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Aim: The aim of this thesis is to elucidate the effects of gender, age, and class in witch hunts in the sixteenth and seventeenth century in Western Europe from a feminist perspective. It also aims to understand the perception of these witch hunts in our present society. It centers poor, old, women who were accused of witchcraft. Methods: a literature review will be performed to collect literature on witch hunts. Secondary analysis of this literature will be performed using an intersectional theoretical framework. Results: the spread of christianity through Europe brought a new political ideology that divided labour into sexes. The role of women was reduced to childbearing and household tasks. Medicine became institutionalised. There was no protection for poor people or aged people in the new political ideology. Conclusion: the new political ideology affected poor, old women most: they were no longer able to fulfil childbearing duties, could no longer practice as healers or midwives, and were not protected by the state. Due to the misogynistic, ageist and classist values at the time, their expressions of frustration could then be interpreted as witchery. Moreover, lookism could have been a factor in witch accusations.

Il semble y avoir depuis quelques années une considérable augmentation de l’utilisation du terme féminicide pour désigner les meurtres de femmes par un partenaire intime dans les journaux. Nous cherchons à établir dans la présente étude si cette nouvelle popularité apparente du terme ne constitue qu’une simple mode lexicale ou si elle s’accompagne aussi d’un changement plus profond dans le discours des médias et leur cadrage des nouvelles de meurtres de femmes par leur conjoint au Québec. Pour ce faire, nous analysons le cadrage des nouvelles de féminicides intimes dans la presse québécoise à partir d’un corpus de 71 articles parus entre 2019 et 2021 dans trois quotidiens montréalais, soit La Presse, Le Devoir et Le Journal de Montréal. Il s’agit d’identifier dans les articles les différents éléments contribuant à orienter l’interprétation de la nouvelle en fonction des trois principales composantes du cadrage médiatique définies par les études antérieures faites sur le sujet : le contexte présenté, le langage utilisé et les sources citées. À la lumière de nos résultats, il apparaît absolument indéniable que l’augmentation fulgurante de l’utilisation de féminicide pour désigner les meurtres de femmes par leur partenaire ou ex-partenaire ne constitue pas qu’une tendance linguistique isolée, mais s’inscrit plutôt dans une réelle transformation généralisée de la place et de l’importance accordée aux féminicides intimes dans les médias québécois entre 2019 et 2021. / There appears to be a recent increase in the use of the word feminicide by the press to refer to the murder of women by male intimate partners. We attempted with this present study to establish if this apparent popularity of the term is only a new lexical trend or if it is also accompanied by a more widespread and profound change in the media discourse and their framing of such news. To do so, we analysed the framing of intimate partner femicide news in the Quebec press in 71 articles published between 2019 and 2021 in three Montreal daily newspapers, La Presse, Le Devoir and Le Journal de Montréal. We identified in these articles different elements that contribute to shape the interpretation of the event based on the three main components of news framing according to previous research: the context of the murder, the language used and the sources cited. Our results show without a doubt that the considerable increase in the use of feminicide to refer to the murder of women by male intimate partners is not simply a new linguistic trend but is rather part of a wider and deeper transformation of the place and importance given to intimate partner femicides in the Quebec press between 2019 and 2021.

Honour killings are considered by the perpetrators the only path to maintain theirs and their family honour, preventing other's to follow behaviours that move away from traditional patriarchal values. With the aim of exploring how honour killings are characterised, a qualitative study within three European newspapers, in three different languages, was conducted. The findings showed that often the victims are characterised as young women and girls that want to live independently from their birth cultures or that acted in a way considered to be a dishonour to their family culture. Perpetrators are often described as family members, mostly males to whom honour is worth more than life. However, some of the news articles launch the debate of the thin line that divides honour crimes and domestic violence making this not a cultural problem but a widespread cross-cultural reality.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-17T12:15:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 paolaisabelcarrascoasin.pdf: 2461102 bytes, checksum: c0a131f2f9b01da40870a3dc42ff4294 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-18T13:39:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 paolaisabelcarrascoasin.pdf: 2461102 bytes, checksum: c0a131f2f9b01da40870a3dc42ff4294 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-18T13:39:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 paolaisabelcarrascoasin.pdf: 2461102 bytes, checksum: c0a131f2f9b01da40870a3dc42ff4294 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-28 / Introdução: feminicídios ou femicídios são assassinatos sustentados nas relações de poder, desigualdade e subordinação da mulher. Estes são a última escala da violência contra a mulher, que durante o período 2010 -2014 vitimaram mais de 15.877 vidas (Peru – Brasil). Os estudos sobre este tema são de vital importância porque segundo as estatísticas, uma mulher é morta a cada hora e meia no Brasil e a cada vinte segundos uma mulher é violentada no Peru. Inicialmente, promulgaram leis contra a violência de gênero ou intrafamiliar, anos depois, tornaram-se leis contra os feminicídios. Procurando proteção para a mulher que contribuía na possibilidade de igualdade de oportunidades sociais, lutando assim contra a desigualdade de gênero através da aplicação de políticas públicas que contribuíam com o tempo na erradicação dos feminicídios. Objetivos: analisar os determinantes sociais que fazem parte do índice de desigualdade de gênero associadas à ocorrência dos feminicídios no Peru e no Brasil e construir as taxas padronizadas dos feminicídios no Peru e no Brasil. Metodologia: estudo ecológico e descritivo, utilizando dados secundários cuja população alvo foram todas as mulheres peruanas e as mulheres brasileiras acima dos 15 anos de idade. Realizou-se uma análise multivariada através do coeficiente de correlação linear de Pearson e da significância de associação entre a taxa de feminicídio e os indicadores que fazem parte do IDG (no caso de Peru) e com os óbitos femininos por agressão dos municípios com mais de 50.000 habitantes e os indicadores do IDG (no caso do Brasil). Resultados: foram construidas as taxas padronizadas dos feminicídios no Peru, assim como as taxas padronizadas dos óbitos femininos por agressão no Brasil. Não se encontrou associação alguma entre os indicadores do IDG e os feminicídios no Peru. No caso do Brasil, a porcentagem dos assentos ocupados pelo sexo feminino no parlamento municipal durante as três ultima eleições, foi o único indicador do IDG que não foi significativo. Conclusões: a partir dos resultados podemos concluir que os determinantes sociais que constituem parte do IDG não se mostram associados à ocorrência dos feminicídios no Peru, podendo-se formular a hipóteses que uma possível subestimação de dados não permite determinar a existência da associação das determinantes sócias com os feminicídios. Aliás, no caso de Brasil o nível de educação é inversamente proporcional à ocorrência de morte das mulheres por agressão, observando que quanto maior é o nível de educação da mulher a incidência das mortes destas por agressão diminui. / Introduction: femicides are murders sustained in the power relation, inequality and women`s subordination. These are the last step of women`s violence, which during o period 2010 – 2014 victimized more than 15.877 lives (Peru – Brazil), leaving children in orphan status and many still free murderers in society. Studies on this issue are of vital importance because according to statistics one woman is killed every hour and a half in Brazil and twenty seconds a woman is raped in Peru. Were initially enacted laws against gender violence or domestic, meanwhile, women continued to be killed as a result of violence in most times by their partners or former partners, which resulted, years later in laws against femicide. Seeking protection for the woman who contributed to the possibility of equal social opportunities, thus fighting against gender inequality through the application of public policies that contributed over time to the eradication of feminicides Objectives: Analyze the social determinants that are part of the index of gender inequality associated with the occurrence of femicide in Peru and Brazil and build the standardized rates of femicide in Peru and Brazil. Metodology: ecological and descriptive study, using secondary data whose target population was all Peruvians women and all Brazilian women above 15 years old. A multivariate analysis was made using a Pearson's linear correlation coefficient and the significance of association between the rate of femicide and indicators that are part of the GDI (in the case of Peru) and municipality’s female deaths with more than 50.000 inhabitants and GDI indicators (in the case of Brazil). Results: The standardized rates of Peruvian’s feminicides were constructed, like with the standardized rates of Brazilian’s women deaths for aggression. It was not found any association between indicators of IDG and femicide in Peru. In the case of Brazil, the percentage of seats occupied by the female sex in the municipal parliament during the three last elections was the unique indicator of IDG that was not significant. Conclusions: From the results we can conclude that the social determinants that are part of the GDI are not shown to be associated with the occurrence of the feminicides in Peru, being able to formulate the hóstesis of a possible underestimation of data does not allow to determine the existence of the association to the occurrence of femicide. However, in the case of Brazil, the level of education is inversely proportional to the occurrence of the death of women due to aggression, observing that the higher the level of education of women, the incidence of women's deaths due to aggression decreases.

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El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo establecer criterios de aplicación del delito de feminicidio en su modalidad agravada “estado de ebriedad” en confrontación con la causal de inimputabilidad “grave alteración de la conciencia”, utilizando la metodología cualitativa sirviéndose de las técnicas de fichaje y observación y los instrumentos utilizados fueron la fichas textuales y de resumen por último la guía de análisis documental. Entre los resultados se obtuvo que el delito de feminicidio tiene grandes implicancias y un carácter autónomo en el sistema penal peruano y a nivel comparado solo algunos países mantienen esta característica en sus tipos penales. Asimismo, que la causal de inimputabilidad grave alteración de la conciencia se encuentra respaldada en el artículo 20 inc. 1 del código penal peruano. Seguido a ello, es necesario analizar la jurisprudencia nacional o extranjera, la normativa comparada, y la dogmática para proponer criterios para la aplicación de la agravante del delito de feminicidio en su modalidad agravada del segundo párrafo apartado noveno en contra de la causal de inimputabilidad “grave alteración de la conciencia. Se concluye entonces que si existe una confrontación normativa con respecto a la causal de inimputabilidad por grave alteración de la conciencia y la agravante del 108 – b entonces de deberán realizar criterios para preponderar la aplicación de la modalidad agravada del feminicidio y poder sustentar una compatibilidad entre ambas normas en conflicto. / The objective of this work is to establish criteria for the application of the crime of femicide in its aggravated modality "state of inebriation" in confrontation with the ground of non imputability "serious alteration of consciousness", using qualitative methodology with the techniques of recording and observation and the instruments used were the textual and summary cards and finally the documentary analysis guide. The results showed that the crime of femicide has great implications and an autonomous character in the Peruvian penal system and at a comparative level only countries keep this characteristic in their penal types. Likewise, the cause of non imputability of serious alteration of consciousness is supported in article 20, paragraph 1 of the Peruvian penal code. Following this, it is necessary to analyze national and foreign jurisprudence, comparative norms, and dogmatics to propose criteria for the application of the aggravating circumstance of the crime of feminicide in its aggravated form in the second paragraph of the ninth section against the ground of non imputability "serious alteration of consciousness. It is concluded then that if there is a normative confrontation with respect to the cause of non imputability for serious alteration of consciousness and the aggravating circumstance of 108 - b, then criteria should be used to preponderate the application of the aggravated form of feminicide and be able to support a compatibility between the two conflicting norms.

El artículo enfatiza el papel que cumplen los emprendedores de política en la definición de las agendas gubernamentales, cuya relevancia cobra mayor visibilidad en contextos donde el sistema político y la institucionalidad gubernamental se encuentran debilitados. Para ello se desarrolla el proceso de establecimiento de agenda de políticas públicas con un enfoque politológico, revisando los subprocesos que lo conforman: la estructuración del problema público y la solución de alternativas.El enfoque metodológico del artículo considera los casos como fuente de identificación de prácticas, estrategias y discursos, instrumentalizándolos para la generación de evidencia desde donde se revisa la teoría. A partir de la evidencia recogida en dos casos de estudio referidos al feminicidio y al trabajo infantil, el artículo discute algunos aspectos teóricos sobre el establecimiento de agenda, reconociéndolo como un proceso compuesto de prácticas realizadas por los actores aplicando estrategias para lograr su cometido y usando discursos, como el de los derechos humanos, para lograr la aceptación de sus propuestas. En el desarrollo teórico construido a partir de bibliografía relevante sobre el tema y de la evidencia ofrecida por los casos de estudio, se propone diferenciar entre prácticas y estrategias, planteando la necesidad de recuperar la retórica como elemento de análisis para el establecimiento de la agenda, tema frecuentemente olvidado en los estudios de agenda en nuestro medio. El análisis de los casos permite identificar actores claves para el establecimiento de agenda: por un lado, la cooperación internacional que, a través de la OIT como ente canalizador de recursos, legitimó su participación en los procesos de establecimiento de agenda sobre la erradicación del trabajo infantil; y por otro, la incursión de feministas en el espacio burocrático y político, fortaleciendo las capacidades institucionales del Estado para el diseño de las políticas públicas para enfrentar la violencia contra las mujeres.

Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych) / This study is about intimate femicide: The murder of a woman by a male intimate partner, namely her husband, boyfriend (dating or cohabiting), ex-husband (divorced or separated), ex-boyfriend or a rejected would-be lover. Intimate femicide has been identified as a dire social problem in South Africa. Although intimate femicide has been researched from a range of perspectives, there is a paucity of research on the discourses that women draw on to understand this crime in the context of South Africa. The primary aim of this study was to explore how women survivors of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) understand intimate femicide. This aim crystallised into the following objectives: 1) to explore how women survivors of IPV construct and understand the term intimate femicide, 2) to ascertain how women survivors of IPV understand the issue of risk of intimate femicide within an abusive relationship and 3) to investigate the discourses that women survivors of IPV draw on to understand intimate femicide. This thesis is couched in a feminist poststructuralist epistemology. Data was gathered through a qualitative approach, using in-depth semi-structured interviews. A Foucauldian discourse analysis was conducted on seven interviews with heterosexual women who had been in violent romantic relationships. In addition, ethical principles of anonymity and confidentiality were strictly adhered to. The findings of this study illuminate the immense difficulties that women experience in attempting to understand their level of risk while in an abusive relationship and the complexities experienced in attempting to understand intimate femicide. The discourse analysis revealed that fairy tale romance narratives present women with the idea that there is always hope for their relationships regardless of abusive circumstances, while dark romance discourses position romantic relationships as naturally abusive and present abuse as an invalid reason to leave a relationship. These justifications, beliefs, and understandings of the abuse hamper women’s ability to understand intimate femicide. This has significant implications for scholarship in general and feminist scholarship in particular. These findings emphasise the need for additional engagement in women’s understandings of intimate femicide - a group that has largely been consigned to the periphery. Moreover, given the excessive rates of intimate femicide in South Africa, it is critical that more research is conducted in order to increase awareness of intimate femicide amongst women in violent relationships.