Depression förekommer under 10% av alla graviditeter och medför risker för både den gravida och barnet. Syfte: Studien IKBT för gravida med depression syftar till att bekräfta tidigare studiers resultat av IKBT-behandling samt utvärdera olika besöksmodaliteter, telefonsamtal, videosamtal eller fysiskt besök, för bedömningssamtalet.  Metod: 26 gravida (graviditetsvecka 8–30 vid antagning) med samtidig egentlig depression randomiserades till antingen eget val av besöksmodalitet eller randomiserades till en viss besöksmodalitet för sitt bedömningssamtal. Efteråt tillfrågades deltagarna om sina upplevelser av bedömningssamtalet avseende innehåll, modalitet samt hur Covid-19 pandemin påverkade deras inställning. Resultat: Det förelåg ingen statistisk signifikant skillnad mellan hur de tre besöksmodalitetsgrupperna eller mellan de som fick välja gentemot de som blev tilldelade en besöksmodalitet upplevde bedömningssamtalet. Kvalitativa data pekar mot att deltagarna hade föredragit fysiskt besök men uppskattade andra möjligheter med anledning av Covid-19 pandemin. Slutsats: Deltagarna var generellt lika nöjda med sitt bedömningssamtal oavsett besöksmodalitet och om de själva hade fått välja besöksmodalitet eller ej. Att erbjuda olika besöksmodaliteter ökar tillgängligheten och möjliggör behandling med IKBT för gravida med depression från hela landet. För att validera resultatet krävs vidare forskning med större antal deltagare. / Depression is present during 10% of all pregnancies and leads to risk for both the pregnant and the baby. Objective: The study ICBT towards pregnant with depression aims to confirm earlier studies results of ICBT-treatment and to evaluate different visiting modalities, telephone call, video call or face to face meeting, of the assessment interview.  Method: 26 pregnant women (gestational week 8–30 at intake) currently suffering from major depressive disorder randomized to either free choice of visiting modality or randomized to a certain visiting modality of the assessment interview. Afterwards the participants were asked about their experience of the assessment interview regarding content, modality and how the Covid-19 pandemic affected their attitude. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between how the three visiting modality groups or between the ones who got to choose opposite the ones who was assigned a visiting modality regarding the experience of the assessment interview. Qualitative data indicates that the participants would have preferred a face to face meeting but appreciated other possibilities due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Conclusion: The participants was in general equally satisfied with their assessment interview regardless visiting modality or if they got to choose their visiting modality or not. To offer different visiting modalities increases the availability and enables treatment with ICBT towards pregnant with depression throughout the country. These results need to be replicated in larger trials to validate.

The study is intended to show how the social workers and their clients are experiencing the new meeting structure, its problems and opportunities, as well as thoughts and feelings that arose during 2020-2021 in connection with Covid -19 pandemic. The study is qualitative, with a hermeneutic interpretive approach and has been conducted via semi-structured interviews with eight social workers. The theoretical starting point is Aaron Antonovsky's theory of KASAM, Berger & Luckmann's theory of reality as a social construction, George Herbert Mead´'s of Symbolic Interaction Theory, Johan Asplund's theory of social responsiveness and Grissi & Jeding's highlighting that man's most important stress management strategy is to seek social support from others. Conclusions that can be drawn from this study are that the restructuring of work and meeting structure during the pandemic has highlighted a lack of technology and lack of staff knowledge regarding digital platforms where the employer would have gained efficiency and trust among social workers if they had put a little more resources and time to secure up staff in the area. At the same time, social workers express a curiosity about working more digitally in the future. There is a consensus about which clients do not feel good about having meetings digitally and then a great desire is expressed to maintain the meeting structure face to face. Obstacles to digitalisation appear in the form of the client's lack of resources in the form of financial vulnerability, which also becomes an economic issue for the municipality. Difficulties are expressed in creating secure and trusting relationships at a distance, but there is a curiosity to try to meet the client based on his predictions in a new way. In the event of more difficult assessments, however, it is still considered that there is a need for physical meetings. The study highlights a concern that the employer should take the opportunity to, according to an efficiency thinking, remove self-determination in how and when to meet their clients. At the same time, the study points out that the social services can gain both financial and environmental resources by ensuring that social workers no longer travel many hours by car for follow-up or care planning.

The purposes of this research project were to identify the extent to which online courses are available to high school students in Tennessee, to describe the characteristics of current online programs, to identify barriers to the implementation of online courses in school systems that are not currently offering such programs, and to offer recommendations that could facilitate implementation of these programs. The research went in two directions. A study of past and current online educational programs was completed in order to learn the nature of successful programs across the country. Then, a survey was constructed and sent to appropriate technology personnel in Tennessee schools to evaluate both their current online programs and to determine those needed in the state. There are only two school systems in Tennessee that allow students to earn online credits to be used towards high school graduation. One is a larger school system and the other is a medium sized school system; both are in the eastern region of the state. One survey respondent summed it up by saying: I really think the State Department of Education should step up and provide some direction. Florida has a vanguard program; I’d like to see the same type of program implemented in Tennessee. If individual school districts are left to design their own programs, then there is going to be a lot of duplicated effort, a wide range of implementation strategies, and varying degrees of quality. That’s likely to breed confusion and disillusionment.

No description available.

Durante la COVID-19 las clases fueron virtuales para evitar los contagios, ahora han retornado a la presencialidad, pero este cambio ha generado en los estudiantes diversas experiencias tanto positivas como negativas que deben ser investigadas. Objetivo: describir, analizar y comprender las experiencias ante el retorno a la presencialidad en estudiantes de enfermería del II ciclo de una universidad en Chiclayo, 2022. Método: Investigación cualitativa, con una metodología descriptiva exploratoria, en una muestra de 12 estudiantes del II ciclo de la Escuela de Enfermería de la USAT, determinada por saturación y redundancia, el muestreo fue no probabilístico por conveniencia. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó una guía de entrevista semiestructurada, validada por juicios de expertos y ejecutada después de la aprobación por e Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Facultad de Medicina, y se utilizó los criterios éticos de Sgreccia. Para el procesamiento de datos se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido. Los resultados fueron representados por tres categorías: a) Experiencias en el desarrollo de las clases teóricas-prácticas y la relación con el docente y compañeros en el retorno a la presencialidad, b) Cambios experimentados en las evaluaciones ante el retorno a la presencialidad. c) Adaptación y reorganización del tiempo para cumplimiento de horarios, actividades académicas, cuidado personal y disminución el estrés. Conclusión: Las experiencias vividas por los estudiantes del II ciclo presentaron grandes retos en cada proceso que vivieron, existiendo diferentes ventajas y desventajas experimentadas ante el retorno a la presencialidad. / During COVID-19, classes were virtual to avoid contagion, now they have returned to face-toface, But this change has generated various positive and negative experiences in students that must Be investigated. Objective: to describe, analyze and understand the experiences before the return to face-to-face Nursing students of the second cycle of a university in Chiclayo, 2022. Method: Qualitative research, with a descriptive exploratory methodology, in a sample of 12 students of the second cycle from the USAT School of Nursing, determined by saturation and redundancy, the sampling was non-probabilistic for convenience. For data collection, a semistructured interview guide was used, validated by expert judgments and executed after approval by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, and the ethical criteria of Sgreccia were used. For data processing, the content analysis technique was used. The results were represented by three categories: a) Experiences in the development of theoretical-practical classes and the relationship with the teacher and classmates in the return to face-to-face, b) Changes experienced in the evaluations before the return to face-to-face. c) Adaptation and reorganization of time to comply with schedules, academic activities, personal care and stress reduction. Conclusion: The experiences lived by the students of the II cycle presented great challenges in each process they experienced, with different advantages and disadvantages experienced when returning to face-to-face.

No description available.

No description available.

This master thesis project researches the learning preferences of external clients of Ericsson Learning Services Department, focusing on adult corporate training. The purpose is to collect insights and opinions of clients and use their answers as a basis of improvement for updating and developing courses in the future. The project employed a mix method approach to answer the research question, which combined qualitative data collection through interviews and surveys for a thematic analysis and quantitative data collection from former survey results for statistical analyses. Furthermore, a literary study was conducted to support the research process.  The main results from the thematic analysis proved that most external clients preferred an online learning setting or face to face training. Online courses were mostly preferred due to convenience, even if most would agree that a classroom setting is the best setting for optimal learning. Results from the statistical analysis gave few valuable insights. This may depend on how the questions in the survey were asked and therefore the main result of the statistical analysis is how to improve the surveys using the Learning Experience Questionnaire (LEQ).  This project opens possibilities for applications and future research in this area. One suggestion is to conduct a follow-up study where the surveys are updated and tailored to the needs and wants of the external clients which enables a more comprehensive analysis. Furthermore, researching the specific elements of classroom-based learning that external clients find valuable could provide more understanding to further better the online learning experience. These paths of further research can contribute to the ongoing improvement of adult corporate learning. / Detta examensarbete undersöker lärandepreferenser hos externa kunder till Ericssons Learning Services Department och fokuserar på vuxenutbildning på företag. Målet är att samla insikter och åsikter från externa kunder och använda deras svar för ett förbättringsunderlag för uppdatering och utveckling av kurser. Examensarbetet använde en blandning av metoder för att besvara frågeställningarna, vilket kombinerade kvalitativ datainsamling via intervjuer och frågeformulär till en tematisk analys med kvantitativ datainsamling från äldre undersökningsresultat till statistiska analyser. Vidare genomfördes en litteraturundersökning som stöd i undersökningsprocessen.  De huvudsakliga resultaten från den tematiska analysen visade att de flesta externa kunder föredrog en lärandemiljö online eller traditionell klassrumsundervisning med den gemensamma nämnaren att kursen är lärarledd. Onlinekurser föredrogs mest på grund av bekvämligheten, även om de flesta skulle hålla med om att en klassrumsmiljö är den bästa miljön för optimalt lärande. Resultaten från den statistiska analysen gav få värdefulla insikter. Detta kan bero på hur frågorna i undersökningen ställs och därför är huvudresultatet av den statistiska analysen hur man kan förbättra undersökningarna med hjälp av Learning Experience Questionnaire (LEQ). Detta undersökningsresultat öppnar upp möjligheter till vidare forskning på området. Ett förslag är att genomföra en uppföljande studie då frågeformulären är uppdaterade och skräddarsydda till externa kunders behov och önskemål som möjliggör en mer omfattande analys. Vidare kan undersökning av de specifika element som kunder uppskattar med klassrumsbaserat lärande för att ge insikter om hur man kan optimera upplevelser av lärande online. Dessa vägar av vidare forskning kan bidra till den pågående förbättringen av vuxenutbildning på företag.

The diploma thesis "Health and Socio-economic Indicators - reliability and validity testing of the PSAS" deals with a theoretical concept of health and its socio-economic indicators. A substantial part of the work concentrates on the application of PSAS tools to the Czech population and determining whether the range is reliable and valid for Czech respondents. To determine the reliability, a complex test is used for the whole range through the value of Cronbach's Alpha, and then the Item Response Theory (IRT) is also tested. The IRT test is done using the 18-point Likert's range of responses, of which is the PSAS composed. The validity is tested based on confirmatory factor analysis, using the construct validity as well as analysis of cognitive interviews for face validity. The secondary data analysis is done in SPSS, MPLUS, R, and IRTPRO programs. The last two programs are used to test the lesser known Item Response Theory.

Menschliche Systeme werden seit einiger Zeit modelliert und analysiert auf der Basis der Theorie komplexer Netzwerke. Dies erlaubt es quantitativ zu untersuchen, welche strukturellen und zeitlichen Merkmale eines Systems Ausbreitungsprozesse beeinflussen, z.B. von Informationen oder von Infektionskrankheiten. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird untersucht, wie eine modular-hierarchische Struktur von statischen Netzwerken eine schnelle Verbreitung von Signalen ermöglicht. Es werden neue Heuristiken entwickelt um die Random-Walk-Observablen “First Passage Time” und “Cover Time” auf lokal geclusterten Netzwerken zu ermitteln. Vergleiche mit der Approximation eines gemittelten Mediums zeigen, dass das Auftreten der beobachteten Minima der Observablen ein reiner Netzwerkeffekt ist. Es wird weiterhin dargelegt, dass nicht alle modular-hierarchischen Netzwerkmodelle dieses Phänomen aufweisen. Im zweiten Teil werden zeitlich veränderliche face-to-face Kontaktnetzwerke auf ihre Anfälligkeit für Infektionskrankheiten untersucht. Mehrere Studien belegen, dass Menschen vornehmlich Zeit in Isolation oder kleinen, stark verbundenen Gruppen verbringen, und dass ihre Kontaktaktivität einem zirkadianen Rhythmus folgt. Inwieweit diese beiden Merkmale die Ausbreitung von Krankheiten beeinflussen, ist noch unklar. Basierend auf einem neuen Modell wird erstmals gezeigt, dass zirkadian variierende Netzwerke Trajektorien folgen in einem Zustandsraum mit einer strukturellen und einer zeitlichen Dimension. Weiterhin wird dargelegt, dass mit zunehmender Annäherung der zeitlichen Dimension von System und Krankheit die systemische Infektionsanfälligkeit sinkt. Dies steht in direktem Widerspruch zu Ergebnissen anderer Studien, die eine zunehmende Anfälligkeit vorhersagen, eine Diskrepanz, die auf die Ungültigkeit einer weit verbreiteten Approximation zurückzuführen ist. Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse implizieren, dass auf dem Gebiet die Entwicklung neuer theoretischer Methoden notwendig ist. / Human systems have been modeled and analyzed on the basis of complex networks theory in recent time. This abstraction allows for thorough quantitative analyses to investigate which structural and temporal features of a system influence the evolution of spreading processes, such as the passage of information or of infectious diseases. The first part of this work investigates how the ubiquitous modular hierarchical structure of static real-world networks allows for fast delivery of messages. New heuristics are developed to evaluate random walk mean first passage times and cover times on locally clustered networks. A comparison to average medium approximations shows that the emergence of these minima are pure network phenomena. It is further found that not all modular hierarchical network models provide optimal message delivery structure. In the second part, temporally varying face-to-face contact networks are investigated for their susceptibility to infection. Several studies have shown that people tend to spend time in small, densely-connected groups or in isolation, and that their connection behavior follows a circadian rhythm. To what extent both of these features influence the spread of diseases is as yet unclear. Therefore, a new temporal network model is devised here. Based on this model, circadially varying networks can for the first time be interpreted as following trajectories through a newly defined systemic state space. It is further revealed that in many temporally varying networks the system becomes less susceptible to infection when the time-scale of the disease approaches the time-scale of the network variation. This is in direct conflict with findings of other studies that predict increasing susceptibility of temporal networks, a discrepancy which is attributed to the invalidity of a widely applied approximation. The results presented here imply that new theoretical advances are necessary to study the spread of diseases in temporally varying networks.