A ensilagem de grãos de sorgo reconstituídos é uma forma de processamento que visa aumentar a disponibilidade dos nutrientes e consequentemente seu valor nutritivo. São poucos os trabalhos com relação ao uso de aditivos nesse processo, bem como, sua influência no desempenho de bovinos leiteiros. O sorgo é um cereal que, tradicionalmente tem menor valor comercial em relação ao milho. Dessa forma, buscar formas de aumentar seu valor nutritivo, assim como conservá-lo de maneira adequada é de extrema importância. Sendo assim, esse estudo foi dividido em duas etapas: Exp. 1) Foram testados aditivos químicos e microbianos em silagens de grãos de sorgo reconstituídos. Os tratamentos foram: (i) sem aditivo (Controle); (ii) Lactobacillus buchneri (5×105 ufc g-1 MN) (LB); (iii) Lactobacillus plantarum (5×105 ufc g-1 MN) (LP); (iv) LB + LP (Combo); (v) Lactobacillus buchneri + nitrito de sódio (1,5 g kg-1 MN de nitrito) (LBNit) e (vi) benzoato de sódio (2,0 g kg-1 MN) (Benz). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Maiores taxas de degradabilidade ruminal foram obtidas para os tratamentos LB e Combo, enquanto LBNit e BZ tiveram menores perdas fermentativas. As contagens de leveduras obtidas foram menores para os tratamentos LB, Combo, LBNit e BZ, o que explicou a maior estabilidade aeróbia obtida. As silagens com L. buchneri ou benzoato de sódio, apresentaram resultados satisfatórios quanto à manutenção da qualidade higiênica das silagens. Exp. 2) Com base nos dados obtidos no 1º experimento, foram avaliados a adição de L. buchneri e benzoato de sódio em silagens de grãos de sorgo reconstituídos para vacas leiteiras. As vacas foram alocadas em cinco quadrados latinos e quatro tratamentos: (i) silagem sem aditivo (Controle); (ii) silagem inoculada com L. buchneri (5×105 ufc g-1 MN) (LB); (iii) silagem tratada com benzoato de sódio (2,0 g kg-1 MN) (Benz) e (iv) sorgo grão moído fino (SGM). Os resultados evidenciaram maior solubilização da matriz proteica em ambos os tratamentos ensilados. As taxas de degradabilidade da MS foram maiores para Controle, LB e BZ. Obteve-se maior CMS para o SGM enquanto a produção de leite foi semelhante entre os tratamentos. A digestibilidade da dieta foi maior para os tratamentos Controle, LB e BZ comparado ao SGM. Os animais que receberam o tratamento SGM apresentaram maior tempo de ingestão e mastigação, reflexo do maior CMS. O uso de aditivos na ensilagem de grãos de sorgo reconstituídos se mostrou eficiente no controle de perdas, estabilidade aeróbia e no desepenho de vacas leiteiras. / The reconstituted sorghum grain silage is a type of processing which aims to increase the availability of nutrients and consequently its nutritional value. There are few reports about the use of additves in this process, as well its influence on the performance of dairy cows. Sorghum is a cereal that has traditionally lower price compared with maize. Thus, search for ways to increase their nutritional value and preserve appropriately is important. Therefore, this study was separated into two fases: Exp. 1) were tested the addition of chemical and microbial additives for reconstituted sorghum grain silage. The treatments were: (i) without additive (control); (ii) Lactobacillus buchneri (5 × 105 cfu g-1 FM) (LB); (iii) Lactobacillus plantarum (5 × 105 cfu g-1 FM) (LP); (iv) LB + LT (Combo); (v) Lactobacillus buchneri + sodium nitrite (1.5 g kg-1 FM nitrite) (LBNit) and (vi) sodium benzoate (2.0 g kg-1 FM) (Benz). The experimental design was entirely randomized with six treatments and four replications. Higher ruminal degradability rates were obtained for the LB and Combo treatments, while LBNit and BZ had lower fermentative losses. Yeasts counts were were lower for LB, Combo, LBNit and BZ, which explained the higher aerobic stability. Silages with L. buchneri and sodium benzoate, showed satisfactory results in maintaining the hygienic quality of silages. Exp. 2) Based on data obtained in the first experiment, were evaluated the addition of L. buchneri and sodium benzoate in reconstituted sorghum grain silages offered dairy cows. The cows were allocated in one of five Latin squares and four treatments: (i) silage without additive (Control); (ii) silage inoculated with L. buchneri (5 × 105 cfu g-1 FM) (LB); (iii) silage treated with sodium benzoate (2.0 g kg-1 FM) (Benz) and (iv) finely ground grain sorghum (SGM). The results showed increased solubilization of the protein matrix in Control, LB and BZ. The DM degradability rates were higher for Control, LB and BZ. The DMI was higher for SGM, while milk production was similar between treatments. The digestibility of the diet was higher for treatments Control, LB and BZ compared to the SGM. Animals which received the treatment SGM showed higher time consuming and chewing, reflection of the increased of DMI. The use of additives in reconstituted sorghum grain silage provided effective losses control, higher aerobic stability and better performance of dairy cows.

O consumo alimentar residual (CAR) é uma medida de eficiência alimentar independente do crescimento e do peso à maturidade. O melhoramento genético para CAR pode reduzir o custo de alimentação de bovinos, porém uma melhor compreensão dos processos biológicos relacionados ao CAR é necessária. Além disso, associações entre CAR e qualidade de carcaça têm sido pouco investigadas em raças zebuínas. Desta forma, o objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar o metabolismo protéico, a composição corporal, as características de carcaça e a qualidade de carne em bovinos zebuínos com alto e baixo CAR. Adicionalmente, foi testada a hipótese da existência de interações entre CAR e peso vivo ao abate para características de carcaça e composição corporal. Setenta e dois novilhos da raça Nelore (16 a 21 meses de idade, 334±19 kg de peso vivo inicial [PV]) foram mantidos em confinamento e alimentados ad libitum (74,5% NDT; 14,3%PB) por 70 dias. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e o ganho médio de peso (GMD) diários foram medidos individualmente. Os 12 novilhos com maior CAR e os 12 com menor CAR foram classificados como grupos de alto e baixo CAR, respectivamente (fase de seleção) e foram alimentados até quando alcançassem pesos vivo ao abate de 460, 490, 520 e 550 kg (fase de terminação). Antes do abate, foi realizada colheita total de urina para a determinação da excreção diária de 3-metil-histidina e da taxa fracional de degradação miofibrilar. A composição química corporal foi estimada pelo método de diluição isotópica utilizando óxido de deutério. A maciez objetiva da carne e a atividade de proteases cálcio-dependentes foram determinadas no músculo Longissimus. Na fase de seleção, novilhos com baixo CAR tiveram menores CMS, conversão alimentar, CAR e ganho de gordura sobre a garupa que novilhos com alto CAR, mas nenhuma diferença foi observada no GMD, no PV final, na gordura subcutânea e na área do Longissimus. Na fase de terminação, nenhuma interação foi observada entre CAR e PV ao abate. Não houve diferenças entre animais mais e menos eficientes quanto ao peso e rendimento de carcaça, gordura renal, pélvica e inguinal, vísceras, área de Longissimus, gordura subcutânea, marmorização, aparas e porção comestível. Novilhos com baixo CAR apresentaram menos gordura sobre o trato gastrintestinal (TGI) que novilhos com alto CAR. Não foram observadas diferenças quanto ao índice de fragmentação miofibrilar, força de cisalhamento e atividade do sistema calpaína. As taxas fracionais de degradação, síntese e acréscimo protéico foram similares entre os grupos de CAR. Novilhos Nelore com baixo CAR depositaram menos gordura subcutânea na carcaça em pesos vivos entre 340 e 460 kg. Em pesos mais elevados (460-550 kg), as características de carcaça e a composição corporal não foram influenciadas pelo CAR, mas indivíduos menos eficientes apresentaram maior massa de gordura visceral. A seleção de bovinos zebuínos para baixo CAR pode diminuir a ingestão de alimentos e melhorar sua eficiência alimentar, sem comprometer a qualidade da carne. / Residual feed intake (RFI) is a feed efficiency trait that is independent of growth rate and mature weight. Genetic improvement in RFI may reduce the costs of feeding cattle, however a better understanding of biological processes underlying variation in RFI is necessary. Moreover, associations between RFI and carcass quality have been poorly investigated in Zebu breeds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate protein metabolism, body composition, carcass traits and meat quality in high- and low-RFI Zebu cattle. In addition, the hypothesis that there are interactions between RFI and harvest body weight for carcass traits and body composition was investigated. Seventy-two Nellore steers (16 to 21 month-old, 334±19 kg initial body weight [BW]) were fed a finishing ration (74.5% TDN, 14.3%CP) on an ad libitum basis, for 70 days. Daily dry matter intake (DMI) and body weight gain (ADG) were measured individually. The 12 lowest and the 12 highest RFI steers were classed as low- and high-RFI groups, respectively (selection phase), and were fed until reaching slaughter BW of 460, 490, 520 and 550 kg (finishing phase). Before slaughter, total urine was collected for determination of daily 3-methylhistidine excretion and myofibrillar protein breakdown rates. Body chemical composition was estimated by the isotope dilution method using deuterium oxide. Objective tenderness and Ca+2-dependent protease activities were measured on Longissimus muscle. In the selection phase, low-RFI steers had lower DMI, feed:gain, RFI, and ultrasound rump fat thickness gain than high-RFI cattle, but no differences were observed for ADG, final BW, ultrasound fat thickness and Longissimus area. In the finishing phase, no interactions were observed between RFI and slaughter BW. No differences between more and less efficient cattle were observed for hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, kidney, pelvic and inguinal fat, visceral mass, Longissimus area, backfat thickness, marbling score, trimmings and retail product yield. Low-RFI steers presented less fat on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) than high-RFI cattle. No differences were observed for myofibrillar fragmentation index, Warner-Bratzler shear force and calpain system activities. Fractional rates of protein degradation, synthesis and accretion were similar between high- and low-RFI cattle. Low-RFI Nellore steers may store less subcutaneous carcass fat at body weights ranging from 340 and 460 kg. At higher body weights (460-550 kg), carcass traits and body composition are not affected by RFI, but least efficient cattle present greater visceral fat mass. Breeding zebu cattle for improved RFI may decrease feed intake and improve feed efficiency without compromising meat quality.

A utilização de aditivos em dietas com altas proporções de concentrado para bovinos em confinamento tem sido uma prática bastante usual, visando o aumento da eficiência do sistema produtivo. Porém, em virtude de algumas restrições ao uso de substâncias antibióticas, devido a possibilidade do surgimento de microrganismos resistentes, o uso de produtos alternativos tem sido alvo de diversas pesquisas. Nesse contexto, este trabalho foi desenvolvido para avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de enzimas exógenas, em dietas de elevada proporção de concentrado para bovinos Nelores confinados. Foram realizados 3 experimentos, no primeiros foram utilizados 96 bovinos nelore alimentados com 3 níveis de inclusão de enzimas fibrolíticas exógenas (EFE) e duas granulometrias de milho (fino e grosso). Não foi observada interação entre os dois fatores testados, a granulometria do milho não influenciou o desempenho, características de carcaça, qualidade de carne, fermentação ruminal e morfologia ruminal. A inclusão de EFE não alterou o desempenho, qualidade de carne, morfologia e fermentação ruminal. Porém foi observado efeito quadrático, para GRPI em % e kg e efeito para a espessura de gordura subcutânea entre a 12ª e 13ª costela (EGS) em relação aos níveis de EFE. Para a realização dos 2º e 3º experimentos foram adotados os mesmos tratamentos, sendo composta de 90% de concentrado e 10% de volumoso (bagaço de cana), contendo 2 níveis de enzimas amilolíticas exógenas (EAE; com e sem), e dois níveis de amido (alto e baixo). No segundo experimento foram utilizados 48 bovinos nelores confinados distribuídos em um delineamento totalmente casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (nível de amido X nível de enzima). Foi observado interação entre os fatores para espessura de gordura subcutânea na garupa (EGG), sendo que os animais alimentados com dietas alto amido e com enzima apresentaram resultados superiores quando comparados com os demais. Ao observar o efeito da utilização das enzimas, os animais alimentados com dietas sem enzima apresentaram maior espessura de gordura subcutânea 1,83 vs 1,50 mm e maior área de olho de lombo 61,85 vs 60,07 cm² em relação aos animais alimentados com dietas com enzimas. Já o efeito da suplementação com diferentes teores de amido, os animais alimentados com dietas de alto amido apresentaram maior ingestão de matéria seca (IMS), menor eficiência alimentar (EA) e rendimento de carcaça (RC). O terceiro experimento foi realizado utilizando 8 bovinos Nelore canulados no rúmen distribuídos em dois quadrados latinos contemporâneos em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (nível de amido X nível de enzima). Foi observado efeito de interação entre os tratamentos (EAE e nível de amido) para IMS e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3). Os animais alimentados com enzima apresentaram menores concentrações de propionato e maior relação acetato/propionato (A/P) em comparação com aos animais alimentados sem enzima. As dietas com alto amido diminuíram a relação A/P em relação ao que animais alimentado com baixo amido. A adição de enzimas exógenas não causou grande impacto no desempenho, qualidade de carne, porém afetaram a deposição de gordura de acabamento nas carcaças, juntamente com os padrões fermentativos ruminais. / The use of additives in diets with high proportions of concentrate for cattle in confinement has been a very usual practice, aiming at increasing the efficiency of the productive system. However, due to some restrictions on the use of antibiotic substances, due to the possibility of resistant microorganisms, the use of alternative products has been the subject of several studies. In this context, this study was developed to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of exogenous enzymes in high concentrate diets for feedlot Nellore cattle. Three experiments were carried out. In the first one, 96 Nelore cattle were fed with 3 levels of inclusion of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) and two corn granulometry (fine and crush). There was no interaction between the two factors tested, corn grain size did not influence performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, ruminal fermentation and ruminal morphology. The inclusion of EFE did not alter the performance, meat quality, ruminal morphology and fermentation. However, a quadratic effect was observed for pelvic kidney and inguinal fat (PIKF) in% and kg and effect on the thickness of the subcutaneous fat between the 12th and 13th rib (EGS) in relation to EFE levels. For the 2nd and 3rd experiments, the same treatments were used, being composed of 90% of concentrate and 10% of sugarcane bagasse, containing 2 levels of exogenous amylolytic enzymes (EAE, with and without), and two levels of starch (high and low). In the second experiment were used 48 confined Nellore cattle distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (starch level X enzyme level). Interaction between the factors for subcutaneous fat thickness in the croup (EGG) was observed, and the animals fed with high starch and enzyme diets presented superior results when compared with the others. When observing the effect of the use of the enzymes, the animals fed with diets without enzyme had a greater thickness of subcutaneous fat 1.83 vs 1.50 mm and greater area of loin eye 61.85 vs 60.07 cm² in relation to fed animals With enzyme diets. On the other hand, the effect of supplementation with different starch contents, the animals fed with high starch diets presented higher dry matter intake (IMS), lower feed efficiency (AE) and carcass yield (CR). The third experiment was carried out using 8 rumen cannulated Nellore cattle distributed in two contemporary Latin squares in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (starch level X enzyme level). It was observed interaction effect between the treatments (EAE and starch level) for IMS and ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3). The animals fed with enzyme had lower concentrations of propionate and higher acetate / propionate ratio (A / P) compared to animals fed without enzyme. High starch diets decreased the A / P ratio in relation to animals fed low starch. The addition of exogenous enzymes did not have a great impact on the performance, meat quality, however they affected the deposition of finishing fat in the carcasses, along with ruminal fermentative standards.

La production de viande à moindre coût nécessite de disposer d’animaux robustes, efficaces, capables de s’adapter aux contraintes d’élevage. Ceci requiert l’évaluation de la capacité de l’animal à constituer et restituer ses réserves énergétiques. Ce travail de thèse a donc pour objectif d’identifier de potentiels biomarqueurs sanguins en lien avec la composition corporelle. Pour cela, deux espèces monogastriques sont étudiées, le porc et le poulet. Au sein de chaque espèce, les animaux de deux lignées génétiques (sélection divergente sur la Consommation Moyenne Journalière Résiduelle chez le porc et sur la proportion de gras abdominal chez le poulet) ont reçu des régimes alimentaires contrastés (riches en lipides et en fibres vs. riches en amidon) mais isoprotéiques et isoénergétiques. Les paramètres plasmatiques et le transcriptome du sang ont été étudiés en réponse à ces régimes alimentaires.Les métabolites et hormones plasmatiques sont affectés par le régime chez le porc alors que ces paramètres sont affectés par le régime et la lignée chez le poulet. L’analyse du métabolome associée aux mesures ciblées des concentrations en métabolites et hormones montre que l’association de plusieurs paramètres sanguins explique entre 37 et 75% de la variabilité de la masse adipeuse chez le porc ou le poulet. Pour les deux espèces, le transcriptome du sang est plus affecté par la lignée génétique que par le régime alimentaire. Les porcs et les poulets nourris avec un régime riche en lipides et en fibres, surexpriment le gène codant la forme hépatique d’une enzyme mitochondriale : CP / Meat production at a lower cost requires robust and efficient animals able to adapt to different rearing conditions. This requires assessing animal’s abilities to store and restore its energy reserves. The objective of the current thesis was to identify potential blood markers of body composition. Two monogastric species were studied, pig and chicken. For each species, animals of two genetic lines (divergent selection on Residual Feed Intake in pigs and abdominal fat proportion in chicken) received two diets contrasted in energy sources (high vegetable oils and fibers vs. rich in starch) but isoproteic and isoenergetic. Plasma parameters and the blood transcriptome were studied in response to those diets.Plasma metabolites and hormones were affected by the diet in pigs whereas those parameters were affected by the diet and the genetic lines in chickens. Metabolome analysis, associated with targeted measurement of metabolites and hormones concentrations, shows that the combination of several blood parameters explained between 37 and 75% of the variability of body fat in pig or chicken. For both species, the blood transcriptome was more affected by the line than by the diet. Pigs and chickens fed a diet rich in lipids and fibers, overexpressed the gene encoding the hepatic form of a mitochondrial enzyme: CPT1A. In summary, this work supports the potential use of blood transcriptome to study variations of phenotypes in a dynamic way throughout the life of the animal and to highlight biomarkers for future selection process.

The study evaluated the effects of genotype and grainless diets under stall-fed (n=72) conditions on the following parameters using the Afar, Central Highland goats, (CHG) and Long-eared Somali, (LES) goats. The diets varied in concentrate: roughage ratios. Diet 1 was a 50: 50 ratio (8.5 MJ ME/kg DM), Diet 2, 65:35 (9.2 MJ ME/kg DM) and Diet 3 an 80:20 ratio (10 MJ ME/kg DM), respectively. The same genotypes reared under the extensive grazing systems were also evaluated. Intake, feed efficiency (FE) and rumen parameters Total DMI ranged between 2.6 and 3.0 % on a body weight basis and between 53.5 and 62.3 g per kg metabolic body weight. The LES had a higher (P<0.001) DM roughage intake, total DMI (P<0.01) and FE (P<0.05). Goats on Diet 3 had higher (P<0.001) total DMI (g/d). Diet 1 however, displayed higher (P>0.05) FE. The mean concentration of NH3-N (39.4-53.7 mg/100ml rumen fluid) was above the N requirements for optimal microbial activity. The mean pH was similar between diets and ranged from 6.43 to 6.63. Total VFA was depressed (P<0.01) with increased grainless concentrate in the diet. Diet 1 recorded a higher (P<0.01) total VFA and lower (P<0.01) NH3-N concentration, indicating that feed nitrogen was more efficiently utilized in Diet 1. The molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate varied (P>0.05) from 64.5 to 65.7, 17.7 to 18.8 and 10.7 to 12.8%, respectively. The ratio of acetic: propionic was not affected by diet (P>0.05) and ranged from 3.5 to 3.81. The values for degradation constants were similar (P>0.05) between the diets. However, the hay DM and neutral detergent fibre were more degradable (P<0.05) in goats fed Diet 1. Differences in DMI and FE between the genotypes were recorded with the LES breed being superior. Among the grainless diets, the 50:50 ratio created a favorable rumen environment and resulted in a better FE under a feedlot system. Carcass characteristics and meat quality of extensively managed goats Genotypes were similar (P>0.05) for most of carcass traits, at an average slaughter weight of 13.8 kg. The genotypes had a mean hot carcass weight of 5.9 kg and a dressing percentage (DP) on a slaughter body weight basis of 42.8%. The CHG had a 52% higher (P<0.01) chilling loss than the other genotypes. The rib physical composition was similar between genotypes, except for fat proportion. The CHG had the lowest (P<0.05) fat proportion. The chemical composition was similar between the genotypes, with the CHG having the lowest (P>0.05) chemical fat percentage. The composition of most muscle fatty acids was affected by genotype. The LES breed presented a beneficial ratio of n-6: n-3 PUFA favorable to consumers’ health. The goats under the extensive system in general, were characterized by a lower carcass weight and poor carcass fat cover. Hence, to improve the carcass characteristics it is essential that grazing goats should be supplemented or stall-fed with locally available concentrates depending on the grazing resources of the agro-ecologies and the objectives of the goat farmers. Growth and carcass characteristics of stall-fed goats The LES breed had significantly higher growth rates (ADG), heavier pre-slaughter, slaughter, empty body weight (EBW) and carcass weights than the Afar and CHG goats. Effect of diet was also significant on ADG, but similar for carcass traits, except for DP on EBW basis and some non-carcass components. The DP on an EBW basis, was the highest (P<0.01) for Diet 1. Stall-feeding of the goats improved the mean carcass weight by 38% over the initial slaughtered groups. Genotype affected the DP and it ranged from 42.5 to 44.6% and 54.3 to 55.8% on a slaughter weight and on EBW basis, respectively. The ultimate carcass pH was between 5.61 and 5.67 and chilling losses ranged from 2.5 to 3.1 %. The rib physical composition (fat and bone) differed between genotype and ranged from 72-73 %, 6.9-10.9% and 17.1-20.2% for muscle, fat and bone respectively. The findings indicate that breed differences were reflected in carcass characteristics. Meat quality of stall-fed goats Genotype significantly influenced the carcass fat and crude protein (CP) concentration, with the values ranging from 10.3 to 14.0% and 19.3 to 21.1%, respectively. The Afar and LES goats had higher fat concentration (P<0.001) compared to the CHG while the CP was higher (P<0.01; P<0.05) for the CHG. The effect of diet was significant on CP%, but was similar for fat concentration although Diet 3 tended to have a higher value. Cooking and drip loss differed (P<0.01, P<0.05) between genotypes and both traits increased with increased fatness. The effect of diet however, was similar for cooking and drip loss. Genotype and diet significantly influenced the composition of most muscle fatty acids. An interaction between genotype and diet was also exhibited on certain fatty acids. Compared to CHG, Afar and LES breeds had a higher PUFA, MUFA and UFA: SFA ratio, which are considered healthier for human consumption due to their lowering effect of cholesterol content. The relatively higher carcass fat, which is useful in reducing chilling loss and improves eating quality, the absence of C12:0 and lower concentration of C14:0, hypercholesterolemic, and higher C18:1, hypocholesterolemic fatty acids, are some of the important traits observed in Ethiopian goats. These findings suggest that a potential exists in the use of Ethiopian goat breeds fed a grainless diet, for the production of meat with specific quality characteristics. / Thesis (PhD (Animal Science))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

A utilização de aditivos em dietas com altas proporções de concentrado para bovinos em confinamento tem sido uma prática bastante usual, visando o aumento da eficiência do sistema produtivo. Porém, em virtude de algumas restrições ao uso de substâncias antibióticas, devido a possibilidade do surgimento de microrganismos resistentes, o uso de produtos alternativos tem sido alvo de diversas pesquisas. Nesse contexto, este trabalho foi desenvolvido para avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de enzimas exógenas, em dietas de elevada proporção de concentrado para bovinos Nelores confinados. Foram realizados 3 experimentos, no primeiros foram utilizados 96 bovinos nelore alimentados com 3 níveis de inclusão de enzimas fibrolíticas exógenas (EFE) e duas granulometrias de milho (fino e grosso). Não foi observada interação entre os dois fatores testados, a granulometria do milho não influenciou o desempenho, características de carcaça, qualidade de carne, fermentação ruminal e morfologia ruminal. A inclusão de EFE não alterou o desempenho, qualidade de carne, morfologia e fermentação ruminal. Porém foi observado efeito quadrático, para GRPI em % e kg e efeito para a espessura de gordura subcutânea entre a 12ª e 13ª costela (EGS) em relação aos níveis de EFE. Para a realização dos 2º e 3º experimentos foram adotados os mesmos tratamentos, sendo composta de 90% de concentrado e 10% de volumoso (bagaço de cana), contendo 2 níveis de enzimas amilolíticas exógenas (EAE; com e sem), e dois níveis de amido (alto e baixo). No segundo experimento foram utilizados 48 bovinos nelores confinados distribuídos em um delineamento totalmente casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (nível de amido X nível de enzima). Foi observado interação entre os fatores para espessura de gordura subcutânea na garupa (EGG), sendo que os animais alimentados com dietas alto amido e com enzima apresentaram resultados superiores quando comparados com os demais. Ao observar o efeito da utilização das enzimas, os animais alimentados com dietas sem enzima apresentaram maior espessura de gordura subcutânea 1,83 vs 1,50 mm e maior área de olho de lombo 61,85 vs 60,07 cm&sup2; em relação aos animais alimentados com dietas com enzimas. Já o efeito da suplementação com diferentes teores de amido, os animais alimentados com dietas de alto amido apresentaram maior ingestão de matéria seca (IMS), menor eficiência alimentar (EA) e rendimento de carcaça (RC). O terceiro experimento foi realizado utilizando 8 bovinos Nelore canulados no rúmen distribuídos em dois quadrados latinos contemporâneos em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (nível de amido X nível de enzima). Foi observado efeito de interação entre os tratamentos (EAE e nível de amido) para IMS e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3). Os animais alimentados com enzima apresentaram menores concentrações de propionato e maior relação acetato/propionato (A/P) em comparação com aos animais alimentados sem enzima. As dietas com alto amido diminuíram a relação A/P em relação ao que animais alimentado com baixo amido. A adição de enzimas exógenas não causou grande impacto no desempenho, qualidade de carne, porém afetaram a deposição de gordura de acabamento nas carcaças, juntamente com os padrões fermentativos ruminais. / The use of additives in diets with high proportions of concentrate for cattle in confinement has been a very usual practice, aiming at increasing the efficiency of the productive system. However, due to some restrictions on the use of antibiotic substances, due to the possibility of resistant microorganisms, the use of alternative products has been the subject of several studies. In this context, this study was developed to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of exogenous enzymes in high concentrate diets for feedlot Nellore cattle. Three experiments were carried out. In the first one, 96 Nelore cattle were fed with 3 levels of inclusion of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) and two corn granulometry (fine and crush). There was no interaction between the two factors tested, corn grain size did not influence performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, ruminal fermentation and ruminal morphology. The inclusion of EFE did not alter the performance, meat quality, ruminal morphology and fermentation. However, a quadratic effect was observed for pelvic kidney and inguinal fat (PIKF) in% and kg and effect on the thickness of the subcutaneous fat between the 12th and 13th rib (EGS) in relation to EFE levels. For the 2nd and 3rd experiments, the same treatments were used, being composed of 90% of concentrate and 10% of sugarcane bagasse, containing 2 levels of exogenous amylolytic enzymes (EAE, with and without), and two levels of starch (high and low). In the second experiment were used 48 confined Nellore cattle distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (starch level X enzyme level). Interaction between the factors for subcutaneous fat thickness in the croup (EGG) was observed, and the animals fed with high starch and enzyme diets presented superior results when compared with the others. When observing the effect of the use of the enzymes, the animals fed with diets without enzyme had a greater thickness of subcutaneous fat 1.83 vs 1.50 mm and greater area of loin eye 61.85 vs 60.07 cm&sup2; in relation to fed animals With enzyme diets. On the other hand, the effect of supplementation with different starch contents, the animals fed with high starch diets presented higher dry matter intake (IMS), lower feed efficiency (AE) and carcass yield (CR). The third experiment was carried out using 8 rumen cannulated Nellore cattle distributed in two contemporary Latin squares in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (starch level X enzyme level). It was observed interaction effect between the treatments (EAE and starch level) for IMS and ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3). The animals fed with enzyme had lower concentrations of propionate and higher acetate / propionate ratio (A / P) compared to animals fed without enzyme. High starch diets decreased the A / P ratio in relation to animals fed low starch. The addition of exogenous enzymes did not have a great impact on the performance, meat quality, however they affected the deposition of finishing fat in the carcasses, along with ruminal fermentative standards.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] El sistema de melanocortina es una estructura clave en la regulación de una amplia gama de funciones fisiológicas que incluyen la melanogénesis, la respuesta al estrés y el equilibrio energético, mediante la unión a una familia de receptores acoplados a la proteína G específicos (MC1R-MC5R). La sobreexpresión de agonistas inversos, la proteína de señalización agutí (Asip) y la proteína relacionada con agutí (Agrp) da como resultado un aumento de la ingesta de alimentos, de crecimiento lineal y de peso corporal. Asip regula la polaridad de pigmentación dorsoventral a través del MC1R, y la sobreexpresión induce obesidad en ratones al unirse al Mc4r central. La sobreexpresión de asip1 en el pez cebra transgénico (asip1-Tg) mejora el crecimiento, sin afectar la acumulación lipídica (obesidad), incluso cuando se alimentan bajo regímenes inductores severos. Los peces asip1-Tg no necesitan comer más para crecer más y más rápido, lo que sugiere una mayor eficiencia alimentaria. Además, los peces asip1-Tg criados en alta densidad son capaces de crecer mucho más que los peces de tipo salvaje (WT) criados en baja densidad, aunque los peces asip1-Tg parecen ser más sensibles al estrés por hacinamiento que los peces WT. El análisis transcriptómico comparativo del intestino de asip1-Tg refleja una expresión diferencial de transportadores aminoácidicos, monocarboxilatos, transportadores iónicos y de vitaminas. La sobreexpresión reduce la integridad del epitelio intestinal aumentando su permeabilidad paracelular y potencia el transporte electrogénico de aminoácidos. Así, los peces transgénicos poseen mayor capacidad para la absorción de nutrientes y, por extensión una mejora en la eficiencia alimenticia que podría explicar, en parte, ese crecimiento diferencial bajo tasas de ingesta similares. Esta tesis tuvo también como objetivo investigar si los asip1-Tg mantienen un fenotipo dominante asociado con una mayor tasa de alimentación. Los resultados muestran, por el contrario, un carácter reactivo/subordinado en los asip1-Tg que aboga por una participación del sistema de melanocortinas en la regulación del comportamiento de peces. El perfil subordinado de los animales asip1-Tg, junto con una activación del eje del estrés, sugiere que estos animales pueden mostrar un comportamiento de ansiedad. Los resultados indicaron que los peces asip1-Tg muestran un comportamiento de ansiedad que además relacionado con una severa disminución de los niveles centrales de serotonina (5HT) y dopamina y elevación de su recaptación neuronal y degradación. La administración de un inhibidor de la recaptación de 5HT, recupera el fenotipo comportamental salvaje, mitigando el comportamiento de ansiedad en los peces transgénicos y rescatando los niveles de 5HT. Esta ansiedad podría repercutir en una alteración del comportamiento locomotor de los animales, por ello estudiamos los ritmos circadianos de actividad locomotora. Los resultados muestran que los animales asip1-Tg exhiben una disrupción completa del ritmo de actividad, con una actividad muy elevada, especialmente durante la noche. Esta disrupción es concomitante con una desaparición del ritmo diario de serotonina y melatonina. Además, los resultados muestran una pérdida de ritmos de expresión de genes reloj (per1a y clock1a). La incubación, in vitro, de glándulas pineales con Asip1 produjo una inhibición de la secreción de melatonina replicando los resultados obtenidos in vivo y demostrando un efecto directo de Asip1, sobre la fisiología de la pineal. En esta tesis, se utilizó el pez cebra como modelo para investigar los efectos de la obesidad sobre la ansiedad y la memoria. La obesidad no tuvo ningún efecto sobre la ansiedad, pero produjo una disminución de la memoria a corto plazo, estudiada mediante test de condicionamiento aversivo. Este estudio proporciona, un protocolo fiable para evaluar el efecto de las enfermedades metabólica en la función cognitiva y conductual. / [CA] El sistema de melanocortina és una estructura clau en la regulació d'una ampla gamma de funcions fisiològiques que inclouen la melanogènesi, la resposta a l'estrès i l'equilibri energètic, mitjançant la unió a una família de receptors acoblats a la proteïna G específics (MC1R-MC5R). La sobreexpressió d'agonistes inversos, la proteïna de senyalització agutí (Asip) y la proteïna relacionada con agutí (Agrp) dona com a resultat un augment de la ingesta d'aliments, de creixement lineal i de pes corporal. Asip regula la polaritat de pigmentació dors-ventral a través del MC1R, y la sobreexpressió indueix obesitat en ratolins en unir-se al MC4R central. La sobreexpressió de asip1 en el peix zebra transgènic (asip1-Tg) millora el creixement, sense afectar l'acumulació lipídica (obesitat), inclús quan s'alimenten sota règims inductors severs. Los peces asip1-Tg no necessiten menjar més per a créixer més i més ràpid, lo qual suggereix una major eficiència alimentària. A més a més, els peixos asip1-Tg criats en alta densitat són capaces de créixer molt més que els peixos de tipus salvatge (WT) criats en baixa densitat, malgrat que els peixos asip1-Tg semblen ser més sensibles a l'estrès per amuntegament que els peixos WT. L'anàlisi transcriptòmic comparatiu de l'intestí de asip1-Tg reflecteix una expressió diferencial de transportadors aminoacídics, monocarboxilats, transportadors iònics i de vitamines. La sobreexpressió redueix la integritat de l'epiteli intestinal augmentant la seua permeabilitat paracel·lular i potencia el transport electrogènic d'aminoàcids. Per tant, els peixos transgènics posseeixen major capacitat per l'absorció de nutrients i, per extensió una millora en la eficiència alimentària que podria explicar, en part, eixe creixement diferencial sota taxes d'ingesta similars. Aquesta tesi tingué també com a objectiu investigar si els asip1-Tg mantenien un fenotip dominant associat amb una major taxa d'alimentació. Els resultats mostren, pel contrari, un caràcter reactiu/subordinat en los asip1-Tg que advoca per una participació del sistema de melanocortines en la regulació del comportament de peixos. El perfil subordinat dels animals asip1-Tg, junt amb una activació de l'eix de l'estrès, suggereix que aquests animals poden mostrar un comportament d'ansietat. Els resultats indicaren que els peixos asip1-Tg mostren un comportament d'ansietat relacionat amb una severa disminució dels nivells centrals de serotonina (5HT) i dopamina i elevació de la seua recaptació neuronal i degradació. L'administració de un inhibidor de la recaptació de 5HT recupera el fenotip comportamental salvatge, mitigant el comportament d'ansietat en els peixos transgènics i rescatant els nivells centrals de 5HT. Esta ansietat podria repercutir en una alteració del comportament locomotor dels animals, per la qual cosa vam estudiar els ritmes circadians d'activitat locomotora. Els resultats mostren que els animals asip1-Tg exhibeixen una disrupció completa del ritme d'activitat, amb una activitat molt elevada durant tot el cicle diari, especialment durant la nit. Esta disrupció es concomitant amb una desaparició del ritme diari de serotonina i melatonina. A més a més, els resultats mostren una pèrdua de ritmes de expressió de gens rellotge (per1a y clock1a). La incubació, in vitro, de glàndules pineals con Asip1 va produir una inhibició de la secreció de melatonina replicant els resultats obtinguts in vivo y demostrant un efecte directe de Asip1 sobre la fisiologia de la pineal. En esta tesi, se va utilitzar el peix zebra com a model per investigar els efectes de la obesitat sobre la ansietat i la memoria. L'obesitat no va tindre cap efecte sobre l'ansietat, però va produir una disminució de la memòria a curt termini, estudiada mitjançant tests de condicionament aversiu. Aquest estudi proporciona, un protocol fiable per a avaluar l'efecte de les malalties metabòliques en la funció cognitiva i conductual. / [EN] The melanocortin system plays a key role in the regulation of a wide range of physiological functions including melanogenesis, stress response and energy balance, through binding to a family of specific G protein-coupled receptors (MC1R-MC5R). Overexpression of inverse agonists, agouti-signalling protein (Asip) and agouti-related protein (Agrp) results in increased food intake, linear growth and body weight. Asip regulates dorso-ventral pigmentation polarity through MC1R, and over-expression induces obesity in mice by binding to the central MC4R. Overexpression of asip1 in transgenic zebrafish (asip1-Tg) enhances growth, without affecting lipid accumulation (obesity), even when fed under severe inducing regimens. The asip1-Tg fish do not need to eat more to grow bigger and faster, suggesting increased feed efficiency. In addition, asip1-Tg fish reared at high density are able to grow much larger than wild-type (WT) fish reared at low density, although asip1-Tg fish appear to be more sensitive to overcrowding stress than WT fish. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of asip1-Tg gut reflects differential expression of amino acid, monocarboxylate, ionic and vitamin transporters. Overexpression reduces the integrity of the intestinal epithelium by increasing its paracellular permeability and enhances electrogenic amino acid transport. Thus, transgenic fish possess a greater capacity for nutrient absorption and, by extension, an improvement in feed efficiency that could explain, in part, this differential growth under similar intake rates. This thesis also aimed to investigate whether asip1-Tg maintain a dominant phenotype associated with a higher feeding rate. Experimental results show, on the contrary, a reactive/subordinate character in asip1-Tg which argues for an involvement of the melanocortin system in the regulation of fish behaviour. Improving feeding motivation without promoting aggression in fish, thus avoiding the threat to native populations in case of an escape, makes the inhibition of the melanocortin system, through the overexpression of asip1, a feasible target for the development of genetically modified lines. The subordinate profile of the asip1-Tg animals, together with an activation of the stress axis, suggests that these animals may exhibit anxiety-like behaviour. The results indicated that asip1-Tg fish show a behaviour similar to our concept of anxiety related to a severe decrease in central serotonin (5HT) and dopamine levels as well as the elevation of their neuronal reuptake and degradation. The administration of fluoxetine, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, recovers the wild-type behavioural phenotype, mitigating anxiety behaviour in transgenic fish and restoring central 5HT levels. This anxiety could have repercussions on the locomotor behaviour of the animals, so we studied circadian rhythms of locomotor activity. The results show that asip1-Tg animals exhibit a complete disruption of the activity rhythm, with very high activity levels throughout the daily cycle, especially during the night. This disruption is concomitant with a disappearance of the daily rhythm of serotonin and melatonin. In addition, the results show a loss of clock gene expression rhythms (per1a and clock1a). Incubation, in vitro, of pineal glands with Asip1 produced an inhibition of melatonin secretion replicating the results obtained in vivo and demonstrating a direct effect of Asip1 on pineal physiology. In this PhD thesis, zebrafish was used as a model to investigate the effects of overfeeding-induced obesity on anxiety-like behaviour and memory. Obesity had no effect on anxiety, but produced a decrease in short-term memory, studied by means of aversive conditioning tests. This study also provides a reliable protocol for assessing the effect of metabolic diseases on cognitive and behavioural function, supporting zebrafish as a model for cognitive and behavioural neuroscience. / Esta tesis ha sido realizada a través del programa de ‘Ayudas para la formación de personal investigador’ (FPI) BES‐2017‐082424 de la Agencia Estatal de Investigación, en Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) en el Grupo de investigación de Control de la Ingesta en Peces dirigido por José Miguel Cerdá Reverter, director de esta tesis. Los trabajos llevados a cabo en esta tesis han sido financiados por Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU) a través de los siguientes proyectos: MELANOCONDUCT: Implicación del sistema de melanocortinas en la regulación de los mecanismos temporales y conductuales de peces AGL2016-74857-C3-3-R; Cronopeces: Red temática de cronobiología de peces y sus aplicaciones en acuicultura RED2018-102487-T; MacForFish: Nuevos aspectos homeostáticos y comportamentales de la regulación de la ingesta en peces PID2019-103969RB-C33; FISHTASTE: Implicación de los mecanismos sensoriales del gusto en la regulación de la ingesta de peces - Involvement of taste sensing mechanisms in the regulation of feed intake of fish PID2022-136288OB-C33 / Godino Gimeno, A. (2024). Involvement of the Melanocortin System in the Regulation of Circadian and Behavioural Mechanisms in Zebrafish [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203148 / Compendio

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-31T11:55:31Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Andrea de Mello Mobiglia - 2014.pdf: 675835 bytes, checksum: 25a3a353bcdc40cb8312454dac895a7f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-31T13:46:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Andrea de Mello Mobiglia - 2014.pdf: 675835 bytes, checksum: 25a3a353bcdc40cb8312454dac895a7f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-31T13:46:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Andrea de Mello Mobiglia - 2014.pdf: 675835 bytes, checksum: 25a3a353bcdc40cb8312454dac895a7f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Owing to the potential of utilization of residual feed intake as tool for genetic selection becomes indispensable the studies that looking for understand the variables influence RFI, principally data from cattle of Nellore breed, consist with Brazilian reality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the apparent digestibility of diet of Nellore bulls classified by residual feed intake (RFI). One hundred and twenty Nellore bulls were used , with body weight (BW) of 392.5 ± 47.15 kg. The animals were maintained in a feedlot with individual pens and fed with the same diet for 83 days. The animals were fed ad libitum and the diet was composed of sorghum silage, sugarcane bagasse and concentrate, in relation 33:67 (V: C) in dry matter. The animals were weight at the beginning of the trial and every 28 days after the solid feed restriction. The refused and offered fed were weight to measure the daily feed intake. RFI was calculate by difference between the observed intake and estimated intake what was obtained through a multiple regression equation of feed intake, average daily gain (ADG) and metabolic body weight (MBW) of the animals. On eighth week was realized a digestibility assay. To estimate the fecal production was used indigestible neutral detergent fiber (NDFi) as internal marker. The randomized design was used for statistical analysis. The ADG and BC were the same for different RFI groups (P>0.05), despite of low RFI animals showed lower feed intake (P<0.05) than medium and high RFI. However, the digestibility coefficient did not differ between the RFI groups (P>0.05). In contrast, the apparent digestibility of NFC was negative correlated (– 0,23) with the RFI. / Tendo em vista o potencial de utilização do consumo alimentar residual como ferramenta para seleção genética torna-se imprescindível estudos que procuram entender as variáveis que influenciam o CAR, principalmente dados com bovinos da raça Nelore condizentes com a realidade brasileira. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a digestibilidade aparente da dieta de touros da raça Nelore classificados pelo consumo alimentar residual (CAR). Foram utilizados 120 touros da raça Nelore, com peso corporal (PC) de 392,5 ± 47,15 kg. Os animais foram mantidos em confinamento com baias individuais e alimentados com a mesma dieta por 83 dias. Todos os animais foram alimentados à vontade e a dieta era composta de silagem de sorgo, bagaço de cana e concentrado, na relação 33: 67 (V: C) na matéria seca. Os animais foram pesados no inicio do experimento e a cada 28 dias após jejum de sólido. Diariamente foram pesadas as sobras e o fornecido para determinar o consumo diário. O CAR foi calculado pela diferença do consumo observado e estimado, o qual foi obtido por uma equação de regressão entre consumo, o ganho de peso diário e peso corporal médio metabólico dos animais. Na 8ª semana do experimento foi realizado ensaio de digestibilidade. O marcador interno utilizado para estimar a produção fecal foi a fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi). Para as análises estatísticas, foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O ganho médio de peso diário (GMD) e PC foram os mesmos para as classes de CAR (P>0,05), apesar dos animais de baixo CAR apresentar menor ingestão de nutrientes (P<0,05) que os animais de médio e alto CAR. Entretanto, os coeficientes de digestibilidade não diferiram entre os grupos (P>0,05). Em contraste, a digestibilidade aparente dos CNF apresentou correlação negativa de -0,23 com o CAR.

En Nouvelle-Calédonie il y a une forte volonté politique pour diversifier l'aquaculture qui repose encore aujourd'hui sur la crevetticulture. Dans ce contexte le crabe de palétuvier est considéré comme une espèce à fort potentiel. Un des principaux verrous au développement de la carcinoculture en Nouvelle-Calédonie est la disponibilité d'un aliment granulé commercial. Ainsi le principal objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer notre connaissance des besoins nutritionnels du crabe de palétuvier afin d'être en mesure de formuler un aliment équilibré pour son élevage. Cependant avant d'aborder les études nutritionnelles nous avons vérifié le nombre d'espèces de crabes de palétuvier présentes en Nouvelle-Calédonie.Nos résultats d'études morphologiques et génétiques de 63 individus provenant de 9 sites des côtes Ouest et Nord-Est de la Nouvelle-Calédonie ont confirmé l'existence d'une unique espèce commercialisée: Scylla serrata. C'est donc sur cette espèce que nous avons travaillé en nutrition avec deux séries expérimentales ayant pour objectifs: i) d'évaluer le concentré protéique de soja (CPS) en comparaison avec la farine de poisson comme principale source en protéines et ii) de déterminer le taux optimum d'incorporation du CPS pour la mue et la croissance tissulaire des animaux. Nous avons ainsi observé deux phases de croissance tissulaire au cours d'un cycle de mue (CM): une phase rapide (CTR) qui démarre après la mue et dure jusqu'au début de l'intermue (elle représente 30% du CM) suivi d'une phase de croissance lente (CTL) sur toute la durée de l'intermue et jusqu'à la mue suivante (elle représente 70% du CM). L'accumulation des protéines et des lipides au cours du CM a suivi le même profil de croissance tissulaire contrairement aux cendres qui ont augmenté de façon rapide durant 5 jours suivant l'ecdysis pour atteindre un plateau jusqu'à la prochaine mue. Les deux phases de croissance étaient corrélées avec une prise de l'aliment par les animaux maximale pendant les deux premières semaines suivant la mue. Elle a diminué de moitié sur les 5 semaines suivantes et s'est maintenue ensuite à un niveau de base jusqu'à la prochaine mue. L'énergie ingérée était allouée principalement à la croissance et à l'entretient respectivement durant les périodes CTR et CTL. Durant la phase de croissance lente, 28% de l'énergie ingérée étaient mise en réserve en prévision de la prochaine mue. Le remplacement de la farine de poisson par la CPS n'a pas modifié la croissance tissulaire,l'efficience de l'aliment et le bilan énergétique des animaux quelque soit la phase de croissance considérée. Le taux d'incorporation dans l'aliment de 42% de CPS a permis la meilleure croissance (fréquence de mue et croissance tissulaire, efficience de l'aliment et la rétention de l'énergie des protéines et des lipides. L'hypothèse d'une toxicité de l'ammonium issu de la dégradation des protéines en excès ou des facteurs antinutritionnels du soja est avancée pour expliquer les effets négatifs observés avec les aliments renfermant des taux d'incorporation élevés en CPS. En conclusion, nos travaux apportent des informations originales sur la croissance tissulaire et les dépenses énergétiques durant un cycle de mue et la capacité du crabe juvénile d'utiliser le CPS comme principale source de protéines. Sur ces bases nous somme en mesure de préconiser des contraintes nutritionnelles permettant de formuler un aliment équilibré sans farine de poissons pour l'élevage du crabe de palétuvier S.serrata. / In New Caledonia, there is the strong political will to diversify aquaculture which is mainly based on shrimp farming. In this context, mud crabs have been considered as a potential species for aquaculture development. One of the main constraints to develop crab farming is the availability of formulated feed. Thus, the main purpose of this thesis is to get information on the crab nutritional requirements in order to formulate a balanced diet. However, we had to clarify first how many species of mud crab were present in New-Caledonia. The result of our morphological and genetic investigations carried out on 63 specimens from 9 areas of the west and northeast coast of New-Caledonia confirmed that only one species, Scylla serrata, is commercialized in this country. Consequently, S. serrata was used in our nutritional study based on two experiments to: i) evaluate the soy protein concentrate (SPC) compared with the fishmeal as the main protein source and ii) determine the optimum level of SPC in the diet for molting and tissue growth. We observed two tissue growth phases within one molt cycle (MC): a fast tissue growth (FTG) occurred after ecdysis until early intermolt stage (30% of MC) which is followed by a slow tissue growth (STG) period from intermolt to ecdysis (70% of MC). Protein and lipid deposition followed the same trend than tissue growth while ash level increased quickly during five days after molt and then remained stable until the next molt. The two growth phases were correlated with the voluntary feed intakes (VFI) which was maximum during 2 weeks after ecdysis and then decreased by 50% over the five following weeks to reach a baseline until the next molt. Intake energy was allocated mainly for growth during FTG period and for maintenance during STG period. During STG, 28% of the ingested energy was accumulated for the next ecdysis. Replacement of fishmeal by SPC as main protein source did not affect tissue growth, efficiency of feed utilization and energy budget of crabs whatever the tissue growth period considered. The dietary SPC inclusion of 42% in the diet promoted growth (molt frequency and tissue growth), feed efficiency and retention of energy, protein and lipid. Hypothesis related to ammonia toxicity from catabolism of proteins in excess or anti-nutritional factors from soybean could explain the negative effects of higher inclusion of SPC in the diet for juvenile crabs. In conclusion, our work brings novel information on tissue growth, energy budget during a molt cycle and the ability of juvenile crab to use SPC as a main source of protein. On this basis we suggest to formulate nutritionally balanced diet without fishmeal to farm juvenile mud crabs S. serrata.

No description available.