Les folates sont des vitamines indispensables à tous les âges, particulièrement pendant la grossesse et l’enfance, étant donné leur fonction dans la division cellulaire. Le régime alimentaire en Afrique est essentiellement basé sur les céréales, consommées toujours après transformation. La fermentation est l’un des moyens de transformation des céréales pouvant augmenter les folates dans les aliments. L’objectif de ce travail était d’utiliser la fermentation pour augmenter les ingérés en folates des populations africaines via la consommation d’aliments céréaliers fermentés. Sept aliments céréaliers fermentés couramment consommés en Afrique de l’Ouest ont été investigués. La plupart des aliments avaient des teneurs en folates (1,8–31,3 µg/100g matière fraîche) inférieures à celles des céréales de départ (13,8-73,4 µg/100g matière fraîche). Des pertes en folates ont lieu au cours de certaines étapes de procédés dont le décorticage, le séchage, le trempage, le broyage et la filtration. Toutefois, la fermentation a permis une augmentation de la teneur en folates dans certains aliments. La bioaccessibilité des folates, évaluée à l'aide d'un modèle de digestion statique in vitro, variait de 23% à 81%. Elle était influencée par la matrice alimentaire et la stabilité des folates au cours de la digestion. Il a été calculé qu’au maximum 8% des besoins journaliers en folates des jeunes enfants consommant l’un des aliments étudiés pourraient être couverts. Des essais d’inoculation de bouillies fermentés à base de mil avec des souches de bactéries lactiques sélectionnées pour leurs propriétés nutritionnelles (synthèse de folates, hydrolyse de l’amidon) permettaient d’augmenter significativement les teneurs en folates (jusqu’à 8,7 µg/100 g matière fraîche) par rapport à leur équivalent préparées de manière traditionnelle (2,5-5,4 µg/100 g matière fraîche). L’inoculation par un pied-de-cuve provenant d’une fermentation spontanée permettait aussi une augmentation significative des teneurs folates (jusqu’à 7,4 µg/100 g matière fraîche). La caractérisation de la diversité bactérienne de 7 aliments céréaliers fermentés du Burkina Faso, d’Ethiopie et de la Finlande montrait que les bactéries lactiques du genre Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Weissella, Pediococcus, Lactococcus et Streptococcus étaient les principaux acteurs de la fermentation de ces aliments. Toutefois, une présence non négligeable d’autres microorganismes potentiellement pathogènes des genres Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Erwinia, Klebsiella, Escherichia et Acinetobacter a été identifiée. Cette contamination était liée à certaines étapes du procédé de transformation des céréales dont le stockage et broyage dans les moulins publics. Ces microorganismes pathogènes étaient réduits par fermentation et finalement éliminés après l'étape de cuisson. / Folates represent an essential vitamin in the human diet at all ages, particularly during pregnancy and infancy, as it is required for the production of new cells. In many African countries, the main staple foods are based on cereals, which are always consumed after processing. Fermentation is one of the processing, which could increase folate contents in foods. The objective of this work was to increase folates intake of African people through the consumption of cereal-based fermented foods using fermentation. Seven types of cereal-based fermented foods (CBFF), commonly consumed in West Africa, were investigated in this study. Total folate content of cereal-based fermented ranged between 1.8 and 31.3 µg/100g fresh weight, and was almost always lower than in the raw material (13.8-73.4 µg/100g fresh weight). Folate losses occurred during some processing steps like debranning, soaking and drying steps. However, fermentation was able to increase the folate content in some CBFF. Folate bioaccessibility was assessed using a static in vitro digestion model, and ranged from 23% to 81%. The bioaccessible folate content was influenced by total folate content, the structure of food matrices that modulated folate release, and folate stability during digestion process. Calculations of the contributions of CBFF to the reference nutrient intake for folate showed that folate intakes from these foods would cover a maximum of 8% of the folate requirements for young children. Porridges prepared with starter cultures of lactic acid bacteria selected for the nutritional properties (folate synthesis, starch hydrolysis) had significantly higher folate contents (up to 8.7 µg/100 g fresh matter) than the porridge prepared using the traditional process (2.5-5.4 µg/100 g fresh matter). Back slopping using an inoculum from a spontaneous fermentation also enabled an interesting increase in folate contents (up to 7.4 µg/100 g fresh matter). The bacterial diversity of seven cereal-based fermented foods from Burkina Faso, Ethiopia and Finland were assessed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Lactic acid bacteria genus, including Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Weissella, Pediococcus, Lactococcus and Streptococcus were the main bacteria present in cereal-based fermented foods. Several potentially pathogenic bacteria, namely, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Erwinia, Escherichia, Klebsiella and Acinetobacter were also found in some intermediary products resulting from storage and wet milling. These microorganisms were reduced by fermentation and finally removed after the cooking step.

Subprodutos de frutas são rotineiramente descartados pelas indústrias. Porém, são ricos em compostos bioativos, podendo ser utilizados como ingredientes em produtos funcionais, promovendo a saúde e minimizando o impacto ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o potencial funcional de subprodutos desidratados de acerola e de laranja, como fontes de compostos fenólicos, e desenvolver leites fermentados probióticos adicionados deste resíduo, avaliando suas características físico-químicas durante o armazenamento sob refrigeração (28 dias; 4 ± 1 °C), bem como o impacto das condições gastrointestinais sobre os flavonoides e as cepas probióticas. Os subprodutos foram obtidos em indústrias de processamento de frutas do estado de São Paulo, e foram realizadas as seguintes análises para caracterizá-los: composição centesimal, teores de vitamina C, minerais, fibras alimentares, compostos fenólicos totais e proantocianidinas, capacidade antioxidante in vitro e perfil cromatográfico de flavonoides (CLAE). Foram elaboradas quatro formulações de leites fermentados: F0 (controle), sem adição de resíduo de acerola (RA); F2, com 2% de RA; F5, com 5% de RA; F10, com 10% de RA. Adicionou-se a cultura probiótica ABT-4 nos produtos, constituída de duas cepas probióticas: Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Bb-12 e Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, além da cultura starter Streptococcus thermophilus. As seguintes análises foram realizadas com as formulações de leites fermentados, durante o armazenamento sob refrigeração (28 dias, 4 ± 1 °C): composição centesimal, pH, acidez, viabilidade dos microrganismos, teor de compostos fenólicos totais (CF), cor e textura instrumentais. Além disso, os leites fermentados foram submetidos a condições gastrointestinais simuladas in vitro, para avaliação do impacto na viabilidade das cepas probióticas e nos compostos fenólicos. O RA mostrou-se excelente fonte de vitamina C (605 mg/100 g b.u.), além de apresentar melhor capacidade antioxidante in vitro do que o RL. Proantocianidinas foram encontradas apenas no RA, na concentração de 617 &#181;g EC/g b.s. O teor de compostos fenólicos totais do RA (3240 &#181;g EAG/100 g b.s.) foi 3,6 vezes maior que o do RL. Os principais compostos fenólicos encontrados no RA foram: derivados de quercetina, procianidina B1, rutina, e derivados de caempferol. No RL, foram identificados: naringenina, sinensetina, homorientina, isovitexina e derivados de ácido clorogênico. Os subprodutos estudados apresentaram elevados teores de fibras totais (acima de 60%) e proteínas totais (RA: 10,4%; RL: 9,9%), além de reduzido teor de lipídeos totais (RA: 1,6%; RL: 2,6%). Os principais minerais identificados em ambos os resíduos foram: potássio, magnésio, cálcio e fósforo. Quanto às quatro formulações de leites fermentados, estas apresentaram baixo teor de lipídeos totais (menor que 1%), e o teor de proteínas totais variou entre 3,9 e 5,1 g/100 g, estando de acordo com a legislação vigente para este tipo de produto. O pH das formulações F0 (controle) e F2 manteve-se estável significativamente (p > 0,05) ao longo do período de armazenamento sob refrigeração (28 dias; 4 ± 1 °C), e das outras formulações sofreu pequena queda, mesmo assim mantendo-se acima de 4,5. A acidez das formulações, que variou entre 0,92 a 1,28 mg de ácido lático/g, aumentou entre os dias 1 e 14 de armazenamento, depois se manteve até o final da vida de prateleira. O RA não interferiu de maneira negativa nas populações de microrganismos analisadas durante o armazenamento, já que as formulações F2, F5 e F10 mantiveram suas populações em torno de 8 log UFC/g. Quanto ao teor de CF, as amostras diferiram significativamente entre si (p < 0,05), sendo que F0 apresentou teor em torno de 5 vezes inferior a F10 (21,13 e 101,13 &#181;g EAG/100 g, respectivamente, no dia 1). A cor dos produtos se manteve até o final da vida de prateleira, e diferiram significativamente (p < 0,05) entre si. O RA influenciou pouco nos parâmetros de textura dos leites fermentados, mas a formulação controle foi a única que perdeu adesividade. Após a fase gástrica da digestão simulada in vitro, no 7° dia de armazenamento, as populações de bactérias probióticas diminuíram drasticamente (quedas em torno de 3 a 5 log UFC/g), e após a fase entérica não foram detectadas contagens. Por outro lado, os flavonoides encontrados nos leites fermentados adicionados de RA aumentaram em torno de 2 a 5 vezes, após a fase gástrica, mantendo-se ou sofrendo pequena queda após fase entérica. Estes resultados mostram que o pó de subprodutos de acerola é um valioso ingrediente a ser utilizado em alimentos funcionais, pois é rico em vitamina C, fibras e compostos fenólicos, agregando valor nutricional, além de servir como antioxidante natural. Seus flavonoides parecem ser altamente resistentes aos ácidos e sais da digestão, podendo, assim, exercer efeitos positivos sobre a saúde. / Fruits by-products are routinely discarded by industries. However, they are rich in bioactive compounds, and can be used as ingredients in functional foods, promoting health and minimizing environmental impact. The objective of this study was to investigate the functional potential of acerola and orange dehydrated by-products, as sources of phenolic compounds, and to develop probiotic fermented milks suplemented with this residues, evaluating its physico-chemical characteristics during refrigerated storage (28 days, 4 ± 1 °C), as well as the impact of gastrointestinal conditions on flavonoids and probiotic strains. The by-products were obtained from fruit processing industries of São Paulo, and the following analyzes were performed to characterize them: contents of moisture, ash, lipids, proteins, vitamin C, minerals, dietary fibers, total phenolic compounds and proanthocyanidins, antioxidant capacity in vitro and flavonoids chromatographic profile (HPLC). Were elaborated four formulations of fermented milks: F0 (control), without addition of acerola residue (AR); F2, with 2% AR; F5, with 5% AR; F10, with 10% AR. Was used the probiotic culture ABT-4, composed of two probiotic strains, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Bb-12 and Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, in addition to the starter culture Streptococcus thermophilus. During the refrigerated storage (28 days, 4 ± 1 °C), the following analyzes were performed with the fermented milks: contents of moisture, ash, lipids and proteins, pH, acidity, viability of microorganisms, total phenolic compounds (PC), instrumental color and texture. In addition, the fermented milks were submitted to in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions to evaluate the impact on the viability of probiotic strains and phenolic compounds. AR presented excellent content of vitamin C (605 mg/100 g), in addition to presenting better antioxidant capacity in vitro than orange residue (OR). Proanthocyanidins were found only in AR (617 &#181;g CE/g). The PC content of AR (3240 &#181;g GAE/100 g) was 3.6 higher than in OR. The phenolic compounds identified in AR were quercetin-3-rhamnoside, rutin and others quercetin derivatives, procyanidin B1 and kaempferol derivatives. In OR, were identified naringenin, sinensetin, homorientin, isovitexin and chlorogenic acid derivatives. The by-products studied showed high total fibers content (above 60%) and total proteins (AR: 10.4%, OR: 9.9%), as well as reduced total lipids content (AR: 1.6%; OR: 2.6%). Both residues showed high levels of potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. The four formulations of fermented milks presented low total lipids content (below 1%), and the total proteins content ranged from 3.9 to 5.1 g/100 g, being in agreement with the legislation. The pH of F0 (control) and F2 formulations remained stable (p > 0.05) throughout the refrigerated storage period (28 days, 4 ± 1 °C), and the other formulations showed a small decreased, even thus remaining above 4.5. The acidity of the formulations, ranging from 0.92 to 1.28 mg of lactic acid/g, increased between days 1 and 14 of storage, then remained until the end of shelf life. The AR did not negatively interfere in the populations of microorganisms analyzed during storage, since the formulations F2, F5 and F10 maintained their populations around 8 log CFU/g. Regarding PC content, the samples differed significantly (p < 0.05), with F0 being about 5 lower than F10 (21.13 and 101.13 &#181;g GAE/100 g, respectively, in the day 1). The instrumental color of the products remained until the end of shelf life, and differed significantly (p < 0.05) from each other. The AR influenced a little in the texture parameters of the fermented milks, but the control formulation was the only one that lost adhesiveness. After the gastric phase of the simulated digestion in vitro, on the 7th day of storage, the populations of probiotic bacteria decreased dramatically (of 3 to 5 log CFU/g), and after the enteric phase no colonies were detected. On the other hand, the flavonoids found in the fermented milks that were suplemented with AR increased from 2 to 5 times, after the gastric phase, maintaining or suffering small decreased after enteric phase. These results show that acerola by-products powder is a valuable ingredient to be used in functional foods because it is rich in vitamin C, dietary fibers and phenolic compounds, adding nutritional value, and serving as a natural antioxidant. Its flavonoids appear to be highly resistant to the acids and salts of digestion and can thus have positive effects on health.

Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2017-08-31T13:37:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Andressa Regina Antunes.pdf: 1269867 bytes, checksum: d72378812bab26dd3a8c0c8918a70c93 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-31T13:37:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Andressa Regina Antunes.pdf: 1269867 bytes, checksum: d72378812bab26dd3a8c0c8918a70c93 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-03 / Introduction: The damage caused by the formation of free radicals in the body of animals and humans has presented significative results, once the physiopathology of different types of sickness, such as diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, cancer, among others, follows the binding with the action of these highly reactive components. To reduce the effects caused by them, alternatives in medication are being developed, in order to act as therapeutic adjuvants or prophylactics, like in the case of lactic beverages fermented with probiotic microorganisms. This occurs due to the advantages obtained by both the intrinsic nutrients of these beverages, as well as the microorganisms that forms them, beyond the products of their fermentation. A bacteria species with probiotic properties well-known by their antioxidant potential is the Lactobacillus acidophilus, that is used in fermentation processes for the production of fermented milk, mainly with functional aspects. Objective: Gathering evidences about the antioxidant aspect shown in fermented lactic beverages that contain Lactobacillus acidophilus, by “in vitro” and “in vivo” experimental design tests, besides, evaluating the evidences regarding the other characteristics related to the manufacture of these beverages, like the physical-chemical, microbiologic, antioxidants and methodologic aspects, with the intention of clarifying if these probiotic properties really interfere with the antioxidant aspects of the samples, as well as with the other important aspects for the production of fermented lactic beverages. Material and Methods: A systematic review was done in the data bases: Medline, Cochrane, Scopus, Science Direct, Scifinder, Web of Science, Scielo and Agrícola, considering the following criteria: “antioxidant activity”, “oxidative stress”, “Lactobacillus acidophilus”, “lactic beverage”, “fermented milk”, “yogurt”, “in vitro techniques” and “in vivo”, related with the boolean operators “AND” and “OR”, moreover the manual search for studies on this area that could be of interest. The articles gathered through all the research sources had their titles and abstracts evaluated according to the pre-established inclusion criteria being, basically, the presence of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the constitution of fermented milks, whether isolated or in association with other bacteria, and that had their contents evaluated about their antioxidant aspect. The studies that followed these criteria had their contents fully read. Subsequently, all data of interest were extracted from the included articles, evaluated and compared with literature data for control samples (pure milk) or samples of similar microbiological composition, and also compared with data from brazilian legislation, when available. Results and Discussion: Through the entire data bases searched, 1751 articles were retrieved and read in terms of title and summary. Out of these, 36 articles were selected and fully read, and from them, eight articles followed the inclusion criteria for “in vitro” tests. For “in vivo” tests, six articles were fully read, and considering that only one of them followed the inclusion criteria, it was not possible, therefore, to develop a comparative research for this methodologic design, considering the selected search strategy. Thus, from these eight articles related to “in vitro” experiments, a total of 17 samples of interest were comprehended in the microbiologic constitution requirements, showing at least the presence of Lactobacillus acidophilus, which included three fermented milks (Subgroup A = 17.65%), eight acidophilic milks (Subgroup B = 47.06%) and three yogurts (Subgroup C = 35.29%). From the total declared cellular materials, 66.67% of these were characterized as intracellular content free of cells, being the rest, cellular content without breaking. Regarding the microbiologic constitution, it was possible to verify that, after the intentional presence of Lactobacillus acidophilus, the second most frequent used microorganism was Streptococcus thermophilus, followed by Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Regarding the evaluation of antioxidant activity, the analytic technique used with more frequency was that which evaluates the eliminatory capacity of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, followed by the method of elimination of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical. Based on the profile of antioxidant activity, subgroup B was classified as being the best characterized, due to emcompass, in general, greater number of tests of antioxidant activity in relation to the others. In addition, when constituted by Lactobacillus acidophilus, almost all of the samples evaluated presented consistent results for the antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the importance of association between different analytical methods for evaluation of antioxidant activity is emphasized, due to the greater precision of the recovered results and consequent scientific support given to the study. Besides, it could be verified that, when there is presence of the probiotic of interest in the constitution of the studied food, the antioxidant activity is enhanced, which leads to understand that in fact the microorganism has that characteristic. On the other hand, when in presence of other microorganisms, whether they are probiotic or not, the antioxidant activity is still increased, although not in a proportional way, leading to the understanding that only the presence of Lactobacillus acidophilus is able to provide sufficient antioxidant protection to food in which it is added. Thus, lactic fermented beverages that contain this probiotic could be consumed with the premise of antioxidant protection, mainly by individuals that suffer from sicknesses with physiopathologies related to oxidative stress. / Introdução: O dano causado pela formação de radicais livres no organismo de animais e humanos tem apresentado resultados significativos, uma vez que a fisiopatologia de diversos tipos de doenças, como diabetes, hipertensão, aterosclerose, câncer, entre outras, possui ligação com a ação destes compostos altamente reativos. Para a redução dos malefícios causados por eles, alternativas não medicamentosas estão sendo desenvolvidas, a fim de atuarem como adjuvantes terapêuticos ou profiláticos, como é o caso das bebidas lácteas fermentadas com microrganismos probióticos. Isso ocorre em função das vantagens obtidas tanto pelos nutrientes intrínsecos destas bebidas, bem como dos microrganismos que as constituem, além de seus produtos de fermentação. Uma espécie bacteriana com propriedade probiótica notadamente conhecida por seu potencial antioxidante é o Lactobacillus acidophilus, utilizado em processos fermentativos para a obtenção de leites fermentados, e preferencialmente com aspectos funcionais. Objetivo: Reunir evidências sobre o aspecto antioxidante apresentado por bebidas lácteas fermentadas em presença de Lactobacillus acidophilus, a partir de ensaios com desenhos experimentais “in vitro” e “in vivo”, além de avaliar as evidências a respeito das demais características vinculadas à fabricação destas bebidas, como os aspectos físico-químicos, microbiológicos, antioxidantes e metodológicos, com a intenção de esclarecer se o referido probiótico realmente interfere no aspecto antioxidante das amostras, bem como nos demais aspectos de interesse para a fabricação de leites fermentados. Material e Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados: Medline, Cochrane, Scopus, Science Direct, Scifinder, Web of Science, Scielo e Agrícola, considerando os seguintes termos de busca: “antioxidant activity”, “oxidative stress”, “Lactobacillus acidophilus”, “lactic beverage”, “fermented milk”, “yogurt”, “in vitro techniques” e “in vivo”, associados aos operadores booleanos “AND” e “OR”, além da busca manual por estudos na área que pudessem ser de interesse. Os artigos recuperados por meio de todas as fontes de busca tiveram os seus títulos e resumos avaliados de acordo com os critérios de inclusão preestabelecidos, sendo eles, basicamente, a presença de Lactobacillus acidophilus na constitução de leites fermentados, isolado ou em associação com outras bactérias, e que tiveram os seus conteúdos avaliados quanto ao aspecto antioxidante. Os estudos que atenderam a esses critérios tiveram os seus conteúdos lidos na íntegra. Na sequência, todos os dados de interesse foram extraídos dos artigos incluídos, avaliados e comparados com dados de literatura para amostras controle (leite puro) ou amostras de constituição microbiológica semelhante, e ainda, comparados com dados da legislação brasileira quando disponíveis. Resultados e Discussão: Por meio das bases de dados pesquisadas, 1751 artigos foram recuperados e lidos em termos de título e resumo. Desses, 36 artigos foram selecionados e tiveram seus conteúdos lidos na íntegra, e, a partir deles, oito artigos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão para estudos “in vitro”. Para estudos “in vivo”, seis artigos foram lidos na íntegra, sendo que apenas um deles atendeu aos critérios de inclusão, não sendo possível, portanto, o desenvolvimento de uma pesquisa comparativa para o referido desenho metodológico, considerando a estratégia de busca escolhida. Dessa forma, a partir dos oito artigos envolvendo experimentos “in v vitro”, um total de 17 amostras de interesse se enquadraram no requisito de constituição microbiológica, por apresentarem no mínimo a presença de Lactobacillus acidophilus, as quais incluíram três leites fermentados (Subgrupo A = 17,65%), oito leites acidófilos (Subgrupo B = 47,06%) e seis iogurtes (Subgrupo C = 35,29%). Do total de materiais celulares declarados, 66,67% deles foram caracterizados como conteúdo intracelular livre de células, sendo o restante, o conteúdo celular sem rompimento. Quanto à constituição microbiológica, foi possível verificar que, após a presença intencional de Lactobacillus acidophilus, o segundo microrganismo mais frequentemente utilizado foi Streptococcus thermophilus, seguido por Lactobacillus bulgaricus. No que se refere à avaliação da atividade antioxidante, a técnica analítica empregada com maior frequência foi aquela que avalia a capacidade eliminatória do radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), seguida pelo método de eliminação do radical 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS). Com base no perfil de atividade antioxidante, o subgrupo B foi classificado como sendo o melhor caracterizado, em função de ter englobado, no geral, maior número de testes de atividade antioxidante em relação aos demais. Em adição, quando constituídas por Lactobacillus acidophilus, quase a totalidade das amostras avaliadas apresentaram resultados consistentes para a atividade antioxidante. Conclusão: Partindo dos resultados obtidos, enfatiza-se a importância da associação entre diferentes métodos analíticos para a avaliação da atividade antioxidante, devido à maior precisão dos resultados recuperados e consequente respaldo científico conferido ao estudo. Além disso, verifica-se que, quando a presença do probiótico de interesse se encontra na constituição do alimento estudado, a atividade antioxidante é exaltada, o que leva a entender que de fato o microrganismo apresenta tal característica. Por outro lado, quando em presença de outros microorganismos, probióticos ou não, a atividade antioxidante é ainda melhorada, mas não de forma proporcional, levando à compreensão de que apenas a presença de Lactobacillus acidophilus é capaz de fornecer proteção antioxidante suficiente ao alimento em que for acrescentado. Dessa forma, bebidas lácteas fermentadas em presença desse probiótico poderiam ser consumidas com a premissa de proteção antioxidante, principalmente por indivíduos acometidos pordoenças com fisiopatologias envolvidas com o estresse oxidativo.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2018-04-12T13:48:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Onofre Dardengo.pdf: 1287779 bytes, checksum: e5433e8b536c7b1b26f3bbdc12fecc7f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-12T13:48:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Onofre Dardengo.pdf: 1287779 bytes, checksum: e5433e8b536c7b1b26f3bbdc12fecc7f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-03 / A group of 10 vocational students of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Espirito Santo - IFES (Technical Course in Agribusiness) enrolled in the Module of Meat Processing was the subject of this study on the development of competences and skills in processing of salami-type sausages. The methodological approach used was qualitative and quantitative action research. The qualitative assessment was done by a preliminary diagnostic questionnaire applied before the implementation of the experiment, and a final questionnaire applied after going through the production steps, physico-chemical and microbiological analysis, and organoleptical evaluation. The approach used included lectures and hands-on processing in pilot-plant. The quantitative assessment was done through organoleptical evaluation of the processed sausages (SB=beef-only sausage; SS = pork-only sausage; SO = mutton-only sausage). The experimental model used for physico-chemical assessment was the Completely Randomized Design, distributed in a factorial 3x6 scheme, (3 types of sausage and 6 different evaluation time). The data of organoleptical evaluation was submitted to variance analysis by single-element stimuli method for acid taste, and hedonic scale for aroma, taste, overall assessment and purchase intention. The comparison of student replies to initial and final questionnaires showed that the approach was beneficial to knowledge acquisition by those involved on processing of salami-type sausages; habilities were developed to make them competent, and the combination of theory and practice was essential on constructing and reconstructing knowledge. The addition of starter culture to salami promoted the gradual downfall of pH to the 7th day (and increase in titratable acidity) due to lactic acid accumulation, condition that is basic to high quality products. Moisture content varied as function of dehydration process and length of fermentation. SB sausage scored higher in organoleptical analysis than others on taste acceptance. SB and SO sausages did not differ in aroma scores and purchase intention, both scoring higher than SS. The global assessment no significant differences were observed on all sausage types considered. On the frequency histogram analysis of scores, acceptability of SB and SO were higher than SS in all variables. Addition of bovine and ovine meat to fermented sausage of salami-type enhanced taste and aroma, and these were the product quality factors that influenced most the overall acceptability and purchase behaviour / O presente estudo foi desenvolvido no Instituto Federal de Educa??o, Ci?ncia e Tecnologia do Esp?rito Santo ? IFES, Campus de Alegre, apresentando como sujeitos da pesquisa um grupo de 10 alunos da 2? s?rie, matriculados no M?dulo de Processamento de Carne do Curso T?cnico em Agroind?stria. Teve por objetivo promover o desenvolvimento de compet?ncias e habilidades nos alunos na produ??o de diferentes tipos de salame. O procedimento metodol?gico adotado foi a pesquisa-a??o pela abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. A an?lise qualitativa foi avaliada utilizando-se question?rio de diagn?stico preliminar - antes da implanta??o da pesquisa e question?rio final ? ap?s a conclus?o das etapas de produ??o e participa??o na avalia??o sensorial, an?lises f?sico-qu?micas e microbiol?gicas, por meio de aulas expositivas e posteriores pr?ticas com o desenvolvimento dos produtos fermentados. J? na abordagem quantitativa, foi utilizada a an?lise sensorial para verifica??o da aceita??o dos atributos dos produtos embutidos (SB= salame de bovino; SS= salame de su?no e SO= salame de ovino). O modelo experimental adotado para avalia??o f?sico-qu?mica dos salames foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC), distribu?do em esquema fatorial 3 x 6, sendo tr?s os tipos de salame e seis as ?pocas de avalia??o. Na avalia??o sensorial, os dados foram submetidos ? an?lise de vari?ncia, pelo m?todo de est?mulo simples para sabor ?cido e da escala hed?nica para aroma, sabor, avalia??o global e inten??o de compra. As respostas dos alunos nos question?rios inicial e final permite concluir que a pesquisa contribui para a aquisi??o de conhecimento dos envolvidos no processamento de produtos embutidos tipo salame, em que foram desenvolvidas habilidades para torn?-los competentes e que a jun??o entre teoria e pr?tica foi essencial para a constru??o e a reconstru??o de saberes. A adi??o da cultura starter aos salames promoveu a queda gradual do pH at? o s?timo dia devido a libera??o de ?cido l?ctico, condi??o fundamental para a produ??o de produtos de alta qualidade. A acidez titul?vel dos salames teve um aumento significativo at? o s?timo dia da fermenta??o, cujos valores foram crescentes at? a matura??o. Os teores de umidade dos salames variaram em fun??o do processo de desidrata??o e decresceram em fun??o do tempo fermenta??o. Na an?lise sensorial o SB superou os demais para a aceita??o do sabor. N?o foram observadas diferen?as significativas para aroma e inten??o de compra entre SB e SO, que superaram SS. Na avalia??o global n?o foram observadas diferen?as significativas entre os salames avaliados. Na an?lise dos histogramas de frequ?ncia de notas, a aceitabilidade de SB e SO foi superior a de SS em todos os par?metros avaliados. A adi??o de carne bovina e ovina ao salame tipo italiano exaltou o sabor e aroma, sendo essas as propriedades que mais influenciaram na decis?o dos provadores na aceita??o global e inten??o de compra dos produtos.

<p>У овој докторској дисертацији, комбуха је<br />култивисана на екстрактима ртањског чаја,<br />нане, коприве и мајчине душице заслађеним<br />са 7% сахарозе. Напици од комбухе добијени<br />на наведеним екстрактима су даље<br />коришћени као инокулуми за ферментацију<br />млека са 0,8; 1,6 и 2,8% млечне масти, на<br />температурама од 37, 40 и 43&deg;С.<br />Истраживање је обухватило праћење<br />антиоксидативне активности различитих<br />ферментисаних млечних производа<br />добијених помоћу комбухе, и то<br />утврђивањем способности везивања<br />слободних радикала, како веома реактивних<br />хидрокси-радикала, тако и мање реактивних,<br />стабилних 1,1-дифенил-2-пикрилхидразил<br />(DPPH) радикала. Урађена је<br />карактеризација млека, инокулума и<br />добијених производа утврђивањем физичко-<br />хемијских карактеристика, а у случају<br />производа и сензорном оценом. За млеко и<br />производе је измерен и садржај масних<br />киселина. Осим тога, одређени су и неки од<br />састојака производа за које се зна да имају<br />антиоксидативно деловање, при чему је<br />акценат стављен на витамин Це, као и<br />полинезасићене масне киселине.<br />Оптимизацијом температуре ферментације,<br />садржаја млечне масти полазног млека,<br />врсте инокулума комбухе, као и релевантних<br />састојака производа, утврђени су оптимални<br />услови за добијање најквалитетнијег<br />ферментисаног млечног производа од<br />комбухе са аспекта антиоксидативне<br />активности.</p> / <p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji, kombuha je<br />kultivisana na ekstraktima rtanjskog čaja,<br />nane, koprive i majčine dušice zaslađenim<br />sa 7% saharoze. Napici od kombuhe dobijeni<br />na navedenim ekstraktima su dalje<br />korišćeni kao inokulumi za fermentaciju<br />mleka sa 0,8; 1,6 i 2,8% mlečne masti, na<br />temperaturama od 37, 40 i 43&deg;S.<br />Istraživanje je obuhvatilo praćenje<br />antioksidativne aktivnosti različitih<br />fermentisanih mlečnih proizvoda<br />dobijenih pomoću kombuhe, i to<br />utvrđivanjem sposobnosti vezivanja<br />slobodnih radikala, kako veoma reaktivnih<br />hidroksi-radikala, tako i manje reaktivnih,<br />stabilnih 1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil<br />(DPPH) radikala. Urađena je<br />karakterizacija mleka, inokuluma i<br />dobijenih proizvoda utvrđivanjem fizičko-<br />hemijskih karakteristika, a u slučaju<br />proizvoda i senzornom ocenom. Za mleko i<br />proizvode je izmeren i sadržaj masnih<br />kiselina. Osim toga, određeni su i neki od<br />sastojaka proizvoda za koje se zna da imaju<br />antioksidativno delovanje, pri čemu je<br />akcenat stavljen na vitamin Ce, kao i<br />polinezasićene masne kiseline.<br />Optimizacijom temperature fermentacije,<br />sadržaja mlečne masti polaznog mleka,<br />vrste inokuluma kombuhe, kao i relevantnih<br />sastojaka proizvoda, utvrđeni su optimalni<br />uslovi za dobijanje najkvalitetnijeg<br />fermentisanog mlečnog proizvoda od<br />kombuhe sa aspekta antioksidativne<br />aktivnosti.</p> / <p>In this PhD thesis, kombucha was cultivated on winter savory, peppermint, stinging nettle and wild thyme tea extracts, sweetened with 7% of sucrose. The kombucha beverages obtained on these extracts were used as inoculums for the fermentation of milk with 0.8; 1.6 and 2.8% milk fat, at temepratures of 37, 40 and 43&deg;С.<br />The investigation determined the antioxidant activity of different fermented milk products obtained by kombucha. The ability of free radicals (DPPH and hydroxyl) scavenging was established. The physicochemical characteristics of milk, inoculums and the obtained products were measured. The sensory analysis of the products was also performed. The content of fatty acids in milk and products was determined. The content of some of the product components with the antioxidant characteristics<br />(vitamin C and polyunsaturated fatty acids) was measured. Optimization of process temperature, milk fat content, type of kombucha inoculum, and relevant product components enabled the determination of optimum conditions for the obtaining of kombucha fermented milk products with the best quality, when the antioxidant activity is considered.</p>

Les produits laitiers fermentés tels que les yaourts, les laits fermentés et les fromages frais, occupent une place importante dans l’économie française. La stabilité de ces produits et leurs chances d’exportation sont cependant limitées par de fréquentes altérations fongiques. De plus, l’augmentation des résistances de certains champignons aux conservateurs chimiques ainsi que la forte demande des consommateurs pour des produits dépourvus d’additifs poussent les industriels à en réduire l’ajout. Dans ce contexte, il est nécessaire de développer des alternatives innovantes, telle que la bio-conservation. Les bactéries lactiques, utilisées depuis des millénaires dans la fermentation de nombreux aliments, et généralement reconnues comme inoffensives pour la santé, sont potentiellement de bonnes candidates pour la bio-conservation. Dans le but d’obtenir une ou deux souches de bactéries lactiques antifongiques, capables d’être compétitives au sein de produits laitiers fermentés tels que le yaourt, une collection de bactéries lactiques antifongiques a d’abord été constituée. Pour cela, un criblage de colonies isolées de laits crus de vache, de chèvre et de brebis a été effectué sur une période d’une année. Ce criblage, ciblé contre 4 champignons communément retrouvés dans les produits laitiers contaminés, a abouti à l’isolement de 1235 colonies de bactéries lactiques antifongiques. Ceci a permis d’évaluer la biodiversité des bactéries lactiques antifongiques d’une part, et celle des champignons, d’autre part, dans ces échantillons de lait, afin d’observer une éventuelle corrélation entre la présence de champignons et l’expression des activités antifongiques. L’influence de l’origine du lait, de la période d’échantillonnage, du milieu d’isolement et du champignon ciblé, sur le pourcentage de colonies actives isolées a été mise en évidence. Parmi les champignons ciblés, Pénicillium expansum était le plus facilement inhibé, et la majorité des colonies ont été isolées durant la troisième période d’échantillonnage, majoritairement sur les milieux à base de MRS. Les laits de vache et de chèvre se sont révélés être des réservoirs de bactéries lactiques antifongiques, contrairement aux laits de brebis. La majorité des bactéries lactiques antifongiques isolées et identifiées appartenait au genre Lactobacillus, majoritairement du groupe Lb. casei. Onze isolats, dont 10 appartenant au groupe Lb. casei, ont été sélectionnés selon l’intensité de leur activité antifongique et leur spectre d’action sur milieu MRS. Certaines de leurs propriétés technologiques ont été caractérisées, en vue de leur utilisation comme cultures protectrices dans des produits laitiers fermentés. Leur activité antifongique a également été testée dans le lait et dans le yaourt, contre 6 contaminants fongiques communément responsables d’altérations dans les yaourts. Une souche, Lb. harbinensis K.V9.3.1Np, a révélé de fortes activités antifongiques dans le yaourt contre 6 cibles fongiques. Les études complémentaires effectuées ont permis de montrer que la variation de certains paramètres technologiques (présence ou absence de saccharose, temps de fermentation) n’avait pas d’influence sur l’activité antifongique de cette souche. La découverte du potentiel antifongique de Lb. harbinensis K.V9.3.1Np est innovante. Cette espèce, isolée pour la première fois en 2005 d’un produit fermenté végétal, n’avait encore jamais été décrite comme présentant des activités antimicrobiennes. Sa forte activité antifongique dans le yaourt fait de Lb. harbinensis K.V9.3.1Np un bon candidat pour la bioconservation de produit(s) laitier(s) fermenté(s). / Fermented dairy products such as yogurt, fermented milks and fresh cheeses are of great importance in the French economy. The stability of these products and export opportunities are however limited by frequent fungal spoilages. In addition, the increase of fungal resistances to Chemical preservatives and the strong consumer demand for products deprived of Chemical additives are pushing manufacturers to reduce the quantities of added Chemical preservatives in these products. In this context, it is necessary to develop alternatives to classical food preservation methods, such as biopreservation. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), used for millennia for diverse food fermentations, and generally recognized as safe for human health, can potentially be used for biopreservation. In order to select 1 or 2 LAB strains with antifungal activity capable to compete in fermented dairy products such as yogurt, a collection of antifungal LAB was first created. This was done by screening colonies isolated from cow, goat and ewe raw milk samples over a one-year period. This screening step, targeted against 4 fungi found in contaminated dairy products, resulted in the isolation of 1235 antifungal colonies. The biodiversity of the isolated antifungal LAB was then determined along with that of the fungi found in the different raw milks, in order to observe a possible correlation between the presence of fungi and the expression of antifungal activities. The influence of milk origin, sampling period, isolation medium and targeted fungus on the percentage of isolated active colonies was highlighted and clearly showed that both cow and goat milks were reservoirs of antifungal LAB. Among the targeted fungi, P. expansum was more easily inhibited, and the majority of colonies were isolated during the third sampling period, mainly on MRS-based media. The majority of identified antifungal LAB belonged to the genus Lactobacillus, mainly to the Lb. casei group. Eleven isolates, including 10 belonging to the Lb. casei group, were selected from these lactobacilli, according to their activity level and action spectrum in MRS medium. Some of their technological properties were characterized for their potential use as protective cultures in fermented dairy products and their antifungal activity was tested in milk and yogurt. To do this, 6 fungal contaminants commonly encountered in yogurt spoilage were used. A particular strain, Lb. harbinensis K.V9.3.1Np, showed a strong antifungal activity in yogurt. Additional experiments showed that the variation of technological parameters (presence or absence of sugar, fermentation time) had no influence on the antifungal activity of this strain. This is the first time that an antifungal potential has been observed for Lb. harbinensis, a species isolated for the first time in 2005 from a fermented vegetable product. Because of its effectiveness in yogurt, Lb. harbinensis K.V9.3.1Np is a promising strain for biopreservation of fermented dairy product(s).

Background. Traditional plant use was studied in Lao PDR. Research focused on medicinal plant use by the Brou, Saek and Kry ethnic groups, traditional plant repellents against parasitic arthropods and leeches, and the phylogeny and biogeography of the medicinally-important snake gourd genus (Trichosanthes, Cucurbitaceae).  Methods. The ethnobiology research used a combination of structured interviews, village surveys, botanical collecting, hydro-distillation, GC-MS analysis, literature studies, and laboratory experiments. The plant systematics research used a combination of morphological studies, molecular biology laboratory work, and phylogenetic, dating and biogeographical analysis.  Results. Informants reported the use of close to 100 species to repel arthropods and leeches, many of which have constituents with documented efficacy.  Brou, Saek and Kry informants use over 75 plant species for women’s healthcare, mainly during the postpartum period for steam sauna, steam bath, hotbed, mother roasting, medicinal decoctions and infusions, and postpartum diet.  A molecular phylogeny of Trichosanthes and Gymnopetalum using a broad sampling of ~60% of their species and 4756 nucleotides of nuclear and plastid DNA shows that Gymnopetalum is nested within Trichosanthes. Fossil-calibrated Bayesian molecular dating of the Trichosanthes phylogeny reveals an early Oligocene origin of the genus, and many of the extant sections originating and diversifying during the Miocene. Biogeographical analysis shows a likely East or South Asian origin of Trichosanthes, with lineages diversifying and spreading throughout Australasia from the early Pliocene to the Pleistocene.  Discussion. Traditional plant use in Lao PDR is common and widespread. The presence among the repellent species of economical alternatives to costly synthetic repellents is tenable, and the subject of ongoing studies.  Postpartum traditions and medicinal plant use are essential parts of childbirth and postpartum recovery in these ethnic groups, and many other groups in Lao PDR. Efforts to improve maternal healthcare and reduce maternal and infant mortality need to integrate these traditions with modern notions of healthcare to achieve wider adoption. Documenting all possible uses of commonly used medicinal plant species shows that similarity in use between these ethnic groups is relatively low considering that they share, and have shared for many generations, the same environment and resources. A lack of effective cures leads to a process of continuous innovation, where effective cures are shared between cultures, but remedies of only cultural importance, or those under evaluation are culture-specific.  The Trichosanthes phylogeny implies the merging of Gymnopetalum into Trichosanthes, and this is done using available names or new combinations. A synopsis of Trichosanthes, the new combinations, and a revision of the species in Australia, are made and presented.  Conclusions. Traditional plant use is widespread in Lao PDR, and of significance to many people as a source of primary healthcare and inexpensive repellents. The important medicinal plant genus Trichosanthes includes Gymnopetalum, and has a complex biogeographic history with multiple colonization events of Australasia.

Noroviren gelten neben Rotaviren, Salmonellen und Campylobacter spp. derzeit als Hauptursache infektiöser meldepflichtiger Gastroenteritiden des Menschen in Deutschland. Im Jahr 2008 wurden 212.692 Fälle norovirusbedingter Erkrankungen gemeldet (RKI 2009b). Dabei spielen lebensmittelassozierte Infektionen eine bedeutende Rolle. Besonders rohe und unerhitzt verzehrte Produkte bergen ein Risikopotential. Neben Muscheln, Salaten und Früchten konnten die Erreger auch aus Rohwurstprodukten isoliert werden. Aus mikrobiologischer Sicht sind Rohwürste bereits als Risikoprodukte bekannt. Bisher existieren jedoch nur unzureichende wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse über die Infektionsgefahr durch Viren in Lebensmitteln. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Tenazität und Inaktivierungskinetik von Noroviren anhand des Norovirus-Surrogates Felines Calicivirus untersucht. Zunächst wurde in Suspensionsversuchen der Einfluss verschiedener Konzentrationen von D/L-Milchsäure (0,1; 0,15; 0,2; 0,3 und 0,4 %), Natriumchlorid (2; 6; 12 und 20 %) und Natriumnitrit (100; 150 und 200 ppm) über einen Zeitraum von 7 Tagen bei 4 und 20 °C auf das Virus geprüft. Anschließend wurden Versuchsreihen mit artifiziell kontaminierten Rohwürsten durchgeführt. Der Infektiositätsnachweis erfolgte im Crandell-Reese-Feline-Kidney-Zellkultursystem. In den Suspensionsversuchen zeigte sich eine konzentrations-, zeit- und temperaturabhängige Wirkung der geprüften Parameter. Signifikante Infektiositätsreduktionen ergaben sich bei 20 °C- Lagerung für D/L-Milchsäure-Konzentrationen ab 0,15 % und bei 4 °C -Lagerung ab 0,3 %. Natriumchlorid bewirkte signifikante Titerreduktionen bei 20 °C-Lagerung ab einer NaCl-Konzentration von 2 %, jedoch nicht unter Kühlbedingungen. Die Reduktion der Virusinfektiosität nahm mit steigender Natriumchlorid- bzw. D/L-Milchsäurekonzentration zu. Für praxisübliche Konzentrationen von Natriumnitrit konnte keine zusätzliche Reduktion der Infektiosität nachgewiesen werden. In den Versuchsreihen mit kurz- und langgereiften Rohwürsten erwies sich FCV als sehr stabil. In beiden Produkten konnte bis zum Ende des Versuchszeitraumes nach 21 bzw. 56 Tagen infektiöses Virus nachgewiesen werden. Somit könnten Rohwurstprodukte bei einer möglichen Kontamination mit Noroviren zum Zeitpunkt des Verzehrs ein Gesundheitsrisiko für den Verbraucher darstellen. Jedoch zeigten sich auch deutliche temperatur- und zeitabhängige Wirkungen. Ein positiver Einfluss auf die Inaktivierung ist durch die Anwendung von Reife- und Lagerungstemperaturen um 22 °C zu erwarten. Es kam zu einer kontinuierlichen Virustiterreduktion von insgesamt 1,6 log10 TCID50 / g (für kurzgereifte Produkte) bzw. 3,1 log10 TCID50 / g (für langgereifte Produkte). Eine Beeinflussung der Tenazität des Norovirus-Surrogates FCV durch spezifische Herstellungs- und Lagerungsbedingungen ist somit möglich. Insbesondere die gezielte Kombination einzelner Faktoren miteinander, wie NaCl- und Milchsäuregehalt der Rohwurst, in Verbindung mit spezifischer Lagerungstemperatur und –dauer führt zu effektiver Infektiositätsminderung potentiell enthaltener Viren. Die so erzielte Risikominimierung durch Kombination ausgewählter Parameter bedeutet für die Rohwurstproduktion eine sowohl effiziente, als auch praktikable Möglichkeit, die Lebensmittelsicherheit in Bezug auf virale Infektionserreger deutlich zu erhöhen.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound application (US, bath 25 kHz, 500 W) on physical, chemical and microbiological properties of Italian-type fermented sausage during processing and storage. The US was used after mass stuffing in synthetic packaging during 0 min, 3 min, 6 min and 9 min of application. Completely randomized design was adopted (DIC) and the data submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the significance of the variables. Further, a Pearson´s correlation analysis was performed and the differences among the averages were calculated by using the Tukey s test (p≤0.05). Some data were subjected to multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), complemented by the technique of principal components analysis. The parameters of fermented sausage evaluated included counts of lactic acid bacteria (Pediococcus pentosaceus and Pediococcus acidilactici) and Microccocaceae (Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus carnosus), aw, pH, color (CIE L * a * b *), lipid oxidation (peroxide value and TBARS ), protein oxidation (thiol), total heme pigments, non-heme iron and metmyoglobin, during processing (days 0, 2, 15 and 28) and along the shelf-life (after 1, 30 and 120 days). Texture parameters (cohesiveness, flexibility, chewiness and hardness) were evaluated in fermented sausages after 90 days of storage and the formation of volatile compounds at the beginning (day 1) and the end of storage (after 120 days). US had a positive effect on the growth of bacteria in some processing steps and storage conditions (p<0.05), especially on Micrococcaceae (Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus carnosus) with 9 min of US exposure. The pH, aw and color parameters were not significantly affected by the US (p>0.05). The oxidation of lipids and proteins was accelerated with US application, but maintaining acceptable values in the final product. The total heme pigments, non-heme iron and metmyoglobin were affected by sonication (p<0.05) and influenced the oxidative reactions and vice versa. The canonical discriminant analysis separated the samples into groups according to the day of evaluation and not according to the treatments. Therefore, due to the predominant effect of processing time / storage in fermented sausage characteristics a lack of significant effect of sonication time was observed. The US did not significantly affect texture profile parameters (p>0.05), but hardness and chewiness tended to reduce with sonication. Regarding the volatiles were no statistical differences between treatments (p>0.05), except for ethanol and hexanol (p<0.05) at the beginning of storage. The US has affected the growth curve of bacteria, accelerating or inhibiting their growth that some points, and has the potential to be explored in improving the texture and red color formation of fermented sausages. The lack of pronounced effect on US some characteristics was primarily attributable to acoustic parameters adopted, low exposure time to the US, fermented sausage consistency, mass heterogeneity and quantity / fat composition, among other factors. Thus, it is suggested to further studies to assess the potential of using the US as emerging technology in the fermented sausage manufacturing. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do uso de banho de ultrassom (US, 25 kHz, 500 W) sobre características físicas, químicas e microbiológicas de salame tipo Italiano durante seu processamento e no armazenamento. O US foi usado logo após embutimento da massa na tripa durante diferentes tempos de exposição (0 min controle não sonicado, 3 min, 6 min e 9 min). Foi adotado delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) e os dados submetidos à análise de variância univariada (ANOVA) para testar a significância das variáveis. Posteriormente foi feita análise de correlação de Pearson e as diferenças entre as médias calculadas pelo teste de Tukey (p≤0,05). Alguns dados foram sujeitos à análise de variância multivariada (MANOVA), complementada pela técnica de componentes principais. As avaliações realizadas incluíram contagens das bactérias lácticas (Pediococcus pentosaceus e Pediococcus acidilactici) e Microccocaceae (Staphylococcus xylosus e Staphylococcus carnosus), aw, pH, cor (CIE L*a*b*), oxidação lipídica (índice de peróxidos e TBARS), oxidação proteica (tiol), pigmentos heme totais, ferro não heme e metamioglobina durante o processamento (dias 0, 2, 15 e 28) e ao longo da vida de prateleira (após 1, 30 e 120 dias). Parâmetros de textura (coesividade, flexibilidade, mastigabilidade e dureza) foram avaliados nos salames após 90 dias de armazenamento e a formação de compostos voláteis no início (1º dia) e fim do armazenamento (120º dia). O US exerceu efeito positivo no crescimento das bactérias em algumas etapas do processamento e do armazenamento (p<0,05), principalmente sobre Micrococcaceae (Staphylococcus xylosus e Staphylococcus carnosus) e com 9 min de exposição. O pH, aw e parâmetros de cor não foram afetados de maneira significativa pelo US (p>0,05). A oxidação de lipídios e de proteínas foi acelerada com o US, contudo mantendo valores aceitáveis. Os pigmentos heme totais, ferro não heme e metamioglobina foram afetados pela sonicação (p<0,05) e influenciaram nas reações oxidativas. A análise discriminatória canônica no processamento e no armazenamento separou as amostras em grupos de acordo com o dia de análise e não de acordo com os tratamentos, tanto em função do efeito preponderante do tempo de processamento/armazenamento nas características do salame quanto por falta de efeito expressivo do tempo de sonicação. O US não afetou significativamente parâmetros do perfil de textura (p>0,05), contudo dureza e mastigabilidade mostraram tendência a reduzirem com a sonicação. Com relação aos compostos voláteis, não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos (p>0,05), com exceção de etanol e hexanol (p<0,05) no início do armazenamento. O US afetou a curva de crescimento das bactérias, acelerando ou inibindo seu crescimento em alguns pontos, e apresenta potencial a ser explorado na melhora da textura e na formação de cor vermelha do salame. A falta de efeito pronunciado do US sobre algumas características foi atribuída principalmente aos parâmetros acústicos adotados, baixo tempo de exposição ao US, consistência do salame, heterogeneidade da massa e quantidade/composição da gordura, entre outros fatores. Com isso, sugere-se a realização de mais estudos que avaliem as potencialidades do uso do US como tecnologia emergente na fabricação de salame.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:49:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 884266 bytes, checksum: b2fc6505d10abdbaaf135855e8e6fd2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Researches demonstrate that the consumption of fermented milk is beneficial to the health due to the presence of lactic acid bacteria and of the products of the metabolism produced by them during the fermentation of the milk. The objective of this work was to evaluate the action of the lactic bacterias of two commercial marks of fermented milks, one cultivated with Lactobacillus paracasei (L1) and other with Lactobacillus casei (L2), on the weight gain and hematologic and histopathologic parameters of rats Wistar making the indomethacin use. The choice of the drug based on the hypothesis of the existence of the protection of the digestive system and of the histology of the organs of the animals against the possible aggression of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory for the concomitant administration of the fermented milks. Three lots of each fermented milk were used, taking place the count of the viability of the lactic bacterias, gram coloration, catalase and morphologic identification. Simultaneously, 60 rats Wistar males with 90 days, consuming commercial ration and water ad libitum, were divided in 6 groups of 10, being the group LP added of L1; LP + D of L1 + drug; C (control) of water; D, of drug; LC, of L2; and LC + D, of L2 + drug. The animals received the fermented milks (5mL/Kg/day) and/or the drug indomethacin (2mg/Kg/day) for gavage for 40 days, enrolling the weekly weights. After the sacrifice, blood samples were collected for the accomplishment of hemograms and it was verified the weight of the kidneys, spleens and livers, taking place the histopathology of these organs and of the stomachs and intestines. The obtained results were treated with ANOVA, Tukey, Friedman, Duncan, Kruskall-wallis and Wilcoxon (p<0,05), being used the statistical package R. The strains of L1 and L2 resulted in catalase negative, gram positive and morphology of bacilli, presenting final counts of bacteria with superior values to 106 UFC. The fermented milks added to the diets of LP and LC and the addition of the drug to D didn't influence in the weekly weight gain of the animals, but LP+D and LC+D statistically differed of C and D, suggesting there to be interaction among drug-food. In the difference among the initial and final weight of the animals, the groups that received fermented milk resembled each other to the control, except the group LP whose weight gain was inferior; D also presented deficit of weight gain in relation to the group C. The diets didn't influence in the weights of the kidneys of the experimental groups, LP just presented significant difference in terms of spleen weight in relation to the other groups and the weights of the livers of the groups LP, D and LC+D differed in relation to the control group, where D resulted in superior weight of C and LP and LC+D obtained inferior weights to the control group. In the blood parameters, the groups didn't differ to each other in the red and white series, nor in the differential leucocyte count, if not verifying immunostimulatory effects; already in the counts of the platelets, some groups presented statistical difference, however the obtained results were inside of the allowed. The histopathological analysis had not evidenced histology alterations in the stomachs, livers, kidneys and spleens, meeting discreet infiltrated of lymphoid cells in the own sheet of the intestine of the experimental groups. / Pesquisas demonstram que o consumo de leite fermentado é benéfico à saúde devido à presença de bactérias láticas e dos metabólitos produzidos por elas durante a fermentação do leite. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação das bactérias láticas de duas marcas comerciais de leites fermentados, uma cultivada com Lactobacillus paracasei (L1) e outra com Lactobacillus casei (L2), sobre o ganho de peso e parâmetros hematológicos e histopatológicos de ratos Wistar fazendo o uso de indometacina. A escolha da droga baseou-se na hipótese da existência da proteção do trato digestivo e da histologia dos órgãos dos animais contra a possível agressão do antiinflamatório pela administração concomitante dos leites fermentados. Foram utilizados três lotes de cada leite fermentado, realizando-se a contagem da viabilidade das bactérias láticas, coloração de gram, catalase e identificação morfológica. Simultaneamente, 60 ratos Wistar machos com 90 dias, consumindo ração comercial e água ad libitum, foram divididos em 6 grupos de 10, sendo o grupo LP adicionado de L1; LP + D de L1 + droga; C (controle) de água; D, de droga; LC, de L2; e LC + D, de L2 + droga. Os animais receberam os leites fermentados (5mL/Kg/dia) e/ou a droga indometacina (2mg/Kg/dia) por gavagem durante 40 dias, registrandose os pesos semanais. Após o sacrifício, amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas para a realização de hemogramas e verificou-se o peso dos rins, baços e fígados, realizando-se a histopatologia destes órgãos e dos estômagos e intestinos. Os dados obtidos foram tratados com ANOVA, Tukey, Friedman, Duncan, Kruskall-wallis e Wilcoxon (p<0,05), utilizando-se o pacote estatístico R. As cepas de L1 e L2 resultaram em catalase negativas, gram positivas e morfologia de bacilos, apresentando contagens finais de bactérias com valores superiores a 106 UFC/mL. Os leites fermentados adicionados às dietas de LP e LC e a adição da droga ao grupo D não influenciaram no ganho de peso semanal dos animais, mas LP+D e LC+D diferiram estatisticamente de C e D, sugerindo haver interação entre droga-alimento. Na diferença entre o peso inicial e final dos animais, os grupos que receberam leite fermentado assemelharam-se ao controle, exceto o grupo LP cujo ganho de peso foi inferior; D também apresentou déficit de ganho de peso em relação ao grupo C. As dietas não influenciaram nos pesos dos rins dos grupos experimentais, apenas LP apresentou diferença significativa em termos de peso de baço em relação aos demais grupos e os pesos dos fígados dos grupos LP, D e LC+D diferiram em relação ao grupo controle, onde D resultou em peso superior a C e LP e LC+D obtiveram pesos inferiores ao grupo controle. Nos parâmetros sanguíneos, os grupos não diferiram entre si nas séries vermelha e branca, nem na contagem diferencial dos leucócitos, não se constatando efeito imunoestimulador; já nas contagens das plaquetas, alguns grupos apresentaram diferença estatística, porém os resultados obtidos encontraramse dentro da faixa permitida. As análises histopatológicas não evidenciaram alterações na histologia dos estômagos, fígados, rins e baços, apresentando discreto infiltrado de células linfóides na lâmina própria do intestino dos grupos experimentais.