The modern globalized world is developing rapidly thanks to communication technologies. This trend brought about the need for new and atypical jobs and flexible forms of work. National legislations are responsible for allowing such flexibility. These new forms of work as well as atypical jobs make it possible to better reconcile personal and working life and lead to increased labour productivity, which is in the interest of both employees and employers. This is closely related to the concept of flexicurity, which represents the effort to strike balance between the flexibility of labour law relations and the protective function of labour law. This balance is the legislator's goal. However, said goal is challenging to achieve, given the opposite interests of employees and employers. This thesis is divided into four main chapters and subsequent subchapters. The introduction is focused on a general introduction to the topic and objectives of this proposal. The first chapter summarizes the concept of flexicurity and European and Czech efforts to achieve it. Then it proceeds to the description of its implementation in Denmark with advantages and disadvantages of the possible use of this model in the Czech Republic. The second chapter focuses on the definition of the key terms: atypical form of...

The modern labour market is undergoing rapid change. Much of the change can be traced from the internationalization that the EU has brought forth which demands that companies can adapt to international competition to a higher degree than ever before. The most common strategy to do this is to utilize various flexibility strategies. In Sweden new legislation has been implemented in the national (1982:80) Employment protection act. The new regulation allows employers to adjust workers' employment rate on the grounds of shortage of work. This must now be done in accordance with the rules of priority and the affected worker has gained the right to an adjustment period.  The regulation that allows employers to adjust workers' employment rate is ultimately a way for the employer to achieve flexibility, often it is argued, at the expense of the workers security in their employment. To combat this trade-off where flexibility means less security the EU has come up with a strategy for a more comprehensive approach where “the aim is for workers to exchange traditional security in the job for security in the market [...]”. This strategy is called flexicurity.  The purpose of this paper is to study how the Swedish lawmakers have chosen to balance the employers need for flexibility against the workers need for safety. This has been done, mainly, through the use of socio-legal method combined with various theories. We have studied how different factors, that aim to improve the workers' security, can be used to combat the negative effects of employers' right to adjust workers' employment rate on the grounds of shortage of work.  Our findings indicate that women and young employees in particular are affected by the implementation of flexibility strategies with intention to alter the employment rate. And that there's an inherent economic risk that transfers from the employer to the employee.

This thesis deals with the actual extent of contractual freedom in labor law relations from the theoretical perspective and from the perspective of its specific consequences in labor law as well. Therefore the thesis consists of two main parts. In part one, the thesis defines the legal principle concept and continues with the autonomy of the will characteristic, from which the contractual freedom principle derives, and then it describes its restrictions as a reset of both the principle of equality and the principle of protection of the weaker party to contract. As follows, the thesis deals with the position of labor law within the private law area, its historical development, the influence of the Constitutional Court decision no. 116/2008 Coll. and the adoption of the new Civil Code in terms of the labor law contractual freedom extent. The ending of the first part is dedicated to the modern "flexicurity" system that seeks to reach the balance between contractual freedom on one hand and an employee protection within labor law on the other hand. In its second part, the thesis aims to analyze particular appearances of contractual freedom within chosen labor law aspects as it both, shortly describes them and assesses them in terms of the space that they provide to contractual freedom and the amount of...

The theme and objective of this thesis is to assess legislation regulating creation and termination of employment with regard to the concept of flexicurity. The thesis draws attention to some elements of this regulation, pointing out its flexibility on one hand and protection aspects on the other hand, and offering some possible solutions according to intended law. At the same time the flexicurity concept as such is explained, as well as legislation regulating creation and termination of employment. This thesis is divided into five chapters, of which the key ones are the second, fourth and fifth chapter. The specific nature of labour law, the subject of labour law, principles applied in this branch of law, and the relationship between labour law and civil law are dealt with in the first chapter. In the second chapter is explained the concept of flexicurity and its components, namely flexibility and security, further division of those, and also described the Danish labour market model. The crucial term of this paper, flexicurity, arose as a combination of terms flexibility and security, or freedom and protection. Flexicurity is a modern concept or strategy of the labour market, which counts on a balanced combination of elements of protection and flexibility, both within the framework of labour law,...

O Direito do Trabalho tradicional, fundamentado no protecionismo do empregado em sentido clássico, está em crise. Dentre os fatores que desencadearam a crise merecem destaque as transformações do mercado de trabalho e do sistema produtivo provocadas pela globalização. Nesse cenário, o universo dos trabalhadores que demandam proteção jurídica é cada vez mais amplo, não podendo o Direito do Trabalho ignorar a existência do trabalho autônomo, dos contratos atípicos flexíveis e de outras formas de labor diversas da relação de emprego. É certo que a maior parte dos trabalhadores de hoje, de alguma forma, presta serviços de modo dependente. A proteção jurídica do trabalho é um direito fundamental de todo o trabalhador na busca pela dignidade da pessoa humana que trabalha em sentido amplo, sendo que a todos deve ser assegurado um núcleo mínimo de direitos trabalhistas. O mercado moderno necessita contar com formas flexíveis de trabalho, capazes de atender a demanda produtiva de forma dinâmica. Por outro lado, a flexibilidade do trabalho não pode ser acompanhada de precarização das condições de vida do trabalhador, que deve contar sempre com um mínimo de segurança. O direito europeu, no estudo da problemática da compatibilização da necessidade de condições flexíveis de trabalho com a segurança do trabalhador desenvolveu a teoria da flexicurity que busca a harmonização justamente de tais conceitos antagônicos. A presente tese apresentará os contornos de um modelo nacional de flexicurity capaz de modernizar o Direito do Trabalho pátrio de modo a expandir seu objeto para o maior número possível de trabalhadores, oferecendo regulamentação legal para formas flexíveis de trabalho que não a relação de emprego clássica, tendo como contrapartida medidas de segurança e empregabilidade para os trabalhadores, a quem será assegurado sempre um núcleo mínimo de direitos trabalhistas e a assistência nos períodos de transição. / Traditional Labor Law, based on the protection of the classic employee, is in crisis. Among the factors responsible for the crisis it is worth to single out the labor market and production system transformations caused by the globalization. In this scenario, the universe of workers who are in need of legal protection is becoming wider. Labor Law cannot ignore the existence of self-employment, flexible atypical work contracts and other forms of work distinct of the traditional employment relationship. Currently, most workers, even when self-employed, are dependent on capitalists. Legal protection of all work forms is a fundamental right of every worker. Labor Law is essential for human dignity and a minimum set of core work rights must be ensured in all forms of labor contracts and arrangements. The modern labor market demands flexible forms of work to enable a dynamic supply to the production needs. On the other hand, work flexibility cannot worsen the work conditions. Even in flexible markets, workers need a minimum of safety and security. European Law, concerned with the search for a balance between flexibility and security developed the flexicurity theory that tries to overcome such tensions between these antagonistic perspectives, with labor market flexibility on the one hand and social security on the other hand even if these concepts seems contradictory. This thesis presents a national model of flexicurity able to modernize the country`s Labor Law expanding its applicability to all workers and not only formal employees. The model offers a legal regulation to flexible work forms, with security measures for all workers ensuring a minimum set of fundamental work rights and assistance on the periods between jobs.

La stratégie européenne pour l’emploi, adoptée en 1997, organise une coordination des politiquesnationales de l’emploi autour d’objectifs communs. La méthode initiale reposait sur l’apprentissagemutuel et la pression par les pairs. Elle a récemment évolué vers une forme de gouvernance pluscontraignante.Cette thèse porte sur les usages de cette stratégie en Wallonie. Elle décrit les effets procédurauxet cognitifs de la SEE et analyse les comportements et stratégies des acteurs. Enfin, elle met enévidence les changements effectifs des politiques de l’emploi qui peuvent être associés à cettestratégie. / The European Employment Strategy has been adopted in 1997. It organizes a coordination ofnational employment policies around common European objectives. The initial method was basedon mutual learning and peer pressure but it has recently moved towards a more binding form ofgovernance.This thesis focuses on the uses of this strategy in Wallonia. It describes the procedural andcognitive effects of the EES and analyzes the strategies of the social and political actors involved inemployment policies. Finally, it highlights the effective changes in employment policies that can beassociated with this strategy.

Flexisecurity, right to work and labor stabilityThis article deals with one of the most recent and innovative proposals of related flexibilization, basically, to the extinction of labor relation and that areknown as «flexisecurity» or «flexicurity». For this, the author comments the model of Denmark – country in which it’s originated «flexisecurity» – emphasizing the configuration of a «golden triangle», composed of: i) flexibility in the labor relation, aimed at facilitating the dismissal ii) a generous system of unemployment benefits, funded primarily by the State and iii) a new policy of «activation» of the labor market, which seeks to keep large sectors of the population permanently trained to meet new labor challenges. The author emphasizes the difference between our country and Denmark, since it is a Welfare State with a high level of social protection funded by a fiscal pressure and high tax rates. Finally, the article notes that for the study of «flexisecurity» it shouldn’t ignore the legal framework derived from workers’ fundamental rights established in the Constitution and international treaties which imply: right to work, dignity and citizenship of the worker and Trade Union Freedom and Collective Rights / El artículo aborda una de las más recientes y novedosas propuestas de flexibilización relacionada, básicamente, con la extinción de la relación laboral, propuesta que es conocida como «flexiseguridad» o «flexiguridad». Para ello, el autor comenta el modelo de Dinamarca —país en el que se origina la «flexiseguridad»— destacando la configuración de un «triángulo dorado», integrado por: i) la flexibilidad en la relación de trabajo, destinado a facilitar el despido; ii) un sistema generoso de prestaciones por desempleo, financiado fundamentalmente por el Estado; y iii) una nueva política de «activación» del mercado de trabajo que busca mantener a grandes sectores de la población permanentemente capacitados para afrontar nuevos retos laborales. El autor recalca la diferencia entre nuestro país y Dinamarca, pues se trata de un Estado de Bienestar, con un elevado nivel de protección social financiado gracias a una presión fiscal y tasas impositivas altas. Finalmente, el artículo señala que para el estudio de la «flexiseguridad» no se debe omitir el marco normativo derivado de los derechos fundamentales del trabajador establecidos en la Constitución y los tratados internacionales que implica: el derecho al trabajo, la dignidad y ciudadanía del trabajador y la Libertad Sindical y los Derechos Colectivos.

O Direito do Trabalho tradicional, fundamentado no protecionismo do empregado em sentido clássico, está em crise. Dentre os fatores que desencadearam a crise merecem destaque as transformações do mercado de trabalho e do sistema produtivo provocadas pela globalização. Nesse cenário, o universo dos trabalhadores que demandam proteção jurídica é cada vez mais amplo, não podendo o Direito do Trabalho ignorar a existência do trabalho autônomo, dos contratos atípicos flexíveis e de outras formas de labor diversas da relação de emprego. É certo que a maior parte dos trabalhadores de hoje, de alguma forma, presta serviços de modo dependente. A proteção jurídica do trabalho é um direito fundamental de todo o trabalhador na busca pela dignidade da pessoa humana que trabalha em sentido amplo, sendo que a todos deve ser assegurado um núcleo mínimo de direitos trabalhistas. O mercado moderno necessita contar com formas flexíveis de trabalho, capazes de atender a demanda produtiva de forma dinâmica. Por outro lado, a flexibilidade do trabalho não pode ser acompanhada de precarização das condições de vida do trabalhador, que deve contar sempre com um mínimo de segurança. O direito europeu, no estudo da problemática da compatibilização da necessidade de condições flexíveis de trabalho com a segurança do trabalhador desenvolveu a teoria da flexicurity que busca a harmonização justamente de tais conceitos antagônicos. A presente tese apresentará os contornos de um modelo nacional de flexicurity capaz de modernizar o Direito do Trabalho pátrio de modo a expandir seu objeto para o maior número possível de trabalhadores, oferecendo regulamentação legal para formas flexíveis de trabalho que não a relação de emprego clássica, tendo como contrapartida medidas de segurança e empregabilidade para os trabalhadores, a quem será assegurado sempre um núcleo mínimo de direitos trabalhistas e a assistência nos períodos de transição. / Traditional Labor Law, based on the protection of the classic employee, is in crisis. Among the factors responsible for the crisis it is worth to single out the labor market and production system transformations caused by the globalization. In this scenario, the universe of workers who are in need of legal protection is becoming wider. Labor Law cannot ignore the existence of self-employment, flexible atypical work contracts and other forms of work distinct of the traditional employment relationship. Currently, most workers, even when self-employed, are dependent on capitalists. Legal protection of all work forms is a fundamental right of every worker. Labor Law is essential for human dignity and a minimum set of core work rights must be ensured in all forms of labor contracts and arrangements. The modern labor market demands flexible forms of work to enable a dynamic supply to the production needs. On the other hand, work flexibility cannot worsen the work conditions. Even in flexible markets, workers need a minimum of safety and security. European Law, concerned with the search for a balance between flexibility and security developed the flexicurity theory that tries to overcome such tensions between these antagonistic perspectives, with labor market flexibility on the one hand and social security on the other hand even if these concepts seems contradictory. This thesis presents a national model of flexicurity able to modernize the country`s Labor Law expanding its applicability to all workers and not only formal employees. The model offers a legal regulation to flexible work forms, with security measures for all workers ensuring a minimum set of fundamental work rights and assistance on the periods between jobs.

Uppsatsen undersöker danska unga arbetstagares känslor kring flexibilitet och trygghet på den danska arbetsmarknaden. Trygghetsbegreppet delas upp, i enlighet med EU:s samt professor Ton Wilthagens definition, i sysselsättningstrygghet samt anställningstrygghet. Bristande anställningstrygghet ger konsekvenser för individer i form av olika typer av osäkerhet och stress inför framtiden. En flexibel arbetsmarknad skapar konkurrens mellan individer samt höga krav på individuell ansträngning i sökandet efter arbete, i en arbetssituation eller gällande utbildning samt personlig utveckling. Danmark har valt att organisera sin arbetsmarknad utifrån tre grundpelare, en flexibel arbetsmarknad, ett socialt skyddsnät och en aktiv arbetsmarknadspolitik. De tre grundpelarna utgör det danska arbetsmarknadskonceptet flexicurity. Arbetstagare på den danska arbetsmarknaden har ett begränsat arbetsrättsligt skydd, exempelvis mot uppsägningar från arbetsgivarens sida. Som en kompensation finns generösa nivåer av ersättning för den som är utan inkomst att nyttja. Den sistkomna pelaren i flexicuritykonceptet är en aktiv arbetsmarknadspolitik, som har till syfte att anpassa samt återanpassa individer till arbetsmarknaden. Forskningen görs på kvalitativt vis, genom intervjuer med unga danska arbetstagare. Intervjuerna genomförs utifrån skapad semistrukturerad intervjuguide, som grundar sig i flexicuritykonceptets tre grundpelare. Analysprocessen är gjord enligt en tematisk analysmetod, där flexibilitet samt trygghet utgör två huvudteman. De underteman som följer är önskningar, självförtroende samt anställningsbarhet. Respondenterna önskar och värdesätter trygghet, i form av att ha möjlighet att stanna länge på en och samma arbetsplats, i uppsatsen kallad anställningstrygghet. De ser positivt på självvald flexibilitet, och önskar flexibilitet på egna villkor. Vi ser att känslan av anställningsbarhet, ett gott självförtroende samt fackförbudens stöd utgör trygghetsfaktorer på arbetsmarknaden. Generellt ser respondenterna den danska arbetsmarknaden som svårinkomlig för unga arbetstagare med bristande erfarenheter. Resultatet i sin helhet strider mot vad flexicuritykonceptet har till syfte att generera. Vi problematiserar företeelsen att arbetstagare inte ges trygghet från innehållet i flexicuritykonceptet, arbetsmarknadens krav på individers flexibilitet, samt hur en flexibel arbetsmarknad påverkar individen.

Diplomová práce je věnována problematice trhu práce Evropské unie a možnostem podpory lidských zdrojů ze strukturálních fondů v České republice. Nejprve je zmapován vývoj politiky zaměstnanosti EU a aktuální situace na trhu práce v členských zemích. Zdůrazněna je nutnost flexibilizace evropského pracovního trhu a vysvětlen relativně nový princip ?flexicurity?. Dále je charakterizována politika soudržnosti v EU, její principy, cíle a realizace v České republice. Závěrečná část je věnována programům Evropského sociálního fondu v období 2004 ? 2006 a 2007 ? 2013, zaměřeným na oblast lidských zdrojů.