with valuation techniques that include discounting and present value calculations, we find that there is lacking studies that map the scope of this valuation technique.In view of Information Asymmetry, Earnings management, Agent Theory and the qualitative characteristics of comparability and reliability the purpose of the study is to map the use of discounting and present value calculation by companies listed on NASDAQ Stockholm. By examining 268 of 299 companies listed on the Stockholm stock exchange, we can demonstrate the use and distinctive differences between companies of different sizes and sectors. The result is to be considered as guidance for future studies.The conclusion is that discounting occurs at most of the companies on NASDAQ Stockholm. A further conclusion from the study is that companies allocate different amount of areas to information about discounting and present value calculation. Consistently through the analysis, the reasoning is that, if the companies allocate a small area of information in relation to other companies, this may have a negative impact on the quality of the financial report. This is based on the reasoning of the agency theory, information asymmetry and earnings management, as well as the qualitative characteristics faithful representation. In the reasoning about the qualitative characteristics, comparability, it is rather a disadvantage that companies allocate different large areas.(This thesis is written in Swedish)

En tilltagande globalisering inom redovisning har bidragit till att internationella redovisningsprinciper och regler befinner sig i en harmoniseringsprocess. Bokföringsnämndens K-projekt pekar på att Sverige är del av denna process. Börsnoterade företag inom EU är tvingade att upprätta den finansiella rapporteringen enligt IFRS, men för svenska onoterade företag finns valmöjligheten att tillämpa de svenska reglerna. Argumenten för frivilligt antagande av IFRS bygger på ökad kvalitet, transparens och jämförbarhet i de finansiella rapporterna, vilket ska öka användbarheten för intressenterna. År 2012 inledde IASB ett arbete avseende revidering av den befintliga föreställningsramen, vilken beräknas vara färdigställd under år 2017. Den reviderade föreställningsramen lyfter fram betydelsen av tre primära intressenter, vilka utgörs av investerare, långivare och andra kreditgivare.Syftet med studien är att utreda hur svenska onoterade moderbolags val av att anta IFRS frivilligt, i stället för att tillämpa K3, påverkar de finansiella rapporterna och de primära intressenterna utifrån ett informationsbehovsperspektiv. Detta illustreras med fyra stycken hypotetiska typfall. För att uppnå syftet undersöks vilka skillnader som föreligger vid redovisningen enligt IFRS och K3 avseende finansiella instrument, goodwill vid rörelseförvärv, FoU-kostnader samt förvaltningsfastigheter med fokus på upplysningar. Metoden som tillämpas i studien är en deskriptiv analys med en abduktiv ansats inom ramen för kvalitativ forskning.Resultaten av studien visar på att det föreligger stora skillnader mellan IFRS och K3, vilket får effekten att företag som redovisar enligt IFRS framstår som mer lönsamma och mindre riskfyllda. Ett frivilligt antagande av IFRS bidrar till mer användbar information i de finansiella rapporterna samt att dessa bättre speglar företaget ekonomiska verklighet. Sammantaget framstår redovisningen enligt IFRS som mer attraktiv i förhållande till K3, utifrån de primära intressenternas informationsbehov. / Due to expanding globalization of accounting, the international accounting principles and regulations are currently in a process of harmonization. The K-project of the Swedish accounting authority Bokföringsnämnden, indicates that Sweden is a part of this process. According to EU-regulation listed companies are obligated to prepare financial statements in accordance with IFRS since 2005, but for unlisted Swedish companies there is an option of applying local Swedish regulations. The arguments in favor of a voluntary adoption of IFRS rest on promises of improved quality, transparency and comparability of financial statements, which further will increase its usefulness to stakeholders. In 2012, the IASB initiated a project regarding a revised Conceptual Framework, which is expected to be completed during 2017. The revised Conceptual Framework highlights the importance of three primary stakeholders, consisting of investors, lenders and other creditors.The objective of this study is to examine how unlisted Swedish parent companies’ choice of adopting IFRS voluntarily, instead of applying K3, affects the financial reports and primary stakeholders based on an information need perspective. This is illustrated by four hypothetical scenarios. In order to achieve the objective of this study, the existing differences of reporting under IFRS and K3 regarding financial instruments, goodwill in business combinations, R&D expenses and investment properties focusing on disclosures, are examined. The method used in the study is a descriptive analysis with an abductive approach within the frames of qualitative research.The findings indicate that there are major differences between IFRS and K3, which results in companies reporting according to IFRS appear to be more profitable and less of a risk. A voluntary adoption of IFRS contributes to more useful information in the financial statements and a better reflection of the company's financial reality. Overall, financial reporting according to IFRS appears more favorable than reporting under K3, based on the information need of the primary stakeholder.This paper is written in Swedish.

本論文之研究目的係驗證銀行管理當局是透過盈餘平穩化，增加盈餘對於未來盈餘的訊息，抑或是操控會計數字從而降低盈餘品質。本文採用兩種指標衡量盈餘平穩化：裁決性的貸款損失準備與公允價值第二等級與第三等級輸入值。以美國銀行作為本論文的樣本標的，經由實證結果發現，盈餘平穩化程度較高的銀行其股價能反映更多未來盈餘的資訊，顯示著平穩化程度會增加銀行當期盈餘對於未來盈餘的預測能力。除此之外，本文依照銀行規模與業務特性，分別比較大小銀行;商業銀行與儲蓄機構，個別探討盈餘平穩化和盈餘資訊性間的關聯。 / This paper investigates whether bank income smoothing is due to communication of future earnings or opportunism to garble accounting numbers. I adopt two measures of bank income smoothing, i.e., discretionary loan loss provision and Level 2&3 fair value inputs. Using a sample of U.S. banks, I find that higher-smoothing banks’ current stock prices capture more information about their future earnings to a larger extent than those of lower-smoothing banks. Moreover, I separate the bigger banks from the small banks and differentiate commercial banks from saving institutions to particularly investigate the association between income smoothing and earnings informativeness.

Professionell skepsis är en förutsättning för en fungerande revision och för att upprätthålla kvaliteten på revisionen krävs det av revisorerna att vara professionellt skeptiska. Det finns flera faktorer som påverkar hur revisorer kan upprätthålla kvaliteten på revisionen. Bland annat har den tidspress som revisorer utsätts för visat sig ha en negativ inverkan på revisionskvaliteten eftersom revisorer till följd av tidspress kan uppvisa dysfunktionella beteenden som kan innebära att de lägger ner mindre tid än vad som faktiskt behövs för att utföra en bra revision. Vidare finns det en utmaning för revisorer i de situationer där de ska granska verkliga värden om det inte finns några marknadspriser för tillgången eller skulden och redovisning till verkligt värde ska beräknas med hjälp av interna uppskattningar och beräkningar.Tidigare studier har undersökt hur tidspress och granskning av redovisning till verkligt värde påverkar revisionskvaliteten, men inte hur den professionella skepsisen påverkas av dessa två faktorer, trots att professionell skepsis är en förutsättning för en god revisionskvalitet. Tanken med denna undersökning är därför att beskriva och analysera hur revisorers professionella skepsis påverkas av dessa två faktorer. För att besvara studiens syfte skickades enkäter ut till totalt 3477 svenska kvalificerade revisorer varav 132 användbara svar inkom. Enkäten innehöll bakgrundsinformation om respondenten, frågor om revisorers professionella skepsis, granskning av redovisning till verkligt värde samt tidspress. Tillsammans utgjorde dessa basen för studiens analys och slutsats.Utifrån resultatet kan vi konstatera att revisorerna inte upplever särskilt stor tidspress utan tycker att tidsbudgetarna är relativt uppnåeliga trots att revisorerna till viss del agerar på ett dysfunktionellt sätt till följd av den tidspress som förekommer. Vidare pekar resultatet på att revisorer anser att de står inför en utmaning när det gäller granskning av redovisning till verkligt värde. Vi kan dra slutsatsen att varken tidspress eller granskning av redovisning till verkligt värde starkt påverkar revisorers professionella skepsis. Däremot visar resultatet ett svagt negativt samband mellan professionell skepsis och granskning av redovisning till verkligt värde. Den låga svarsfrekvensen på 3,8 procent gör det viktigt att påpeka att studiensslutsatser måste dras med stor försiktighet. / Professional skepticism is a prerequisite for a functioning audit and to maintain the quality of the audit it is required by the auditors to be professionally skeptical. There are several factors that affect how auditors can maintain the quality of the audit. Time budget pressure, for example, has shown to have a negative impact on audit quality since the auditors as a result of time budget pressure may show dysfunctional behavior. This means that auditors may spend less time that is actually required to perform a good audit. Furthermore, there is a challenge for the auditors in auditing fair value measurements if there is no active market for the asset or liability and when the fair value is calculated using internal estimates and calculations.Previous studies have examined how time pressure and audit of fair value measurements have affected audit quality, but not how auditors’ professional skepticism is directly affected by these two factors, despite the fact that professional skepticism is a prerequisite for a good audit quality. The aim of this study is to describe and analyze how the auditor's professionalskepticism is affected by these two selected factors.To answer the aim of the study questionnaires was sent out to a total of 3477 Swedish qualified auditors and we got 132 useful answers. The questionnaire included background information of the respondent, questions about auditor's professional skepticism, audit of fair value measurements and time budget pressure. These questions formed the base of the study's analysis and conclusionThe results indicate that auditors does not experience great time budget pressure but feel that the time budgets are relatively attainable although they still to a certain extent show dysfunctional behavior as a result of time budget pressure. The result also indicates that auditors feel that they face challenges when auditing fair value measurements. Further, we canbased on the result conclude that neither time budget pressure nor audit of fair value measurements strongly influence auditors’ professional skepticism. The results however, show a weak negative correlation between professional skepticism and audit of fair value measurements. The study's low response rate of 3.8 percent means that the results must be interpreted with great caution. / <p>160603</p>

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la NIC 40 cuyo título es propiedades de inversión, la NIIF 13 con nombre de Medición al Valor Razonable y su impacto en las empresas dedicadas a ser estaciones de servicio ubicadas en Lima Centro durante el año 2018. Los instrumentos principales de investigación son las normas contables mencionadas anteriormente, cuya aplicación afecta la razonabilidad de la información financiera presentada por las organizaciones en general. En el primer capítulo, se trata el Marco Teórico, donde se realizan un estudio respecto a las normas contables vistas en el presente trabajo de investigación, definidas por sus dimensiones las cuales son Objetivo, Alcance, medición e información a revelar, así como realizar un resumen sobre el sector al que se aplicarán los objetivos de la investigación. En el capítulo 2, se plantean los problemas principales y secundarios, de igual forma los objetivos y las hipótesis para resolver los mismos. En el capítulo siguiente, se define la metodología de la investigación, el tipo de investigación a utilizar y las herramientas que van a ser utilizadas para poder obtener resultados cualitativos y cuantitativos. Posteriormente, en el capítulo 4 se realiza el desarrollo de la investigación explicado en líneas anterior. Para concluir, en el capítulo 5 se realiza el análisis de los resultados obtenidos, así como las pruebas estadísticas correspondientes con la ayuda de Software denominado SPSS. Así mismo, con el fin de obtener un mayor entendimiento del funcionamiento de las normas, se realizó un caso práctico donde se aplican las normas investigadas en el presente trabajo y se explica su impacto dentro de los resultados brindados por una empresa. / The purpose of this research work is to analyze IAS 40 whose title is investment properties, IFRS 13 with the name of Fair Value Measurement and its impact on companies dedicated to being service stations located in Lima Centro during 2018. The main instruments of investigation are the accounting standards mentioned above; whose application affects the reasonableness of the financial information presented by organizations in general. In the first chapter, the Theoretical Framework is discussed, where a study is carried out regarding the accounting standards seen in this research work, defined by their dimensions, which are Objective, Scope, measurement and information to be disclosed, as well as carrying out a summary on the sector to which the research objectives will be applied. In Chapter 2, the main and secondary problems are presented, as well as the intentions and the hypotheses to solve them. In the following chapter, the research technique is defined, the type of research to be used, as well as the tools that will be used to obtain qualitative and quantitative results. Subsequently, in Chapter 4 the development of the research explained in the previous lines is carried out. To conclude, in Chapter 5 the analysis of the results obtained is carried out, as well as the corresponding statistical tests with the help of Software called SPSS. Likewise, in order to obtain a better understanding of the operation of the standards, a practical case was carried out where the standards investigated in this work are applied and their impact is explained within the results provided by a company. / Tesis