Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:35:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CynaraCA.pdf: 551770 bytes, checksum: dbdace6386f42f88dd72aa020d18dab2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-10 / Este estudo trata sobre as marcas da experi?ncia escolar no processo de individua??o do sujeito e tem como objetivo geral conhecer de que forma essas experi?ncias, a despeito das quest?es curriculares e pedag?gicas, influenciam esse processo. Buscou-se interpretar as experi?ncias refor?adas durante a escolariza??o e as trajet?rias de enfrentamento das diversas situa??es vividas na escola. Tentou-se, tamb?m, compreender o sentido dos acontecimentos escolares cr?ticos e igualmente como o meio familiar pode influenciar nas escolhas e forma??o dos sujeitos atrav?s do investimento pedag?gico. Ademais, refletiu-se sobre os motivos que levaram alguns a permanecerem no ambiente escolar seja como estudante ou mais tarde, do lado de l?, como professor. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa de inspira??o fenomenol?gica utilizando-se de entrevistas narrativas com quatro sujeitos, a partir das quais se identificou as principais caracter?sticas, estrutura, condi??es de origem, o contexto social, as estrat?gias escolares, as formas como foram manejadas e suas conseq??ncias. A an?lise dos relatos deixou claro dois eixos fundamentais da experi?ncia escolar que se destacam na constitui??o dos sujeitos: de um lado a din?mica do ambiente escolar vivido deixou marcas indel?veis na mem?ria que foram determinantes para as escolhas pessoais; por outro lado, a refer?ncia familiar, atrav?s das suas v?rias formas de investimento pedag?gico, teve uma influ?ncia decisiva. As marcas combinadas da escola e da fam?lia deixaram um legado importante para forma??o dos sujeitos e para as escolhas que fizeram durante as suas vidas, especialmente no direcionamento da suas carreiras profissionais. Invariavelmente, percebeu-se na investiga??o, que muito do aluno que se foi persiste no adulto e profissional de hoje. Assim, o Eu escolar ? parte do Eu profissional que existe em cada um. O cidad?o, a pessoa e o profissional s?o derivados dos processos de socializa??o e individua??o, os quais em grande parte se definem durante a vida escolar. E ? com o uso desse "capital escolar" , adquirido nos tempos de escola, que temos condi??es de desenvolver os muitos pap?is sociais nos dias atuais.

Ce travail vise à réunir deux différents domaines : la linguistique française et les études cinématographiques. Il porte notamment sur l’analyse des conversation, l’analyse du discours en interaction et l’analyse du dialogue cinématographique afin de réfléchir sur un thème qui n’a été abordé jusque là que du point de vue psychologique : le conflit familial. L’originalité de ces pages repose ainsi sur la volonté d’utiliser le cinéma et ses dialogues pour entamer une recherche linguistique de neuf films français réalisés entre 2000 et 2010 : Ressources humaines (2000) de Laurent Cantet, Tout va bien, on s’en va (2000) de Claude Mouriéras, Aime ton père (2002) de Jacob Berger, Père et fils (2003) de Michel Boujenah, Je vais bien, ne t'en fais pas (2006) de Philippe Lioret, Nue propriété (2007) de Joachim Lafosse, Un conte de Noël (2008) de Arnaud Desplechin, Non ma fille, tu n’iras pas danser (2009) de Christophe Honoré, Mères et filles (2009) de Julie Lopes-Curval. Ces films, dont le corpus se compose, ont été examinés dans le but de distinguer les scènes de dispute familiale pertinentes pour mes analyses. Ainsi, après avoir transcrit les répliques des quarante-deux scènes choisies, j’ai mis en relief les actes linguistiques récurrents dans une situation conflictuelle. Pour ce faire, j’ai repris les travaux de Austin et Searle et, plus récemment, de C. Kerbrat-Orecchioni. J’ai ensuite focalisé mon attention sur la mise en scène du conflit, développant une analyse assez fine de ce qui a été défini dispute. Il faut préciser à ce propos que le corpus a montré l’existence de deux grandes typologies de dispute au cinéma (retenue et manifeste), qui se subdivisent en dispute dilogale, trilogale et polylogale, suivant le nombre des participants. L’application des outils interactionnistes à un corpus cinématographique a également révélé que l’on peut considérer la conversation des films comme une représentation simplifiée des échanges verbaux authentiques, les deux types de conversation présentant la même structure : une ouverture, un corps, une clôture de l’interaction. La dernière partie de la thèse porte sur la dispute prototypique du corpus (2009_MF_DisputeBAGARRE), ainsi définie car elle réunit les éléments verbaux et non verbaux principaux surgissant dans une situation conflictuelle. C’est justement sur ces mêmes éléments que j’ai focalisé mon attention dans la première partie de la thèse lors de la définition de l’objet d’étude et de son insertion dans le cadre théorique. / This work aims to bring together two different areas: French linguistics and film studies. Topics covered include the analysis of conversation discourse analysis in interaction and analysis of film dialogue to reflect on a theme that has been discussed previously as psychologically : family conflict.The originality of these pages are based on the intention of using film and its dialogues to analyse nine French movies made between 2000 and 2010 :Ressources humaines (2000, Laurent Cantet)Tout va bien, on s’en va (2000, Claude Mouriéras)Aime ton père (2002, Jacob Berger)Père et fils (2003, Michel Boujenah)Je vais bien, ne t'en fais pas (2006, Philippe Lioret) Nue propriété (2007, Joachim Lafosse)Un conte de Noël (2008, Arnaud Desplechin) Non ma fille, tu n’iras pas danser (2009, Christophe Honoré)Mères et filles (2009, Julie Lopes-Curval)These films were examined in order to distinguish the relevant domestic dispute scenes for the analysis. Thus, having transcribed replicas of the forty- two selected scenes , I highlighted the recurring linguistic acts in a conflict situation . To do this , I resumed the work of Austin and Searle and , more recently, C. Kerbrat - Orecchioni . I then focused my attention on the stage of the conflict , developing a fairly detailed analysis of what has been defined dispute. It should be noted here that the body showed the existence of two large cinema dispute typologies ( restraint and manifest) , which are subdivided into dilogale dispute, and trilogale polylogal depending on the number of participants.The application of the interactionist tools to cinematic corpus also revealed that the conversation of the films can be considered as a simplified representation of authentic verbal exchanges, two types of conversations with the same structure : an opening, a body, a fence interaction.The last part of the thesis deals with the prototypical scene of the corpus ( 2009_MF_DisputeBAGARRE ), so defined since it brings together key verbal and non- verbal elements arising in a conflict situation. I properly focused my attention on these elements in the first part of the thesis in order to define the object of the study and its inclusion in the theoretical framework.

Introdução: A amiloidose transtiretina é uma doença autossômica dominante decorrente de uma proteína transtiretina (TTR) variante, que sofre uma mudança conformacional e origina um tetrâmero de TTR instável, passo que é decisivo para o início da formação dos depósitos amilóides em diferentes órgãos e tecidos. Na maioria dos pacientes, o sistema nervoso periférico é o alvo principal, resultando na polineuropatia amiloidótica familiar transtiretina (TTR-FAP), classicamente uma neuropatia sensitivo-motora e autonômica progressiva, evoluindo para o óbito em aproximadamente 10 anos. A mutação de ponto mais frequente no mundo, incluindo o Brasil, é a TTRVal30Met, entretanto mais de 100 mutações de ponto diferentes já foram descritas. Objetivos: descrever a epidemiologia mutacional do gene TTR na polineuropatia amiloidótica familiar e correlacionar estas mutações com seus achados clínicos e eletroneuromiográficos. Métodos: estudo de coorte, descritivo e retrospectivo de um grupo de pacientes brasileiros encaminhados para o serviço de neurogenética do HC da FMRP-USP para investigação de neuropatia periférica, cujo estudo genético identificou uma mutação no gene TTR, com posterior análise transversal dos resultados obtidos entre os subgrupos com as diferentes mutações. Resultados: um total de 128 pacientes tiveram uma mutação de ponto no gene TTR identificada, dos quais 12 (9,4%) pacientes apresentaram uma mutação não TTRVal30Met, incluindo 4 patogênicas (6 pacientes, 4,7%) e 2 não patogênicas (6 pacientes, 4,7%). A mutações não TTRVal30Met patogênicas foram TTRAsp38Tyr (2 pacientes), TTRIle107Val (2 pacientes), TTRVal71Ala (1 paciente) e TTRVal122Ile (1 paciente). Dentre as mutações não patogênicas, foram encontradas TTRGly6Ser (5 pacientes) e TTRThr119Thr (1 paciente). A mutação TTRVal30Met estava presente em 116 (90,6%) pacientes, dos quais 52 possuíam dados clínicos e eletroneuromiográficos completos: 39 (75%) tiveram início precoce e 13 (25%), início tardio. O grupo de início precoce apresentou-se como a forma clássica da PAF-TTR, sem predileção de gênero (homens: 53,8%), manifestação inicial como neuropatia de fibras finas e autonômica (82,1%) e história familiar positiva (90,3%). A ENMG estava normal em 36,7% destes pacientes. O envolvimento cardiovascular foi caracterizado mais frequentemente por alterações da condução cardíaca (84,2%), sendo menos prevalente a cardiomiopatia (11,1%). Por outro lado, o grupo de início tardio mostrou uma predominância do sexo masculino (92,3%), presença de sintomas motores na primeira consulta (38,5%), resultando numa neuropatia sensitivo-motora com acometimento de fibras grossas e história familiar negativa (69,2%). Todos apresentaram neuropatia sensitivo-motora na ENMG. Neste grupo, a cardiomiopatia estava presente em 71,4% dos pacientes. Todos os pacientes, em ambos os grupos, tiveram disautonomia em algum momento do seu seguimento clínico. Conclusões: no nosso estudo aproximadamente 5% dos pacientes com FAP-TTR tinham uma mutação não TTRVal30Met, demonstrando a importância do sequenciamento do gene TTR em pacientes com história clínica sugestiva e screening negativo para a mutação TTR Val30Met. Além disso, os pacientes brasileiros com FAP-TTRVal30Met apresentaram achados clínicos e eletroneuromiográficos similares as populações descritas com esta mutação em outros países. / Background: Transthyretin amyloidosis is an autossomal dominant disease caused by variant transthyretin, that is misfolded, originating a unstable transthyretin tetramer, a rate-limiting step in the formation of the amyloid deposits in different organs and tissues. In most patients, the peripheral nervous system is the main target, leading to transtyretin familial amyloid neuropathy (TTR-FAP), classically characterized as a progressive sensory-motor and autonomic neuropathy, that leads to death in about 10 years. TTRVal30Met is the most frequent point mutation worldwide, including Brazil, but more than 100 different point mutations has been described. Objectives: describe the mutational epidemiology of TTR gene in TTR-FAP and characterize its clinical and electrophysiological findings. Methods: a descriptive and retrospective study of a group of Brazilian patients forwarded to the Neurogenetics or Peripheral Nerve Clinics from FMRP-USP whose etiological investigation identified a mutation in the TTR gene. A cross-sectional analysis evaluating the subgroups with different mutations was also carried on. Results: we identified one hundred and twenty eight patients carrying a TTR point mutation, of whom 12 (9,4%) harbored a non-Val30Met mutation, including 4 pathogenic (6 patients, 4,7%) and 2 non-pathogenic abnormalities (6 patients, 4,7%). The non Val30Met pathogenic mutations were TTRAsp38Tyr (2 patients), TTRIle107Val (2 patients), TTRVal71Ala (1 patient) and TTRVal122Ile (1 patient). Among the non-pathogenic mutations, we found the TTRGly6Ser (5 patients) and the TTRThr119Thr (1 patient). The TTRVal30Met mutation was present in 116 (90,6%) patients, of whom 52 had a complete clinical and neurophysiological data: 39 (75%) with early-onset and 13(25%) with late-onset neuropathies. The early-onset group presented as the classic TTRFAP, with no gender predominance (male: 53,8%), the first manifestations were those of a small fiber sensory and autonomic neuropathy (82,1%) and a highly positive family history (90,3%). EMG was normal in 36,7% of these patients. The cardiovascular involvement was characterized by frequent ECG abnormalities (84,2%), less often associated with cardiomayopathy (11,1%). On the other hand, the late-onset TTRVal30Met showed a male predominance (92,3%), presence of motor complaints in the first evaluation (38,5%) resulting in a sensory-motor polyneuropathy with large fiber involvement and a negative family history (69,2%). All patients presented a sensory and motor neuropathy on EMG examination. In this group, cardiomiopathy was frequently associated with the neuropathy (71,4%). All patients, in both groups, had autonomic symptoms at some point in clinical follow up. Conclusions: In our study almost 5% of the patients with TTR-FAP have a non Val30Met pathogenic mutation, highlighting the importance of sequecing the whole TTR gene in patients with a sugestive clinical history and negative screening for TTRVal30Met mutation. In adition, the Brazilian patients we studied with early and late onset TTR-FAP, present similar findings to TTRVal30Met populations from other countries submitted to similar studies.

Introdução: a proteína mitocondrial codificada pelo gene Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transidrogenase (NNT) regula o processo intramitocondrial de desintoxicação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs). Defeitos na homeostase desse sistema (sistema Redox) podem comprometer a esteroidogênese adrenal. Objetivo: caracterizar o impacto funcional da nova variante missense NNT p.G866D (c.2597G>A) e sua associação com o fenótipo de deficiência familiar de glicocorticoide (DFG). Indivíduos e Métodos: Caso índice: lactente com DFG diagnosticada aos 18 meses, seus pais e irmão assintomáticos e controles saudáveis. O ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) genômico do caso índice foi submetido a sequenciamento exômico que revelou, entre algumas variantes gênicas-candidatas, a variante (c.2597G> A; p.G866D) em homozigose no exon 17 do gene NNT. Avaliou-se a segregação familiar dessa variante com o fenótipo de DFG. A análise funcional in vitro dessa variante foi realizada em cultura transitória de células mononucleares sanguíneas do paciente, heterozigotos e controles em condição basal e após a indução do estresse oxidativo com 100?m de H2O2 por cinco horas. A expressão do RNAm do gene NNT nessas células foi realizada por meio de qPCR. Os parâmetros mitocondriais avaliados foram: a produção intracelular de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROS) detectadas por CMDCFDA, a concentração de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e ATP celular medidos ensaios luminescentes, , além da massa e potencial de membrana mitocondrial avaliados com o probe MitoTracker. Resultados: A análise de segregação familiar confirmou a segregação desta variante em homozigose com o fenótipo de DFG. A expressão do NNT RNAm foi semelhante entre paciente, heterozigotos e controles. Em homozigose a variante p.G866D no gene NNT causa aumento na produção de EROs, diminuição de GSH e diminuição da massa e potencial de membrana mitocondrial, tanto em condições basais, quanto após a indução de estresse oxidativo. Após a indução de estresse oxidativo as concentrações de ATP foram menores no homozigoto NNT p.G866D do que nos controles. Conclusão: este estudo confirma a associação da variante NNT em homozigose com o fenótipo de DFG Tipo quatro. In vitro o mutante homozigoto NNT p.G866D reduz significativamente os mecanismos de defesas antioxidantes, comprometendo o sistema da glutationa redutase, levando ao acúmulo de EROs. / Background: mitochondrial Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transidrogenase (NNT) is essential in the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) detox process. Defects in this system may impair adrenal steroidogenesis by yet not fully understood mechanism. Aim: we sought to characterize the functional impact of the new NNT p.G866D (c.2597G>A) variant and its association with familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD). Subjects and Methods: evaluated subjects included the index case diagnosed with FGD at the age of 18 months, his asymptomatic parents and young brother and healthy controls. The Index case genomic DNA was evaluated by whole exome sequencing, which revealed several potential candidate variants, including the homozygous NNT p.G866D. We then analyzed the family pedigree to confirm the segregation of this variant with FDG phenotype. To prove the genotype-phenotype association, this new variant was comprehensive evaluated in vitro. Transient mononuclear cell cultures from the patient, family members and controls were performed both in basal conditions and after oxidative stress induced by 5-hours treatment with 100?m de H2O2. We analyzed NNT RNAm expression by qPCR and mitochondrial parameters including ROS intracellular production by 20, 70-diacetate dichlorodihydrofluorescein, reduced glutathione (GSH) and cellular ATP levels by luminescence, and mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial membrane potential by Mitotraker Probe system. Results: family pedigree analysis confirmed the segregation of the homozygous NNT p.G866D variant with FGD. In vitro, no differences in RNAm expression was found among patients, heterozygous carriers and healthy controls. Both in basal and under stress conditions, the homozygous p.G866D NNT variant exhibited significantly increased ROS production, decreased GSH levels and decreased mitochondrial parameters. In addition, under H2O2 oxidative stress, the homozygous p.G866D NNT also leaded in decreased ATP intracellular . Conclusion: this study clearly confirms the association of the homozygous NNT p.G866D variant with the phenotype of FGD. In vitro, this variant significantly impairs anti-oxidants mechanisms and affects the glutathione reductase systems resulting in increased ROS accumulation.

Les professeurs des écoles, en zones d’éducation prioritaire (ZEP), font face à la forte hétérogénéité des niveaux de leurs élèves, à la grande difficulté scolaire et aux problèmes de discipline, plus fréquents qu’ailleurs. Pourtant, en ZEP, il existe des élèves en grande réussite scolaire (EGRS). Nous nous intéressons à la perception qu’ont les enseignants des EGRS à travers l’analyse de leurs déclarations ainsi qu’à leur quotidien avec ces élèves. Cette étude se propose d’explorer : leurs définitions d’un EGRS ; leurs déclarations autour des dispositifs mis en place pour les EGRS ; leurs avis sur des changements dans la vie de la classe liés à la présence des EGRS. Notre étude donne la parole aux enseignants par un questionnaire à échelle nationale à destination de l’ensemble des professeurs des écoles (2490 répondants) exerçant en ZEP en France ainsi qu’à travers des entretiens directifs menés avec dix d’entre eux. La personnalité des enseignants ressort significativement de nos résultats car de nombreuses variables caractérisant ces professionnels influencent leur définition des EGRS ainsi que leurs pratiques pédagogiques. Les enseignants décrivent le caractère particulier des EGRS, qui sont perçus comme des auxiliaires pédagogiques, prenant une part importante dans les actions conjointes. Il a danger d’instrumentaliser les EGRS au profit des élèves en difficulté, quitte à pénaliser leur propre acquisition de savoirs. Cela entre en dissonance avec la volonté par ailleurs affirmée des enseignants de garder un haut niveau d’exigence pour les EGRS présents dans leur classe. / The French government designated schools in deprived areas as « Educational Priority Areas » (EPAs). Primary school teachers working in EPA have to deal with a high heterogeneity in children’s levels. Moreover, violent behaviours and discipline maintenance are massive issues that are more frequent than in other areas in France. However, some children are high-performing pupils (HPPs) in EPAs as well.This work aims to investigate the perspective of primary school teachers facing high performance at school in EPA. We conducted a national survey of primary school teachers in EPAs, by a questionnaire online, and then performed led-interviews of teachers working in an EPA in Marseille. We focused the analysis of these declarative data in order to determine the definition of a HPP, the devices set up for HPPs, and the impact of HPPs on the class.2490 teachers responded to the national survey and ten personal interviews were performed. Most of the respondants agreed that HPPs are wise, listening and they participate. But, the definition of HPPs is mostly based on teacher-related criteria than institution. Interestingly, the personnal characteristics of the professional influences their HPP’s definition as well as their education practices, which highlight an important teacher effect toward HPPs. Finally, teachers considered HPPs as educational auxiliaries, having a key role during shared actions. Our research hightlight the teachers dilemna between the instrumentalization of HPPs for the benefit of the pupils in difficulty, which in a way is penalizing their own acquisition of knowledges, and their will to keep high-standard teaching objectives for the HPPs in their class.

Si la littérature fait état des réticences des aidants familiaux, à demander de l'aide, leurs ressortspsychiques restent mal connus. Pourtant le sentiment de culpabilité a déjà été repéré, comme un obstacle à lademande d'aide de l'aidant, mais ce facteur a été peu exploré dans un axe de recherche. Cette rechercherepose sur l'hypothèse que le sentiment de culpabilité de l'aidant familial, représenterait le principal frein,susceptible d'empêcher sa demande d'aide et de soutien, face à la maladie d'Alzheimer ou à la maladieapparentée de son proche, lorsque le patient vit à domicile. Une sous-hypothèse vise à situer différemment lesentiment de culpabilité de l'aidant familial, selon sa position de conjoint, ou plus largement de descendant(enfant, belle-fille, gendre...), dans la relation d'aide. Pour tester cette hypothèse trente huit entretiens semidirectifsont été réalisés, et complétés par la passation des échelles d'attachement (RSQ), du caregiver(CRA), et de dépression (Beck).Cette recherche vise à expliciter les fondements, et les mécanismes du sentiment de culpabilité des aidantsfamiliaux, en l'articulant à la problématique de perte, qui est coeur de la maladie d'Alzheimer ou desmaladies apparentées. Elle apporte donc un éclairage nouveau sur le travail psychique de l'aidant familial,qui s'écarte de son seul abord sous l'angle du fardeau et de l'épuisement, pour l'envisager à la lumière dutravail du pré-deuil, qui apparaît comme la clé de voûte de la relation d'aide. Par conséquent, la recherchesuivra le cycle de la dépendance du patient, pour dégager à chacun de ses stades, les incidences de la pertedans l'espace psychique et intersubjectif chez l'aidant familial, selon la nature des liens d'attachementdéveloppés avec le patient, mais aussi avec le groupe familial. A partir de là, nous tenterons de relier leregistre principal d'élaboration de la perte, à un profil d'aidant singulier dans la relation d'aide, afin d'éclairerles liens entre ses manifestations de culpabilité, et sa demande d'aide. / If the litterature states reservations of the family caregivers, to ask for help, their psychic springsremain badly known. Nevertheless the sense of guilt was already located, as an obstacle at the request ofhelp, of the caregiver, but this factor was little explored in a research theme. This research bases on thehypothesis that the sense of guilt of the family caregiver, would represent the main brake, susceptible toprevent his request of help and support, in front of the Alzheimer's disease or the related disease, when thepatient lives at home. A sub-hypothesis aims at placing differently the sense of guilt of the familiy caregiver,according to its spouse's position, or more widely of descendant (child, son-in-law, daughter-in-law) in therelation of help. To test this hypothesis, thirty eight semi-directive conversations were realized andcompleted by the signing of the scales of attachment (RSQ), the caregiver (CRA), and depression (Beck).This research aims at clarifying foudations, and mechanisms of the sense of guilt of the family caregivers, byarticulating it in the problem of loss, which is heart of Alzheimer's disease or the related diseases. It thusgives a new perspective on the psychic work of the family caregiver, which deviates from its only accessunder the angle of the burden and the exhaustion, to envisage it in the light of the work of the pre-mourning,which appears at the keystone of the relation of help. Consequently, the research will follow the cycle of thedependence of the patient, to release in each of its stages, the incidences of the loss in the psychic andintersubjective space at the family caregiver, according to the nature of the links of attachment developpedwith the patient, but also with the family group. From there, we shall try to connect the main register ofelaboration of the loss, in a profile of singular caregiver in the relation of help, to light the links between hisdemonstrations of guilt and his demand of help.

En cette période de mondialisation des modes d’habitation et d’uniformisation desagencements de l’espace, est-ce qu’il subsiste des différences au niveau du fonctionnementfamilial dans les pays occidentaux ? Et si ces différences subsistent, comment se transposent-ellessur l’habitat réel ? Ainsi cette recherche universitaire propose une étude comparative del’investissement psychologique de l’habitat entre la France et les Etats-Unis. Le test projectifnommé « l’épreuve familiale de spatiographie projective » élaboré par Patrice Cuynet (1999-2000) a pour objectif de comprendre l’image du corps familial à travers l’analyse du dessincollectif de leur maison de rêve. Ce test a été administré à 30 familles françaises et 30familles américaines. Nous sommes partis du postulat que l’habitat est une enveloppe, unepeau réelle et fantasmée de la famille (A. Eiguer, 1983) qui fonctionne comme le Moi-peau(D. Anzieu, 1985). Grâce à cette méthodologie, nous allons pouvoir établir un diagnostic surla structuration familiale et comparer les résultats obtenus en France et aux Etats-Unis. / In this current period of globalization of the housing arrangements and of thestandardization in the space layouts, are some differences subsisting in the family functioningin western societies? And if these differences remain, how do they reflect on the real housingenvironment? This thesis will approach a comparative study of the psychological investmentof the housing environment between France and the United States. The projective test named" the family test of spatiography projective " developed by Patrice Cuynet (1999-2000) set outto gain a better understanding of the image of the family body through the analysis of thecollective drawing of their dream house. This test was assigned to 30 French families and 30American families. We started from the postulate that the housing environment is anenvelope, a real skin and fantasized over the family (In. Eiguer on 1983) which works as theEgo-skin (D. Anzieu on 1985). Thanks to this methodology, we are going to be able toestablish a diagnosis on the family structuring and compare the results obtained in Franceand in the United States.

La France connait une nouvelle vague d’immigration depuis la fin des années 1990, caractérisée par une diversification de profils de migrants en termes de pays d’origine, motifs de migration,situations familiales… Dans la mesure où l’impact de ces transformations dans le domaine familial a fait peu l’objet de recherches jusque-là, l’objectif de cette thèse a été de comprendre les expériences des enfants de ces migrants.Plusieurs étapes dans les parcours des enfants de migrants ont été identifiées : la migration initiale des parents, l’expérience de la vie au sein d’une famille transnationale, l’éventuelle migration de l’enfant en France et la reconnaissance légale dans le pays d’immigration. Chacune d’elles a fait l’objet d’une analyse quantitative en s’appuyant sur de multiples sources de données, dont les enquêtes auprès des populations migrantes (MGIS, TeO, ELIPA) et les données administratives issues de procédures ciblant les familles migrantes (versement des prestations aux familles résidant à l’étranger, bénéficiaires de la procédure de regroupement familial). Les profils de familles migrantes se sont diversifiés, en grande partie sous l’effet de la multiplication des pays d’origine en France aujourd’hui. Ces nouvelles familles migrantes où la seule mère ou les deux parents migrent simultanément se différencient en termes de projets migratoires de leurs prédécesseurs et sont plus souvent accompagnés ou rejoints par leurs enfants. L’étape de vie familiale à distance pouvant correspondre à une période assez longue parle passé est transitoire pour nombre d’entre elles, mais également associée à des configurations familiales plus complexes. Le contexte légal marqué par une régulation croissante du phénomène migratoire détermine les conditions légales de ces enfants à l’arrivée en France,caractérisée alors par davantage d’incertitude. / France has experienced a new immigration wave since the end of the 1990s, characterized by a diversification of migrants’ profiles in terms of their countries of origin, migration motives, family situations... As the impact of these transformations in the area of family migration has been relatively under-investigated, the aim of this thesis was to understand the experiences of these migrants' children.We identified several stages in the journey of the children of migrants: the parents’ initial migration, the experience of life in a transnational family, the possible migration of the child to France and his or her legal recognition at destination. Each of these stages has been the subject of a quantitative analysis based on multiple data sources, including surveys among the migrant population (MGIS, TeO, ELIPA) and administrative data derived from procedures targeting migrant families (payment of benefits to families residing abroad, beneficiaries of the family reunification procedure). Profiles of migrant families have diversified, largely as a result of the multiplication of the countries of origin in France today. These new migrant families, where only the mother or both parents migrate simultaneously, differ in terms of their migration projects from their predecessors and are more often accompanied or joined by their children. The transnational family stage that may have corresponded to a fairly long period in the past, is transitory for many of them, but also associated with more complex family configurations. The legal context,characterized by the increasing regulation of migration, determines the children’s legal conditions upon arrival in France, which are defined by more uncertainty.

A hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) é uma doença caracterizada por elevadas concentrações do colesterol das lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (LDL) e doença coronariana (DAC) prematura. Os remanescentes de quilomícrons são removidos principalmente pelo seu receptor específico (RLP), mas também pelo receptor da LDL. Este último encontra-se defeituoso na maior parte dos casos de HF e poderia levar a menor remoção plasmática dos quilomícrons. Há controvérsias se existem distúrbios do metabolismo dos quilomícrons em portadores de HF. Mais ainda não se sabe se estes defeitos poderiam contribuir para o desenvolvimento de DAC na HF. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se portadores de HF apresentam defeitos na remoção plasmática de quilomícrons artificiais e seus remanescentes em relação a indivíduos normolipidêmicos. Foi avaliado também em estudo transversal se existe associação da cinética dos quilomícrons com a presença de DAC subclínica medida pela calcificação da artéria coronária (CAC). Foram estudados 36 pacientes portadores de HF e 50 controles normolipidêmicos pareados para idade e sexo. A remoção plasmática dos quilomícrons foi medida pelo decaimento radioisotópico da emulsão de quilomícrons artificiais injetada após jejum. A CAC foi determinada por tomografia computadorizada cardíaca nos portadores de HF. As taxas fracionais de remoção (TFR) dos quilomícrons e de seus remanescentes representadas pelo decaimento do 14C-éster de colesterol (TFR 14C-CE em min-1) foram menores nos portadores de HF em comparação aos normolipidêmicos: mediana (intervalos) 0,0013 (1,5.10-9;0,082) vs. 0,012 (1,51.10-9;0,017) p= 0,001. Não houve diferença em relação à remoção dos triglicérides da emulsão representada pelo decaimento da 3H-triglicérides (TFR 3H-TG em min-1) entre os grupos: 0,027 (0,0004;0,23) e 0,03 (0,0004;0,4) respectivamente nos grupo HF e controle (p= 0,26). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas TFR tanto do 14C-CE 0,0007 (1,47. 10-9; 0,082) e 0,0013 (1,6. 10-9; 0,038) p= 0,67 como do 3H-TG 0,025 (0,0004; 0,07) e 0,0029 (0,009; 0,23), p=0,80 respectivamente nos portadores de HF apresentando (n=20) ou não CAC (n= 16). Em conclusão os portadores de HF apresentaram diminuição significativa da remoção dos quilomícrons e seus remanescentes em comparação com normolipidêmicos. Contudo, não foi encontrada associação entre esses distúrbios e a presença da DAC subclínica / Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is characterized by high concentrations of low density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol and early onset of coronary artery disease (CAD). Chylomicron remnants are removed mainly by their specific receptors (RLP) but also by the LDL receptor. The latter is defective in most cases of FH and could lead to lower plasma removal of chylomicrons and their remnants. There is controversy whether there are disorders of chylomicron metabolism in patients with FH. Moreover, it is unclear if these defects could contribute to the development of CAD in FH. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there are defects on the removal from plasma of chylomicrons and their remnants in FH patients in comparison with normolipidemic subjects. We also evaluated in a cross sectional study the association of chylomicron kinetics with the presence of subclinical CAD represented by coronary artery calcification (CAC). We studied 36 patients with FH and 50 normolipidemic controls matched for age and sex. The plasma removal of chylomicrons was measured by isotopic decay of artificial chylomicron emulsion injected after fasting. CAC was determined by cardiac computed tomography in FH patients. The fractional catabolic rates (FCR) of chylomicrons and remnants removal represented by 14C-cholesteryl ester decay (14C-CE FCR in min-1) were lower in FH in comparison with normolipidemics: median (ranges) 0.0013 (1.47.10-9; 0.082) vs. 0.012 (1.51.10-9, 0.169) p = 0.001. There was no difference regarding the removal of emulsion triglyceride represented by 3H-triglyceride decay of ( 3H- TG FCR in min-1) between the groups: 0.026 (0.0004; 0.23) and 0.031 (0.0004; 0.4) respectively in FH and in normolipidemics (p = 0.264). There were no significant differences in both the 14C-CE FCR 0.0007 (1.47.10-9; 0.08) and 0.0013 (1.61.10-9; 0.038) p = 0.67 and in the 3H-TG FCR 0.025 (0.0004; 0.075) and 0.029 (0.0095; 0.23), p = 0.80 respectively in FH patients presenting (n = 20) or not CAC (n = 16). In conclusion patients with FH had a significant decrease on the removal from plasma of chylomicrons and their remnants compared with normolipidemics. However, no association between these disorders and the presence of CAC was found

Peu de recherches se sont intéressées à la scolarité des enfants confiés à une famille d’accueil. A de rares exceptions près, quand la scolarité est abordée dans les études, elle est analysée sous le versant des difficultés scolaires et de l’échec scolaire mais rarement en termes de réussite. Or, certains enfants confiés à une famille d’accueil s’accrochent à l’école et persévèrent dans leur scolarité jusqu’à l’obtention d’un niveau scolaire équivalent au moins au baccalauréat. Afin de comprendre les raisons de cet accrochage scolaire, nous interrogeons la question de la suppléance familiale en famille d’accueil et comment ce nouvel environnement « offert » à l’enfant redistribue les cartes du déterminisme social. Grâce aux témoignages de quarante personnes (jeunes et familles d’accueil), nous analysons les facteurs de protection qui permettent à ces jeunes de poursuivre leur scolarité malgré la présence de facteurs de risque dans leur parcours de vie. Nous étudions les rapports entre l’enfant confié, sa famille d’accueil et ses éducateurs notamment concernant la façon de gérer la question scolaire. L’accueil familial permet dans certains cas, à certains jeunes, de développer des liens forts avec une figure affective aux yeux de laquelle la scolarité est importante ce qui semble influencer la trajectoire scolaire des jeunes confiés. / Few research works have focussed on the academic achievement of children in foster care families. When the issue is investigated, it is mainly through the analysis of school difficulties and academic underachievement but rarely through academic success although some foster care children manage to do well at school and to carry on studying until they reach the equivalent of at least A-levels. To understand the underlying reasons behind this success, we will explore the question of corporate parenting in foster families, and how this new environment that is “offered” to the child can redistribute the cards of social determinism. Based on the analysis of forty face-to-face interviews with children who were in foster care, we identify some protective factors that will enable them to persevere in school despite adverse life conditions. We study the relationships between foster care children, their foster families, and their social workers, particularly with regards to the way they approach education. The foster care system in some instances allows children to develop strong bonds with an emotional figure, in the eyes of whom education is important, which seems to influence the academic trajectory of children in foster care.