We investigate if the size of goodwill compared to total assets has any effect on the shareholders return on companies listed on the Swedish Stock market. We put up two different hypotheses with a foundation from previous research and later dismiss one of them. Our evidence does not show any indicators that the size of goodwill have an effect on the shareholders return, which brings us to believe that there, from a share holders point of view, isn’t any need for concern regarding the standards about accounting for goodwill as stated by IFRS.

EU-kommissionen har satt upp som mål att få ett unisont redovisningsspråk för alla företag i Europa. Därför har kommissionen antagit de regler och standarder som den London baserade organisationen International Accounting Standards Board arbetat fram.Studien syftar till att undersöka och utvärdera hur ett antal slumpvis utvalda bolag, som i huvudsak agerar i fastighetsbranschen, efterlever IFRS regelverk IAS 40 gällande förvaltningsfastigheter. Vi har i vårt arbete använt oss av en kvantitativ metod. Underlaget för empirin är hämtat från årsredovisningar från 2009 och är insamlade från företagens egna hemsidor som vi har navigerat oss fram till via Nasdaq OMX Nordic. Dessa har vi granskat och resultatet har redovisats i tabellform. Resultaten visar att det fortfarande finns mycket att arbeta med när det gäller efterlevnad av standarderna. Den största skillnaden fanns hos de Danska företagen när det gäller att lämna vissa upplysningar och kan vara värd att följa upp i en framtida studie. Värdeförändringarnas förekomst i resultaträkningen är också en fråga som är betydelsefull och som kan påverka informationen till användare av finansiella rapporter. Det finns mycket forskning kring IAS 40 och förvaltningsfastigheter som bevisar stora brister i jämförbarheten och efterlevnaden. Denna studie bekräftar tidigare resultat från dessa studier gällande upplysningskraven i redovisningsstandarderna. / The European Commission has set a target to have a unified accounting language for all companies in Europe. Therefore, the Commission adopted the rules and standards that the London-based organization International Accounting Standards Board has produced. The study aims to examine and evaluate a number of randomly selected companies, which mainly acts in real estate, complies with IFRS regulations IAS 40 regarding investment properties. We have in our work used a quantitative method. The basis of empirical data is taken from annual reports from 2009 and is collected from companies' own websites as we have navigated our way through the Nasdaq OMX Nordic Exchange. These, we examined and the results have been presented in tabular form. The results show that there is still much to work with respect to enforcement of standards. The biggest difference was found among the Danish companies in leaving certain information and could be worth following up in a future study.Value of Changes presence in the income statement is also an issue that is important and may affect the information to the users of financial statements. There is much research on IAS 40, investment properties, which proves significant deficiencies in the comparability and compliance. This study confirms previous findings from these studies concerning the disclosure requirements of accounting standards.

Zugl.: Oestrich-Winkel, European Business School (EBS), Oestrich-Winkel, Diss., 2007.

Background and aim: All of the publicly listed companies in the EU have since January 2005 been required to implement the new international accounting standard IAS/IFRS in their financial statements. One of the new regulations that were included in the standard was the IAS 40 – Investment Property, which regulates the valuation and reporting of a company’s investment properties. IAS 40 introduced two different approaches to valuate investment properties; the cost method and the fair value method. The latter one created debate and controversy because of concerns regarding its applicability on assets not traded on an efficient market. The foundation of the fair value method is to value an asset to its fair value, which is the amount that can be expected to be received if the asset would have been sold the time of the valuation. If an asset is regularly traded on an efficient market the information of the value can be retrieved directly from recent market transactions. However, if the asset is not traded on an efficient market the management needs to make own assumptions when assessing the value, which is thus subject to bias. This creates opportunities for the management to manipulate the earnings. The purpose of this study is to determine whether Swedish real estate companies use the fair value method as a tool to manipulate earnings by implementing earnings management techniques. Methodology: Two hypotheses were developed to answer the research question. They were tested by conducting a statistical analysis. Hypothesis 1 was tested by performing a linear regression analysis and the second hypothesis was tested by a chi-square-test. Result and conclusion: The results from statistical analysis were ambiguous. Although a specific earnings management technique could not be proven to be used it was not possible to eliminate the possibility of real estate companies performing some kind of earnings management technique to manipulate the earnings. / Bakgrund och syfte: I januari 2005 introducerades en internationell redovisningsstandard, IAS/IFRS, som alla börsnoterade företag i EU var tvungna att implementera. Ett av de många nya regelverk som infördes var IAS 40 – Förvaltningsfastigheter som reglerade värderingen och redovisningen av ett företags förvaltningsfastigheter. IAS 40 introducerade två nya metoder för att hantera redovisningen av förvaltningsfastigheter; cost-metoden och fair value-metoden. Den sistnämnda blev debatterad och ansågs kontroversiell då det funderingar skapades över dess tillämpning på tillgångar som inte handlades på en effektiv marknad. Fair value-metoden syftar till att värdera en tillgång till dess verkliga värde, vilket är det belopp som kan förväntas fås vid en eventuell avyttring vid värderingstillfället. Om en tillgång regelbundet handlas på en effektiv marknad kan information inhämtas direkt ifrån nyligen genomförda marknadstransaktioner. Om en tillgång emellertid inte handlas på en negativ marknad måste företagsledningen formulera egna antaganden när värdet beräknas vilket skapar utrymme för subjektivitet och som då kan utnyttjas av företagsledningen för att manipulera resultatet. Studiens syfte är att fastställa huruvida svenska fastighetsföretag använder fair value-metoden som ett verktyg för att manipulera ressultatet genom att implementera earnings management-tekniker. Metod: Två hypoteser formulerades i studien för att besvara frågeställningen. De prövades genom att utföra en statistisk analys. Hypotes 1 prövades genom en linjär regressionsanalys och hypotes 2 prövades genom att utföra ett chi-två-test. Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet från den statistiska analysen var tvetydig. Då även om användadet av en specifik earnings management-teknik inte kunde statistiskt visas var det inte möjligt att eliminera det faktum att earnings management i någon form kan förekomma för att manipulera resultaten.

In this thesis a general framework and accompanying guidelines for how to classify financial instruments within the fair value hierarchy (included within IFRS 13) is presented. IFRS 13 introduces a broad and loosely defined regulation of how to classify a financial instrument which leaves room for misinterpretation and uncertainties. In this thesis the pricing of financial instruments and behaviour of the market data used as inputs in the models has been investigated. This is to give better insight into what is classified as significant market data, how it is used and how it is approximated. Instruments that have been investigated are autocalls, swaps, European options and Asian options. The result is presented as general recommendations for how to classify the specified instruments with clearer boarders introduced between the levels in the hierarchy. Methods and deductions introduced in the thesis could also further be implemented in classification of closely related financial instruments but has been limited in this thesis due to time restrictions.     Nyckelord på svenska IFRS, Finansiella instrument, Klassificering, Fair value, Fair value hierarchy, Autocall, Swap, Europeisk option, Asiatisk option, Implicit volatilitet, Korrelation, Marknadsaktivitet, Räntesatser / I denna uppsats är ett generellt ramverk och medföljande riktlinjer för hur man klassificerar finansiella instrument inom fair value hierarkin (inkluderad i IFRS 13) presenterat. IFRS 13 introducerar en bred och löst definierad regulation om hur klassificering finansiella instrument ska gå till som lämnar rum för feltolkningar och oklarheter. I denna uppsats har prissättningen av finansiella instrument och beteende av marknadsdata som används i modellerna undersökts. Detta ger en bättre inblick i vad som klassificeras som signifikant marknadsdata, hur den används och hur den kan approximeras. Instrument som har undersökts är autocalls, swaps, europeiska optioner och asiatiska optioner. Resultatet presenteras som allmänna rekommendationer för hur man klassificerar de angivna instrumenten med tydligare gränser som införts mellan nivåerna i hierarkin. Metoder och slutsatser som är presenterade i uppsatsen kan även vidare användas vid klassifikation av liknande finansiella instrument men har i denna avhandling begränsats på grund av tidsskäl.

The analysis undertaken, firstly aims to identify the extent to which equities, their indexes and their derivatives priced in accordance with their fair value. Secondly, presuming that the traded values of the instruments do not in all instances equate to the fair value, the research aims to develop an effective means to identify and manage profitable opportunities arising from the mispricing. General concepts relating to profitability, trade identification, risk and continuous improvement of the processes are addressed. This includes recommendations on the management of the risks through a structured reporting process. The research looks at arbitrage trading in the South African market from the perspective of an empirical review into the market's participation in equity and equity derivative arbitrage. In addition to this empirical analysis, a time series analysis into various arbitrage strategies is conducted with the view to determining their relative profitability. The first component of the empirical research focuses on the arbitrage trading strategies adopted by a sample of 80 institutions. Where the institutions trade arbitrage strategies, the research undertook to establish what methods are used to identify, trade and manage the index arbitrage, single stock futures arbitrage, risk arbitrage, statistical arbitrage and volatility arbitrage trading opportunities that present themselves within the South African Market. Information gathered did not only focus on the actual trading strategies but also determined the relative cost structures, profitability and risk management processes that are employed to support these trading initiatives. The time series analysis focused on index futures, single stock futures, risk, dual listed and statistical arbitrage methods, and reflects the results before and after transaction costs. These arbitrage strategies were applied to the ALSI Top 40 index or its associated shares and generally spanned a period of about four years. Finally the research presents an arbitrage business model that is aimed at providing a blue print for arbitrage trading which covers: new arbitrage strategy, implementation, market risk, execution, profit, traders, cost Finally, the research provides a multiple regression method for application in identifying further arbitrage trading opportunities within the South African environment. / School of Business Leadaership / DBL

Bakgrund och problemformulering: Värdering till verkligt värde har kritiserats för att ge subjektiva och opålitliga värderingar. IFRS 13 är en standard vars syfte är att öka tillförlitligheten genom att kategorisera indata vid värdering till verkligt värde i tvingande steg.  Förvaltningsfastigheter är ett tillgångsslag som värderas till verkligt värde, vilket gör att IFRS 13 är tvingande för noterade fastighetsbolag vid värderingen av dessa. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka huruvida IFRS 13 gett någon effekt på fastighetsbolagens värdering av förvaltningsfastigheter. Vidare ämnar studien även undersöka hur en extern värdering används vid fastställandet av det bokförda värdet. Metod: Studien genomförs med en kvantitativ metod där samtliga fastighetsbolag i populationen ingår. Utifrån bolagens årsredovisningar har data hämtats som sedan sammanställts. Referensram: Referensramen utgörs av redovisningsstandarder, teorier som behandlar värde som begrepp samt tidigare forskning. Empiri: Samtliga bolag baserar värderingen av förvaltningsfastigheter till verkligt värde på icke observerbar data genom en avkastningsmetod. Detta gäller för samtliga år. Gällande fördelning mellan intern och extern värdering samt hur en eventuell extern värdering används vid fastställandet av det bokförda värdet av förvaltningsfastigheterna har skillnader mellan bolagen trätt fram. Slutsats: Införandet av IFRS 13 har inte visat sig ge någon effekt för fastighetsbolagen vid värdering till verkligt värde av förvaltningsfastigheter. Majoriteten av bolagen använder någon form av extern värdering. Däremot föreligger det skillnader i andelen av fastighetsbeståndet som värderas externt samt om det bokförda värdet är fastställt enligt intern eller extern värdering. / Background and research issue: Fair value measurement has been criticized to result in subjective unreliable valuations. The purpose of IFRS 13 is for the fair value measurements to be more reliable by categorizing the input data in a mandatory hierarchy. Investment properties represent a kind of asset that is measured at fair value. Listed real estate companies are thereby obligated to report in accordance with IFRS 13. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine whether the implementation of IFRS 13 has resulted in any effect on the real estate companies valuation of investment properties. The further purpose of the study is to explore how external valuation is used when determining the book value. Method: The study uses a quantitative method where the entire population is included. Through annual reports from respective real estate company the data relevant to the study has been collected and compiled. Framework: Accounting standards, value theories and previous literature works as the framework for the study. Empiricism: Common for all studied years is that all the included companies discount cash flows based on unobservable input data when estimating the fair value of their investment properties. Differences has appeared in the usage of external appraisers and which valuation, internal or external, that the book value is based upon. Conclusion: The implementation of IFRS 13 has proven to not result in any effect on the real estate companies’ choice of input data and method of valuation, when estimating the fair value of investment properties. The majority of companies use external appraisers in some kind of purpose.  However, the study shows differences in the amount of investment properties valued by external appraisers together with which valuation the book value has been based upon.

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Bakgrund: En ökad handel över nationsgränserna har skapat en efterfrågan på ett internationellt redovisningsspråk. IASB har därför skapat ett set med högkvalitativa internationella redovisningsstandarder. Från och med 2005 kräver EU att alla företag som är listade på en reglerad marknad inom EU ska an-vända sig av IASBs standarder IFRS.</p><p>Problem: Genomförandet av implementeringen av IFRS är olika i olika företag. Vi vill därför undersöka hur implementeringsprocessen var genomförd i Sveriges största bank, Swedbank.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med den här rapporten är att beskriva samt förklara hur förändringen till IFRS genomfördes i Swedbank samt att beskriva de eventuella problem och hinder som implementeringen av dessa standarder kan ha medfört.</p><p>Metod: Vi har valt att göra en fallstudie genom att intervjua anställda i Swedbank som har varit delaktiga i implementeringsprocessen. Vi har också intervjuat Deloitte för att få deras syn på en implementeringsprocess av IFRS.</p><p>Analys: Vår analys är baserad på empirisk data i jämförelse med ett teoretiskt underlag. Vad vi har kommit fram till är att Swedbank har inkluderat de flesta av de steg som tas upp i teorin angående en implementering av IFRS; de har förberett sig bra samt använt rätt resurser. De har dock avvikit genom att inte utvärdera processen när den var klar.</p><p>Slutsats: Swedbank satte ihop en central projekt grupp som skötte implementering-en. De identifierade de ändringar som skulle göras och genomförde dessa. De problem som uppstod i processen har sitt ursprung i FVO och IAS 39.</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>Background: An increase in cross-border trade has created a need for a common international accounting language. IASB therefore created a single set of high quality international accounting standards. As of 2005 all companies listed on a regulated market within the EU are mandated to use IASB’s standard IFRSs.</p><p>Problem: The process of implementing IFRS is different in different companies. We therefore want to look at the implementation process in Swedbank, the largest bank in Sweden.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe and explain how the process of the change to IFRSs was done within Swedbank and to outline the problems and obstacles that might have occurred when implementing these new standards.</p><p>Method: We have done a case study by interviewing people in Swedbank that took part in the implementation process. We have also done an interview with Deloitte to get their views on a IFRSs implementation process.</p><p>Analysis: Our analysis is based on our empirical findings in comparison with our theoretical framework. We found that Swedbank did most of the steps described in the theoretical framework regarding the implementation process; they prepared themselves well and choose the right resources to do so. The deviating step is that no evaluation was done afterwards.</p><p>Conclusion: Swedbank used a project group to handle the implementation process. They identified the changes that had to be done and did the change to IFRS. The problems and obstacles that occurred were due to FVO and IAS 39.</p>

The new accounting standard IFRS 13 had its mandatory implementation January 1 st 2013. The main reason for the implementation was to eliminate inconsistencies and reduce complexities in fair value measurements. The new disclosure would therefore enable public real estate companies to be more transparent towards investors, who base their financial decision on the information that is presented in the financial report. Since the market value of investment properties is important for investors when making their financial decisions, this study focuses on the disclosure requirements of IFRS 13 in Sweden. The aim of this research was to study how well Swedish real estate companies follow the new disclosure requirements and how this may affect the investors’ financial decisions. In order to conduct the study a mixed method approach was undertaken. The study consisted of a sampled of 90 financial reports from 15 public real estate companies in Sweden before and after IFRS 13. The disclosure requirements were later calculated in accordance to an unweighted disclosure index and then tested against a hypothesis with the help of the Wilcoxon matched pair test. The comparison of the financial reports during the period 2010- 2015, that is before and after IFRS 13, enabled us to see how well the new requirements were followed. If a certain disclosure requirement was not followed an analysis of the audit reports was made in order to conclude if a modified opinion had been left by the auditor or not. In order to strengthen this specific part of the study a qualitative method was undertaken to get an expert’s point of view regarding the new requirement as well how the investors may be affected. Four auditors were interviewed in order to acquire this information but also to get a better insight regarding the investors’ point of view. After the data collection and analysis, our findings reveal that the overall compliance of public real estate companies in Sweden was high and that the disclosure quality had increased after the implementation of IFRS 13. However, not all disclosure requirements were fulfilled and none of the company’s auditors chose to give a modified statement. The results from the qualitative part of the study showed that all participants consider auditors to have sufficient knowledge of IFRS 13. Furthermore, the participants’ also claimed that the change of disclosure requirements has little impact on investors’ financial decisions.

Prior research has shown that even the most subjective fair value estimates are value-relevant (Song et al. 2010, Kolev 2009, Goh et al. 2009) and that managers appear to use Level 3 valuations opportunistically (Valencia 2011, Fiechter and Meyer 2009). However, the association between “traditional” measures of aggressiveness in financial reporting and biased estimates of fair value has not been previously studied. I test whether aggressiveness, as measured by discretionary accruals, real activities manipulation, and meeting-or-beating analysts’ consensus estimates, is positively associated with realized and unrealized gains and losses on Level instruments. Overall, I find limited support that aggressive firms opportunistically use fair value measurements to overstate earnings. Inferences remain the same whether only the unrealized component of gains/losses are examined and whether firms are classified into “suspect” or “non-suspect” groups.