Papparollen har förändrats från att vara familjeförsörjare till mer aktivt deltagande i familjelivet, men det finns mer att göra för att uppnå en jämställd föräldraledighet. Tidigare forskning är grundade på pappors erfarenhet och tankar om den planerade föräldraledigheten. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka blivande förstagångspappors tankar om föräldraledighet, rollen som pappa och föräldrautbildning. Metod: Åtta blivande förstagångspappor intervjuades. Samtliga intervjuer spelades in digitalt, transkriberades och analyserades genom med hjälp av innehållsanalys. Resultat: Av intervjuerna framkom fyra kategorier; Förutsättningar att ta föräldraledighet, Jämställt föräldraskap, att vara pappa och förälder samt trygghet inför förlossningen. Samtliga pappor planerade att ta ut föräldraledighet men det var oklart för en del när det skulle ske. Sju av papporna nämner att amningen är den viktigaste faktorn till att mamman tar ut föräldraledighet under första tiden.  Utav åtta intervjuade pappor svarade fem att ekonomin var en avgörande faktor som föräldrarna tog hänsyn till när de planerade fördelningen av föräldraledigheten.  Det fanns en stor ambivalens till huruvida papporna ansåg att låsta månader var ett bra tillvägagångssätt för att uppnå en mer jämställd fördelning av föräldraledigheten. Papporna kunde se både negativa och positiva konsekvenser av de låsta månaderna. Den generella åsikten bland papporna var dock att de ville engagera sig i sina barn även om de inte har möjlighet att vara föräldralediga. Slutsats: Papporna vill ta föräldraledighet men de största hindren är den ekonomiska situationen och amningen som prioriteras under första tiden. Genom föräldraledigheten ansåg papporna att de kan knyta an till sina barn. / The father role has changed from being a breadwinner to taking a more active part in the family life, but there is still more to do before an equal parental leave is reached. Recent studies are based on fathers’ experiences and thoughts of the planned paternal leave. Objective: The aim of this study is to research soon-to-be fathers’ thoughts about the forthcoming parental leave, the father role and the parental education. Method: Eight soon-to-be fathers were interviewed. All interviews was digitally recorded, transcribed and analyzed with the help of content analysis. Results: From the interviews four different categories was found; Conditions to take parental leave, equal parenting, to be a father and a parent and feeling secure about the birth giving. All the interviewed fathers showed a desire to take parental leave but it was uncertain when they were going to do so. Seven of them refer to breastfeeding as the most important factor why the mother take parental leave in the beginning. Of eight interviewed fathers five of them responded that the negative change in their economy was a major factor in the distribution of the parental leave between the mother and father. There was a big ambivalence whether the fixed months is a good approach to reach a more equal distribution of the parental leave. The fathers saw both negative and positive consequences of the fixed months. However, the general opinion among the fathers was that they wanted to commit to their children, even if they were not able to take parental leave. Conclusion: Fathers wants to take parental leave, but the biggest obstacle is their economy and because the child was being breastfeed during the first period of time after birth. The fathers believed that through parental leave they would be able to connect to their children.

The father figure has a strong but often hidden presence in Marie-Claire Blais’ novels. Although frequently absent from daily life, fathers have an important impact on the family. Blais’ early novels present traditional fathers, while more recent novels portray a modern figure. The dissolution of the traditional role for fathers has led to confusion: expectations and responsibilities are no longer clearly defined. The presentation of father figures rests with the narrator. Every narrator offers a unique perspective, which changes with age. We propose to study the father figure throughout Blais’ novels in order to determine the influence of the narrative perspective, the impact that age has on this perspective, and also the influence of Québécois societal transformations on the portrayal of father figures within Blais’ work. We will examine the father figure from a child’s perspective, before moving on to the perspective of adolescents, young adults and finally, adults. / Dans l’œuvre romanesque de Marie-Claire Blais, la figure du père est omniprésente mais souvent silencieuse. Elle y change et évolue au fil des transformations de la société québécoise et de ses normes. Le rôle traditionnel du père perd sa place privilégiée ; les pères cherchent un nouveau modèle de paternité. Le portrait du père est surtout déterminé par le narrateur et la perspective de celui-ci évolue au fil de l’œuvre. Au début, les jeunes narrateurs portent des jugements sévères sur les figures paternelles. Toutefois, les romans les plus récents ont des narrateurs adultes qui racontent les histoires de manière moins biaisée. Dans ce travail, nous nous proposons d’effectuer une étude approfondie des différentes figures de père dans l’œuvre romanesque blaisienne. D’abord, nous étudierons comment ces figures sont représentées de la perspective des enfants, avant de nous concentrer sur les perspectives des adolescents, des jeunes adultes, puis des adultes.

Dažniausia šeimoje vaiko ugdymas ir priežiūra labiau tapatinama su vaiko motinos veikla. Tačiau tėvo įsitraukimas į savo vaiko ugdymo bei priežiūros procesą yra ne mažiau svarbus. Tik abu tėvai gali sudaryti palankias sąlygas augti vaikui šeimoje. Auginant vaiką, pas tėvą turi pasireikšti tėviškumo savybė. Ši savybė savo ruožtu pasižymi įvairiais požymiais. Šio magistrinio darbo tikslas - nustatyti tėviškumo ir vaiko mokymosi pasiekimų sąsajas. Empirinio tyrimo metu buvo apklausti Kauno miesto vidurinių mokyklų 14 – 18 metų amžiaus moksleiviai. Viso apklausta 370 moksleivių. Apklausos metu buvo sužinota respondentų nuomonė apie jų tėvų tėviškumo pasireiškimą bei gauti duomenys apie moksleivių mokymosi pasiekimus. Respondentų nuomonė buvo gauta pasitelkus Tėvo dalyvavimo skalę, kuri padeda nustatyti vyro tėviškumo požymių raišką. Darbe pateikti tėviškumo požymių raiškos ypatumai. Darbe taip pat buvo nustatyta, kad tėviškumas, kaip vyro savybė, siejasi su vaiko mokymosi pasiekimais. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, jog aštuoni iš devinių, tėviškumą nusakančių, požymių turi ryšį su vaiko mokymosi pasiekimais (pažymių vidurkiu). Taip pat nustatyta, kad visi devyni tėviškumo požymiai turi ryšį su moksleivių pamokų lankomumu, kaip veiksniu, kuris gali įtakoti mokymosi pasiekimus. / The education of child in a family is mostly comprehensible as a duty of a mother. But a father is also a very important person in process of child’s education. Only both parents can create a favourable situations to raise their child. While raising a child a man reveals father’s characteristic – fatherhood. This characteristic is characterized by various features. The purpose of these master thesis is to determine the connection between fatherhood and child’s learning outcomes. There were examined 370 (14 – 18 years old) schoolchildren from three middle schools in Kaunas. During the inquiry there was collected child‘s opinion obout their father‘s fatherhood characteristic and data about child‘s learning outcomes. The respondents were questioned with the help of "The Inventory of father involvement", which enables to determine the level of father‘s characteristic – fatherhood. In the research there were presented pecularities of fatherhood characteristic. There was estimated that fatherhood, as the characteristic of male, correlates with child‘s learning outcomes. It was also estimated that eight of nine father‘s fatherhood indications have a connection with child‘s learning outcomes and all nine indications have a connection with the attendance of lessons.

No description available.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of father absence on child and family adjustment in relation to age, sex, maternal employment and education, family system and the degree of turbulence (i.e. the amount of conflict and physical abuse in the family). The sample consisted of 447 low SES Indian children (ranging in age from six to eighteen years) and 204 of their mothers from to intact, widowed and divorced families. The instruments used were: Child Behaviour Rating Scale (Cassel, 1962); Semantic Differential; Self-Esteem Inventory (Coopersmith, 1967); Personal, Home, Social and Formal Relations Questionnaire (HSRC, 1968); Family Environment Scale (Moos, 1986); Mother-Child Relationship Evaluation (Roth, 1961) and Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965). The following significant results were obtained. Teachers' perceptions of adjustment were more positive for children from intact than father-absent families, for females than males, for children from secondary than primary schools, for children from nuclear than to extended family systems, for children whose mothers had secondary, compared to primary school education and for children who experienced low compared to high turbulence. Children from the divorced, compared to the intact and widowed groups, perceived their fathers more negatively, and their teachers more positively. Females from intact and divorced families perceived their families and schools more positively than males, while the reverse applied to the widowed group. Fathers from low, compared to high, turbulence families were perceived more positively. Adolescents from intact families indicated greater personal freedom than the divorced group. Those who experienced high, compared to low, turbulence had lower self-control, moral sense and personal freedom. Females from intact families were better adjusted on general sociability. This applied to males in both father-absent groups. Married, compared to single mothers had more positive perceptions of self, family and mother-child relationships. These differences also applied to working mothers, compared to housewives, for mothers with secondary, compared to primary, school education and for mothers who experienced low, compared to high, turbulence. The results were discussed with respect to their theoretical and practical implications for policy makers, mental health workers and educationists. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1989.

The demands on fathers to be more involved with their children have steadily been increasing since the 1970s. However, fathers have received less attention in the social science literature compared to mothers. This difference is evident regarding the parenting practices of ethnic minority fathers such as nonresident Black fathers. This dissertation investigates the effects of nonresident Black fathers’ perceptions of the coparenting relationship and coparenting support on their perceived father involvement and their perceived paternal stressors; while testing the mediating effects of maternal gatekeeping. The dissertation is presented in a three manuscript-style format with the intent to publish each manuscript in peer-reviewed journals. The aim of the first manuscript is to assess the cross-cultural adaptation and reliability of a modified Everyday Stressors Index titled, the Everyday Stressors Index-Minority Nonresident Fathers version (ESI-MNF). Using a sample of 105 nonresident Black fathers, the ESI-MNF was developed to include items that measure aspects of ethnic minority stressors and characteristics of nonresident fathering. The results indicate that the ESI-MNF is reliable. A paternal stressors subscale emerged that indicated specific areas of stress for nonresident fathers. The goal of the second manuscript is to test the effects of nonresident Black fathers’ perceptions of the coparenting relationship and coparenting support on their perceived paternal stressors; while testing the mediating effects of maternal gatekeeping. Results show that the mediating effects of maternal gatekeeping behaviors are minimized when the relationships with their children’s mothers are good and their children’s mothers are perceived as supportive. The purpose of the third manuscript is to test two models of nonresident Black father involvement with maternal gatekeeping as a mediator. Model 1 tests the mediating effects of maternal gatekeeping when parenting with one mother. Model 2 tests the effects of maternal gatekeeping when parenting with two mothers. For the sample of fathers with multiple sets of nonresident children, the results indicate that the dimensions of father involvement may be different when parenting with the first mother and when parenting with the second mother.

Father involvement benefits children, mothers, and themselves in a number of ways. Swedish legislation and Swedish society have promoted father involvement. At the same time, the Swedish child health field has also unequivocally states that both parents should feel welcomed and supported within that sphere. Despite these statements and policies, fathers feel neglected and invisible within and throughout the Swedish child health field, which includes prenatal clinics, birth and labor wards, postnatal clinics, child health centers, and parent support programs. Less is known however about the factors that influence father involvement in the child health centers, especially from the child health nurses’ perspective and the influence of the built environment. Additionally, parent support programs are another way through which parents receive support regarding their young child’s mental health, but very little research has focused on why fathers participate or the thoughts parents have regarding their participation, especially within a Swedish context. The overall aim of this dissertation was to better understand some of the barriers fathers have when trying to participate in the female-dominated world of the Swedish child health field, especially during the child’s preschool years. In Study I, 17 child health nurses were interviewed regarding their thoughts on fathers, and in Study II, 31 child health centers’ built environments were assessed to see how inclusive they were of fathers. In Study III, a parent support program was assessed to see if mothers and fathers had different background characteristics for participating, and Study IV sought to understand the extent to which parents appreciated and used the information from the program. These studies showed that child health nurses welcomed fathers, but did not actively invite them to participate. In addition, 75% of the child health centers did not have representations of fathers, but most child health centers had representations of mothers and/or children. Paternal behaviors positively changed if they were in an environment with either explicit paternal representations or only child representations. Mothers participated in the parent support program for several reasons, including if their child had perceived behavior problems, while fathers participated if they were stressed and perceived their child as having emotional problems. Parents believed the information they learned in the parent support program was valuable, and they continued using some strategies a year after the intervention. Swedish family policies can affect parental involvement within the child health field, but the child health field is less inclusive of fathers than mothers, and it fails to meet the needs of fathers, which can then, in turn, negatively affect maternal, paternal, and child outcomes. Therefore, the Swedish child health field needs to continue working on improving their practices of treating both parents equally.

Bakgrund: Mer än en av tio nyblivna mammor visar tecken på depression efter en förlossning och detta kan ha negativ inverkan på barnets utveckling och föräldraparets relation. I Sverige screenas alla nyblivna mammor för förlossningsdepression då barnet är 6-8 veckor. Nyblivna pappor kan också drabbas av förlossningsdepression men det finns ingen rutin för att screena dem. Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka BVC-sjuksköterskors erfarenheter och hantering av förlossningsdepression hos nyblivna föräldrar på BVC. Metod: Studien är baserad på åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med BVC-sjuksköterskor. Datan analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Av analysen framkom fem kategorier vilka är; svårigheter att identifiera förlossningsdepression, känsla av otillräcklighet, att stödja föräldrarna, användning av screeninginstrument och att observera samt med 13 underkategorier. Konklusion: BVC-sjuksköterskor upplevde att det inte var vanligt med förlossningsdepression hos nyblivna föräldrar. Det var ibland svårt att skilja på förlossningsdepression och depressiva symtom av andra orsaker. Det var viktigt att stötta föräldrarna och förmedla trygghet. BVC- sjuksköterskorna såg EPDS screeningen som positiv och önskade ett screeninginstrument för nyblivna pappor. / Background: Depression after childbirth affects more than one out of ten new mothers and could have a negative impact on the baby’s development and the parents relationship. In Sweden every new mother is screened for postpartum depression when the baby is six to eight weeks. Postpartum depression can also affect new fathers but there is no routine for screening them. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine child health care nurses’ experiences and management of postpartum depression in new parents at child care center. Method: The study was based on eight semi-structured interviews with child health care nurses. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis with inductive approach. Results: Five categories appeared from the analysis; difficulties identifying postpartum depression, sense of inadequacy, supporting the parents, using screening instrument and to observe as well as 13 subcategories. Conclusion: Child health care nurses experience postpartum depression as unusual in new parents. It could be difficult to separate postpartum depression from depressive symptoms caused by other factors. They found it important to support the parents and provide comfort. Child health care nurses had positive experiences in using the EPDS screening for mothers and wished for a screening instrument for new fathers.

This study investigates whether the parent-adolescent relationship is related to the academic, social, and personal-emotional expectations of adjustment and actual adjustment to college during the transition to college. The mother-adolescent relationship was more consistently linked to college adjustment than the father-adolescent relationship both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, and students identified their parents and especially their mother amongst the first people who they go to for support. More African Americans than students from other ethnic backgrounds and more dormitory residents than commuters identified their mother as their first supportive figure, suggesting that the students’ living arrangements and their cultural backgrounds need to be taken under consideration when studying this transitional period.

In Canada, new parents have access to maternity and parental leave following the birth or adoption of a child. Parental leave, which follows maternity leave, entitles new parents to 35 weeks of leave. Although both parents have access to parental leave, only a small percentage of fathers utilize it, despite the benefits for both fathers and their children. This gendered usage perpetuates the belief that family responsibilities are mothers’ responsibilities. This multi-level research study explored the organizational, manager, and employee characteristics that influence support for and use of parental leave by male employees. In 2012, seven large, Manitoba employers were recruited for participation and the sample included 550 male employees and 354 female and male managers. Data were collected using a structured interview at the organizational level and two self-administered questionnaires for managers and male employees. The hypotheses were tested using OLS regression and hierarchical logistic regression. Results indicated strong managerial support for parental leave use by men, although female managers were significantly more supportive than male managers. The strongest influence on support for parental leave use for both employees and managers was the personal use of parental leave. Male employees who perceived organizational family support and the view that men could take leave without negative career impact reported higher levels of perceived supervisory family support. Twenty-five percent of the sample had used parental leave, but those who had access to an Employment Insurance top up from their employer reported the highest leave use and the longest leave duration. Parental leave was extended from 10 to 35 weeks in 2000; the results indicate that fathers who had access to 10 weeks of parental leave were 80 percent less likely to report leave use, compared to those with access to 35 weeks of leave. Therefore, to increase fathers’ use of parental leave, organizations are encouraged to increase awareness and explicit support for parental leave, as well as offer a top up. To increase fathers’ leave use, future parental leave policy development should focus on both increasing wage replacement and the addition of a non-transferable leave for fathers, similar to that offered in Quebec.