Experience has shown that effective fisheries governance requires a sound understanding of fisheries as systems incorporating both ecological and human dimensions. The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries requires that the human components of these systems be considered when developing management and governance frameworks. While the potential for inland fisheries to contribute towards societal welfare and the development of rural livelihoods is becoming increasingly apparent, developing South African inland fisheries requires a careful consideration of both their positive and negative impacts, given that they revolve mainly around five of the world‟s top 100 invasive species. This thesis aimed to explore the value of inland recreational fisheries to rural livelihoods in the Amathole District of South Africa, to the regional economy, and to anglers themselves. Three methods were used to isolate this value. Economic impact analysis was used to estimate the combined total economic impact of the 2011 Divisional Tournament (n=31) and the 2012 Amatola Bass Classic (n=100) on the regional economy of the Amathole District, estimated to be R106 625. The travel cost method was applied to data from the 2012 Amatola Bass Classic in order to estimate the social welfare generated by this tournament. The Negative Binomial model, corrected for truncation and endogenous stratification, estimated this value at R 1 960 090. The sustainable livelihoods framework was used to conduct a broad-based analysis of the value of Amatola Wild Trout, the firm which constitutes the fishery surrounding the rural village of Cata. It was found that the fishery had been responsible for a modest pecuniary impact on the community of Cata within its first two years of establishment, although significant improvements in human capital were found to have resulted from the development of the fishery. These results provide insights into the economic dimension of fisheries in the Amathole District, and will prove useful when weighing up the positive and negative impacts of non-native fish species, particularly when informing decisions regarding their potential eradication.

Cette étude intervient dans un contexte de baisse de crue dans le delta intérieur du bassin versant du fleuve Niger. Cette baisse de crue mise en évidence par les chercheurs, a été constatée par les populations. Les principales activités des populations du delta intérieur à savoir l’agriculture, l’élevage et la pêche font vivre des milliers de personnes particulièrement dépendantes de l’évolution de la crue. Lorsque la crue baisse, on assiste à des pertes de superficies irrigables, à des variations du niveau et du temps d’inondation des terres lesquelles agissent sur le calendrier cultural. Ces impacts concernent également divers niveaux dans les secteurs de la pêche et de l’élevage en raison des liens étroits qui existent entre l’inondation et ces activités. Les conséquences de la baisse de la crue sur l’agriculture se font particulièrement ressentir non seulement sur les rendements et les superficies inondables, mais aussi sur la productivité des terres. S’agissant de l’élevage, les impacts se traduisent par la réduction des aires pastorales et la diminution des troupeaux, mais surtout par des mutations sociales. Par ailleurs, dans le domaine de la pêche, s’opère la diminution progressive des captures et des espèces. Tous ces évènements agissent négativement sur la vie socio-économique des populations, avec une réduction significative des capacités endogènes de prises en charge des ménages. Aussi, les populations tentent-elles de s’adapter à leurs nouvelles conditions de vie, en apportant diverses réponses, dont entre autres, la reconversion à d’autres activités, l’exercice d’activités complémentaires, l’amélioration des pratiques culturales. Mais la stratégie la plus fréquente concerne la migration avec comme conséquence la déstructuration du tissu social, situation qui rend inefficace les mesures d’adaptation prises par les populations pour faire face à la baisse de la crue. Malgré les multiples efforts fournis par les populations, les ONG et l’Etat, beaucoup reste à faire. Les perspectives qui s’offrent au delta sont mitigées : d’une part la construction des barrages en amont et en aval du delta suscite des espoirs dans la perspective d’intensification des activités agricoles et donc l’amélioration des rendements et d’autre part la perte de superficies inondables liées à la régulation du fleuve prévue par le projet de construction de ces barrages. / The present study is carried out within a context of the low level of water in the interior delta Niger River. The water shortage is first noticed by eminent readers and observed by the local population itself. The main activities are agriculture, breeding and fishing which provide the needs of thousands of people in the area depend on the evolution of water. Once there is water shortage, we do observe the lost of cultural areas, variations in the level of water and that of inundation which influence the agricultural calendar. Definitely the phenomenon has implications on fishing and breeding giving the fact that there is a link between inundation and other activities. The consequences of the water shortage on agriculture are more visible on the outcome and the areas watered and more importantly on the fertile soil but also on the soils productivity. With regard to breeding, the impacts manifest themselves in the reduction of breeding areas, the herd and on social changes. On the other hand, in the fishing sector we do notice the decrease in fishing and the types of fishes. All these influence negatively on the socio economic life style of the local populations as well as significant decrease in its ability to sustain itself. Equally, the populations is getting use to a new life style by initiating several responses among which the revert to other activities, the practice of complementary activities, the improvement in agricultural practices. But, the most developed strategy is that of migration which immediate consequence is the destruction of social fabric, a situation that may yield to inefficient strategies initiated by the populations in order to challenge the decrease of water. In spite of efforts made by the populations, NGOs and public authorities, a lot needs to be done. The perspectives are not much : on one hand, the building of dams in the Delta creates hope in view of the intensification of agricultural activities and hence in improving the productivity, on the other hand, the lost of inundable areas linked to the above project.

El sector pesquero que comprende las actividades de extracción y transformación de recursos hidrobiológicos tanto para el consumo humano directo (enlatado, fresco o congelado) e industrial (harina y aceite de pescado), es un elemento estratégico para la economía del Perú, principalmente por ser una importante fuente generadora de divisas después de la minería. Es por ello, que la Administración Tributaria en los últimos años ha venido incrementando las fiscalizaciones tributarias debido al alto nivel de impuestos recaudados en el sector. / Trabajo de investigación

Résumé: La dégradation environnementale s'explique de diverses façons selon les théories anthropologiques. L'approche structuraliste récente pose les schèmes mentaux des ontologies humaine comme facteur responsable possible. L'approche expériencielle pose l'éloignement entre l'être humain et la nature comme cause potentielle. L'approche proposant l'imposition d'une idéologie hautement technologique et moderne sur des savoirs locaux en est une autre. Ces trois approches sont utilisées pour analyser les données d'une recherche de terrain centrée sur des ensemencements de doré jaunes au réservoir Baskatong. Les caractéristiques d'un texte d'écologie politiques sous-tendent l'analyse. La compétitivité entre groupes humains ressort comme caractéristique incontournable d'une analyse de la situation, mieux représentée par la troisième approche et un texte en écologie politique. /// Abstract: Environmental degradation is explained through approaches varying according to anthropological theories. The recent structuralist approach poses different mental schemes of human ontologies as potentially responsible. The experiential approach poses a gap between humans and nature as a potential cause. Another approach proposes the imposition of a highly modernistic and technological ideology over local knowledges as explanation. These three approaches are used to analyze field data focussed on walleye stocking at the Baskatong reservoir. The characteristics of a political ecology text overarch the analysis. Results show competition between human groups as an unavoidable characteristic of the analysis, better represented in the third approach and political ecology.

L'Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV) est un outil d'évaluation des impacts environnementaux. Il s'agit d'un outil robuste, souvent utilisé en éco-conception. Il permet de prendre en compte des impacts globaux, à toutes les étapes du cycle de vie d'un produit, « du berceau à la tombe ». Actuellement, cette méthode ne permet pas la prise en compte des impacts de l'occupation et de la transformation de l'espace par l'homme en milieu marin. Ce travail de thèse est donc le développement d'une nouvelle catégorie d'impact en ACV pour pallier ce manque : le "sea use". Dans la mesure où peu d'études avaient été réalisées sur le sujet, le cadre méthodologique de cette nouvelle catégorie d'impact a dû être clairement posé et défini. Ce cadre a été construit sur le modèle du land use, et en intégrant au maximum les avancées méthodologiques qui avaient été apportées en ACV de produits de la mer. Ainsi, un travail de revue détaillée a été mené sur le thème du land use et des ACV de pêcherie et d'aquaculture. Les chaînes de causalité permettant d'expliquer les liens entre les interventions humaines et les impacts potentiels qu'elles occasionnent sur leur environnement ont également été définies. L'une de ces chaînes de causalité a été étudiée en particulier, avec la volonté de construire une méthode opérationnelle d'évaluation de ces impacts. La méthode a ensuite été rendue opérationnelle pour l'évaluation des impacts de l'occupation et de la transformation de l'espace marin sur les fonctions de support de vie des écosystèmes. Du fait de l'importance des impacts relatifs à l'extraction de ressources biotiques en mer, la méthode a tout d'abord été appliquée au cas de la pêche. Elle a ensuite été appliquée au cas des macroalgues cultivées en mer dans l'éco-conception d'une filière de production de biométhane algal. Ainsi, cette thèse propose une méthode d'évaluation des impacts du l'usage de l'espace en mer qui est opérationnelle, et applicable à des cas d'étude concrets. / Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a robust tool often used for eco-design. It allows the assessment of environmental impacts, at a global scale, accounting for all stage of a product life cycle, “from cradle to grave”. There is a methodological gap in this method to account for occupation and transformation impacts in marine ecosystems due to human activities. The task accomplished during this PhD is the development of a methodological framework for a new impact category in LCA in order to overcome this lack: the sea use. As only a few studies have been carried out in this field, the general framework for sea use had to be defined. This framework has been built following the example of land use and integrating the new methods of assessment developed for LCA of seafood. Thus, a bibliographic work has been performed on the topic of land use and of LCA of fisheries and aquaculture. Cause-effect chains, linking human interventions to the potential impacts they can induce on their environment, were precisely defined. We focused on one of these cause-effect chains in particular, with the aim to build an operational impact assessment method. The method has then been made operational for the assessment of occupation and transformation impacts on the ecosystem life support functions. Because impacts of biotic biomass removal are an essential concern in marine ecosystems, the method has first been applied to fisheries. It was also exemplified on the case of offshore cultivated seaweed, as a case-study of ecodesign using LCA for seafood. Thus, a new operational methd of sea use impact assessment is proposed and can be applied to case-studies.

A sustentabilidade do uso de recursos comuns e ambientes compartilhados por diferentes setores da sociedade está relacionada à atuação de organizações em diferentes escalas de gestão, se fortalecendo por meio de uma gestão compartilhada e interescalar. Neste contexto, este estudo visa compreender a relação do conhecimento ecológico dos pescadores artesanais com a gestão dos ambientes pesqueiros no Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul. Tem como objetivos específicos: caracterizar o conhecimento ecológico local sobre os ambientes pesqueiros; descrever o processo de gestão dos ambientes nas diferentes escalas; e analisar a relação entre o conhecimento ecológico e a gestão dos ambientes pesqueiros no Litoral Norte. A partir de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, com ênfase na Etnoecologia, utilizou-se de técnicas participativas, observação participante, diário de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise documental. A coleta de dados foi realizada em três escalas de gestão dos ambientes pesqueiros, quais sejam: a escala local, em 4 comunidades; a escala regional e estadual, por meio do acompanhamento do Fórum da Pesca do Litoral Norte; e a escala nacional, referente à análise de legislações nacionais envolvendo a região do estudo. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de conteúdo. Os pescadores artesanais possuem conhecimentos detalhados sobre etnotaxonomia, comportamento e ecologia de espécies de peixes, crustáceos e moluscos, e desenvolvem práticas de pesca específicas para captura destas espécies. Possuem também conhecimentos aprofundados sobre os ecossistemas: em ambientes lagunares os banhados são utilizados pelos peixes como abrigo, alimentação, reprodução e berçário; em ambientes estuarinos o conhecimento abarca a relação da sazonalidade com a ecologia do camarão, bagre e tainha; em ambientes marítimos, a influência das marés e dos ventos sobre a dinâmica espacial e sazonal do pescado. Ressalta-se o conhecimento relacionado às transformações dos ambientes provocadas pela ação antrópica, como a expansão imobiliária e do turismo, a poluição das águas e a pesca predatória. A gestão na escala local envolve as comunidades e associações, que compartilham o conhecimento ecológico local, práticas de manejo e organizações comunitárias. Na escala regional/estadual a gestão envolve a participação das organizações representativas dos pescadores, Movimento dos Pescadores Profissionais Artesanais e Associação dos Pescadores do Litoral Norte; representação governamental do estado, Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Rural, Pesca e Cooperativismo; e Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural do estado. Estas organizações participam da principal escala de gestão, o Fórum da Pesca do Litoral Norte, no qual discute-se problemáticas relacionadas à pesca, referentes aos três escalas de gestão. Das organizações que estão envolvidas na gestão da pesca no Litoral Norte, participam do escala nacional, o Ministério do Meio Ambiente/MMA, através do IBAMA, e o Ministério da Pesca e Aquicultura/MPA. Nesta escala estão sendo construídos o decreto e a portaria de implementação da gestão compartilhada, entre MMA e MPA, e a Instrução Normativa no 17 que regulamenta a pesca nos ambientes lagunares e estuarinos do litoral norte. O conhecimento ecológico dos pescadores atua distintamente nas escalas de gestão dos ambientes analisados: no local, o conhecimento influencia nas decisões sobre as diferentes dimensões que envolvem as práticas de pesca. Na escala de gestão regional/estadual e no nacional o conhecimento é incorporado nas legislações pesqueiras que incidem sobre a região. O Fórum é a conexão das esferas local, regional, estadual e nacional, propiciando que os conhecimentos ecológicos dialoguem com os conhecimentos técnicos e científicos e que sejam incorporados nos instrumentos de gestão, permitindo a implementação de uma gestão interescalar que vem a fortalecer a pesca artesanal e a sustentabilidade dos ambientes pesqueiros. Entretanto, por serem questões que envolvem a gestão de recursos comuns e ambientes compartilhados, os quais estão sendo apropriados por segmentos da sociedade respaldados pela lógica da propriedade privada, elas estão em disputa na sociedade. / The sustainable use of common resources and shared environments for different sectors of society is related to the performance of organizations in different areas of management, being strengthened through a shared interescalar and management. In this context, this study aims to understand the relationship of ecological knowledge of fishermen in the management of fishing environments in the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul. The specific objectives are: to characterize the local ecological knowledge about fishing environments; describe the process of managing environments in different areas, and to analyze the relationship between ecological knowledge and management of fisheries in the North Coast environments. From a qualitative study, with emphasis on Ethnoecology, we used participatory techniques, participant observation, field diaries, semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis. Data collection was conducted in three areas of management of fishing environments, namely, local space, in 4 communities, regional and state space, by monitoring the Fisheries Forum of the North Coast, and the national space, referring to construction involving national legislations the region of the study. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Artisanal fishers have detailed knowledge of ethnotaxonomy, behavior and ecology of species of fish and shellfish, and develop fishing practices specific to catch these species. They also have thorough knowledge of ecosystems, environments lagoon marshes are used by fish for shelter, feeding, breeding and nursery, in estuaries knowledge encompasses the relationship with the seasonality of salting the ecology of shrimp, catfish and mullet; environments seafarers, the influence of tides and winds on the spatial dynamics and seasonal fish. We emphasize the knowledge related to the rapid changes of environments caused by human action, such as the expansion of tourism and the real estate, water pollution and overfishing. The management in local spaces involves communities and associations that share the local ecological knowledge, management practices, and community organizations. Space in regional / state management involves the participation of organizations representing the fishermen, Movement and Crafts Professional Fishermen Fishermen Association North Coast; governmental representation of the state Department of Rural Development, Fisheries and Cooperatives, and the Technical Assistance and Outreach Rural state. These organizations participate in the primary space management, the Forum Fisheries of the North Coast, in which we discuss issues related to fisheries, for the three management spaces. Organizations that are involved in fisheries management in the North Coast, participating in the national arena, the Ministry of Environment / MMA, through IBAMA and the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture / MPA. This scale is being built the decree and ordinance implementation of shared management between MMA and MPA, and Instruction no17 which regulates fishing in the lagoon and estuarine environments of the north coast. The ecological knowledge of fishermen acts distinctly in space management environments analyzed: the local knowledge influences decisions about different dimensions involving fishing practices. Management within regional / state and national knowledge is embedded in the fishing laws that focus on the region. The Forum is the connection of local, regional, state and national levels, providing the dialogue between local ecological knowledge with technical and scientific knowledge. The results are incorporated in management tools, allowing the implementation of a management interescalar that coming to strengthen the artisanal fishing and sustainability of fishing environments. However, because they are issues involving the management of common resources and shared environments, which are being appropriated by segments of society underpinned by the logic of private property, they are in dispute in society.

Transferências Condicionadas de Renda (TCR), como o Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) no Brasil, são cada vez mais adotadas no mundo para romper com o ciclo de transmissão da pobreza, por meio de transferências monetárias a famílias pobres, condicionadas a investimentos em capital humano. Como cerca de 76% da população pobre do mundo vive em áreas rurais, e a incidência de pobreza é maior em localidades remotas florestadas, os TCR são frequentemente implementados junto a populações semiautárquicas de países em desenvolvimento. Assim, essas transferências têm aumentado a disponibilidade de recursos monetários junto a essas populações, como certos povos indígenas. Nesses contextos, evidências prévias mostram que a monetarização das economias locais pode ter efeitos positivos, negativos ou nulos na dedicação de tempo às atividades de subsistência e no consumo de recursos naturais. Porém, existem duas lacunas nesse conhecimento. Primeiro, estudos prévios avaliaram os efeitos conjuntos de diversas fontes de renda, muito embora estas variem nos investimentos de tempo necessários, de nulos (e.g., TCR e aposentadorias) a altos (e.g., salários e comércio de artesanato). Segundo, a maior parte da literatura assume, ainda que implicitamente, que as decisões na base das escolhas humanas são racionais e motivadas, sobretudo, por maximizar a renda ou, eventualmente, minimizar os riscos. Porém, evidências empíricas e avanços teóricos indicam que as decisões nem sempre são racionais, tanto por limitações cognitivas que levam a outros processos decisórios (e.g., heurísticas), como porque são motivadas por outros fatores (e.g., prazer, emoção, normas sociais). Portanto, esta dissertação teve por objetivo investigar se o aumento da renda monetária de transferências do PBF estava associado a diferenças no investimento de tempo em atividades de subsistência (agricultura, caça, pesca e coleta) e no consumo de produtos derivados ou não dessas atividades pelo povo indígena Kisêdjê da Amazônia brasileira. Além disso, investigou se o hedonismo e a contabilidade mental seriam motivadores dessas decisões. Três hipóteses foram testadas. Primeira, diferentes fontes de renda monetária devem produzir efeitos diversos sobre o tempo dedicado pelos Kisêdjê a atividades de subsistência. Segunda, os efeitos do PBF devem variar de acordo com o quanto as pessoas apreciam cada atividade de subsistência, i.e., o hedonismo é importante para prever investimentos de tempo nessas atividades. Terceira, os Kisêdjê realizam contabilidade mental, i.e., separam o dinheiro em diferentes contas mentais e, portanto, fontes alternativas de renda monetária devem produzir padrões de consumo distintos e fontes de renda de baixo esforço, como o PBF, devem privilegiar o consumo de alimentos ou de bens supérfluos. Para tal, o estudo adotou um delineamento observacional em painel, compreendendo todos (242) os indivíduos adultos (>=16 anos) de 2 comunidades. Os dados foram coletados em dois períodos em 2016 e 2017, por meio de survey por entrevistas estruturadas e experimento em contabilidade mental, e observação direta de alocação de tempo (random-interval instantaneous sampling), sendo analisados por técnicas de estatística descritiva e modelos mistos de regressão. Os resultados mostraram, primeiro, que as transferências do PBF não tiveram efeitos no tempo dedicado às atividades de subsistência, embora outras rendas monetárias (e.g., trabalho regular, aposentadoria) tenham ora aumentado, ora reduzido a probabilidade de investimento de tempo. Segundo, o hedonismo foi mais importante que as fontes de renda monetária para explicar o esforço alocado na atividade de caça para os homens. Por fim, não foram observadas evidências de contabilidade mental, ou seja: (i) o padrão de consumo não diferiu segundo a fonte de renda, mas somente entre homens e mulheres; (ii) com fontes de renda de baixo (e.g. PBF) ou alto esforço, os Kisêdjê estiveram menos propensos a consumir bens supérfluos. Os resultados parecem sugerir que os efeitos do PBF nas atividades de subsistência e no consumo dos Kisêdjê são baixos, muito embora a cobertura ampla tenha dificultado a avaliação. Quanto aos motivadores, os resultados apontam para a importância de investigar outros determinantes além da renda. / Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs), such as the Bolsa Família Program (BFP) in Brazil, have increasingly been adopted worldwide to break the cycle of poverty transmission, by transferring cash to poor families, conditional on investments in human capital. As about 76% of the worlds poor live in rural areas, and poverty incidence is higher in remote forested localities, CCTs are frequently implemented in semi-autarkic communities of developing countries. Thus, these transfers have increased the availability of cash income resources to semi-autarkic populations, such as certain indigenous peoples. In this context, prior evidence shows the monetization of local economies has been associated with positive, negative, or null effects on the time allocated to subsistence activities and consumption of natural resources. However, there are two knowledge gaps. First, previous studies evaluated the combined effects of several income sources, although these sources vary on the necessary time investments, from null (e.g., CCTs) to high (e.g., wages and handicrafts trade). Second, most previous studies assume, although implicitly, that decisions which base peoples choices are rational and motivated, above all, on income maximization or, occasionally, risk minimization. However, empirical evidence and theoretical advances indicate that decisions are often not always, either because of cognitive limitations that lead to other decision-making processes (e.g., heuristics), or because they are motivated by other factors (e.g., pleasure, emotion, social norms). Therefore, this dissertation aimed to investigate whether increased levels of cash income from the BFP transfers were associated with differences in time investments in subsistence activities (agriculture, hunting, fishing and gathering) and in the consumption of Kisêdjê indigenous people from the Brazilian Amazon. Additionally, we investigated if hedonism and mental accounting were the motivators behind these decisions. Three hypotheses were tested. First, alternative income sources should produce different effects on the time allocated by the Kisêdjê to subsistence activities. Second, the effects of BFP should vary, depending on how much people appreciated each subsistence activity, i.e. hedonism is important to predict time investments. Third, Kisêdjê do mental accounting and, therefore, different cash income sources should distinct consumption patterns and low-effort activities such as BFP should increase the likelihood of consuming superfluous food or goods. To do that, we adopted an observational panel design, including all (242) adult individuals (>= 16 years) in 2 communities. Data were gathered in two periods in 2016 and 2017, through a survey based on face-to-face interviews and experiment in mental accounting, direct observations of time allocation by random-interval instantaneous sampling, and were analysed by descriptive statistical techniques and mixed-effects regressions. The results indicated that, first, BFP cash transfers had no effect on the time spent on subsistence activities, although other income sources (e.g., wages, pensions) in certain cases increased, while in others decreased the likelihood of time investments. Second, hedonism was important than cash income sources in explaining the effort allocated to hunting for men. Finally, we did not observe evidences of mental accounting, i.e.: (i) consumption patterns did not differ across income sources, but only between men and women; (ii) with low-effort (e.g., BFP) or high-effort income sources, the Kisêdjê were less likely to consume superfluous goods. Our results suggest that the effects of BFP transfers on subsistence activities and consumption are low, although the high rate of coverage has impaired our analyses. As regards motivations, the results point to the importance of investigating determinants other than income.

Cerro Azul es una caleta de pescadores con gran historia entre sus calles, orillas y cerros; que va desde el asentamiento de la cultura Huarco en sus acantilados, hasta la revolución agrícola y llegada de los primeros japoneses al Perú. Lamentablemente, Cerro Azul ha perdido su identidad y carácter, dejando que poco a poco su historia quede como un vago recuerdo de sólo aquellos que la conocen bien. El proyecto planteado busca realzar esta tan importante caleta de pescadores del sur de Lima, dándole la relevancia que merece y devolviéndole a sus pobladores el orgullo de pertenecer a Cerro Azul. Como partida inicial, se plantea una propuesta urbana que ayuda a reordenar los tránsitos y flujos que por el momento están quebrados. Asimismo, se crea un nuevo hito en la ciudad donde se ubicará el proyecto en mención, acompañado de una gran plaza que ayudará a unificar tanto física como socialmente a los dos malecones que actualmente se encuentran fraccionados: el malecón del balneario y el de la zona residencial. De esta manera se proyectan tres tipologías: (i), un nuevo terminal pesquero que cumpla con las demandas de esta caleta, (ii) un centro de capacitación que ayude a inculcar e involucrar a la población con la pesca y cultura y, (iii) finalmente, un museo de sitio que muestre toda la vasta historia y reafirme a sus visitantes y pobladores el orgullo y la importancia de esta caleta de pescadores. / Cerro Azul is a fishing cove with a great history among its streets, shores and hills; from the settlement of the Huarco culture on its cliffs, to the agricultural revolution and the arrival of the first Japanese immigrants to Peru. Unfortunately, Cerro Azul has lost its identity and character, leaving little by little its history as a vague memory of only those who know it well. The project seeks to enhance this important fishing cove in the south of Lima, giving it the relevance it deserves and returning the pride of belonging to Cerro Azul to its inhabitants As a starting point, an urban renewal is proposed to help reorder the traffic and transit flows that are currently broken. Likewise, a new landmark is created in the city where the project will be located, accompanied by a large plaza that will help integrate physically and socially the two piers that are currently divided: the pier of the seaside resort and the residential area. In this way, three typologies are presented: (i), a new fishing terminal that meets the demands of this cove, (ii) a training center that will help involve and impress the population with fishing and culture, and (iii) finally, a site museum that will show the vast history of Cerro Azul and reaffirm to its visitors and residents the pride and importance of this fishing cove. / Tesis

Marine issues develop in complex social contexts, usually involving a large number of sectors, actors, and users. Achieving sustainable marine governance requires a continued and context-specific structure of interdisciplinary knowledge, inter-sectorial interaction as well as inter-institutional coordination that generates daunting challenges to government, stakeholders and civil society. In this sense, it is imperative for marine governance structures to pay close attention to social sustainability factors, such as recognition of socio-cultural diversity, representation in decision-making and distribution of ‘goods’ and ‘bads’, which have commonly been overlooked in environmental governance in general and marine governance in particular. Costa Rica’s territorial sea is an important source of income for a myriad of communities on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts. During 2019 and 2020, the Responsible Fishing Marine Area and Marine Management Area of Barra del Colorado were created under the expectation of serving the social and ecological needs of the community. Taking this into consideration, this study aims to examine how social sustainability was handled in the formation process of the two resource management areas, which involved participation of institutional and civil society actors from 2010 until 2019. This study first analyses the concept of marine governance and its relationship to social justice. The concept of social sustainability is explained and I then develop a social sustainability conceptual framework. Secondly, the methodology and methods are described. The choice of the empirical case is described in the next section and I next give a brief overview of Barra del Colorado’s social and economic characteristics and background. Further, an analysis of the process to consolidate the Responsible Fishing Marine Area and the Marine Management Area of Barra del Colorado through the social sustainability framework is conducted. Last, the results of the analysis are discussed and the main findings are presented. Through this analysis, the process of consolidation was assessed against the normative social sustainability theory, concluding that the process was found lacking regarding its social sustainability due to a series of government-related issues, that affected the representation, recognition and distribution of the process.

This Master´s thesis deals with the business plan for establishment of a corporation TOP Baits. It is in the business of manufacturing and selling baits for carp fishing. The thesis is divided into several chapters are devoted to theoretical knowledge ofbusiness analysis, general and business environment and its own proposals for solutions.