Apesar de ser considerada há muito tempo e por inúmeras nações e organizações internacionais como um valor fundamental, a liberdade de expressão é, até hoje, objeto de muitas incertezas e indefinições, especialmente quanto à sua aplicação prática em um cenário em que outros direitos e valores constitucionais estão envolvidos. O presente estudo parte da análise da estrutura do ato comunicativo, especificamente da análise da identidade dos sujeitos da comunicação, do fator temporal e do conteúdo ou mensagem, para aferir se a valoração jurídica da expressão do pensamento é condicionada por esses elementos. A partir disso, o presente trabalho propõe critérios para que a interpretação e a aplicação da liberdade de expressão sejam imbuídas de segurança jurídica, de modo a garantir própria efetividade dessa liberdade que se configura como um valor tão caro às sociedades democráticas. / Despite being considered as a fundamental value for several centuries and by many nations and international organizations, freedom of speech is, until present time, the object of much uncertainty, especially regarding its practical application when other rights and constitutional values are involved. The present study analyses the structure of the communicative act, specifically the identity of interlocutors, the time factor and the content or message, to assess if the legal value of the expression of thought is conditioned by these elements. From that, the present work proposes criteria to a rational and secure interpretation and application of freedom of speech, so as to guarantee the effectiveness itself of this liberty, that is so dear to democratic societies.

Diploma thesis The Right to be Forgotten on the Internet applies to the functions of Internet search engines, search algorithms and the impact of the digital footprint that on the Internet user essentially leaves. With this issue is, on the one hand, inseparably linked the protection of personal data in the online environment, on the other hand the constitutionally enshrined right to information and other fundamental rights. Not ignored should be also the risk of censorship of the Internet. An application of the right to be forgotten adds a whole new dimension to this problems. The right to be forgotten is inferred from the judgment of the European Court of Justice on 13 May 2014 in the case Costeja versus Google Spain, where an Internet user named Mario Costeja Gonzáles first succeeded with a request of removal of unflattering information about himself from results of the search engine Google. Thus a reform precedent will have a big impact on seeking information on the Internet in the future, since the pronouncement of the judgment about the removal of his personal data may ask any European Internet user. The thesis aims to analyze the issue of right to be forgotten in the context of searching for information on the Internet in the European Internet environment - it means not to be searched on the...

I städer finns det idag många bortglömda outnyttjade platser, så kallade ickeplatser,vars fulla potential inte tillvaratas. Stadens sociala hållbarhet missgynnas ofta av dessaplatser som i många fall ger upphov till otrygghet, obehag och utsatthet för förbipasserande,särskilt för kvinnor. Återkommande bortglömda platser i svenska städerär de så kallade brofästeplatserna, det vill säga platser under broar intill brofästen.Syftet med studien är att visa på potentialen hos outnyttjade brofästeplatser i urbanamiljöer och att belysa förutsättningar, problem och möjligheter samt sociala och ekologiskafördelar med en bebyggelse av dessa platser.Studien visar att bebyggelse av platserna kan skapa säkra och inkluderande områdenatt vistas i, samt öka den upplevda tryggheten på platsen framförallt för kvinnor.Bebyggelse som i någon form aktiverar platsen bidrar till att skapa sociala möten istaden. Bebyggelsen kan även fungera brottsförebyggande, bland annat till följd avett ökat flöde av människor på platsen. Ekologiska fördelar som erhålls är att urbangrönska, och därmed viktiga ekosystemtjänster, kan bevaras i större utsträckning dåde redan hårdgjorda eller grusbelagda ytorna används vid förtätning i urbana miljöeristället för grönområden. Grönska och ekosystemtjänster ger viktiga rekreativa ochsociala värden för stadens invånare och gynnar även förekomsten av biologisk mångfald.Brofästeplatser utnyttjas i andra länder både för bostäder och verksamheter, därföruppstår frågan om varför dess potential inte tillvaratas i Sverige. Platserna tycks haglömts bort eller tidigare inte behövt tas i beaktning vid förtätning av svenska städer,då det funnits annan mark att exploatera. Studien konstaterar att det inte finns någragenerella förbud eller reglemente som reglerar bebyggelse eller icke bebyggelse avbrofästeplatser. Samtliga lagar, krav och bestämmelser vilka gäller vid planering, projekteringoch uppförande av byggnader i Sverige, gäller för platserna. Varför platsernainte nyttjats kan även bero på förutfattade meningar hos aktörer i byggbranschen.Exempelvis förutsätts att krav inom andra områden än det egna inte uppnås. De förutfattademeningarna är ofta grundade i antaganden utanför respektive yrkesprofession,snarare än fakta, vetskap och erfarenhet. För att platserna ska kunna bebyggas krävsdärmed en förändring av inställning och attityd hos aktörer i branschen.Byggnadstypologierna verksamhetslokaler, bostäder och tillfälliga boenden, är allamöjliga att uppföra vid brofästeplatser, med undantag för bostäder vid de brofästeplatserdär ljudnivå och dagsljusinsläpp inte uppnår kraven. Bäst lämpade byggnadstypologiför många urbana brofästeplatser är verksamhetslokaler, där en blandningav funktioner som både kräver konsumtion och inte kräver konsumtion skulle gynnaden sociala hållbarheten i området bäst. Studien visar att bebyggelse av brofästeplatserär möjlig om parametrar som belysts i studien beaktas och tillgodoses. För attmöjliggöra ett sådant projekt krävs en ändrad inställning, attityd och ett gediget tvärprofessionelltsamarbetemellan olika professioner i branschen. Att myndigheter ochaktörer inom byggbranschenskapar ett bättre samarbete skulle inte enbart gynna eneventuell bebyggelse av dessa platser, utan samtliga byggprojekt i Sverige. / In today’s cities there are many forgotten places whose full potential is not being met.The social sustainability of the city is often disadvantaged by these places as theycause insecurity, discomfort and vulnerability to passers-by, especially women. Aforgotten place that is recurring in Swedish cities are so-called bridge abutment-sites,that is, places under bridges next to the abutment. The purpose of the study is todemonstrate the potential of these non-places at bridge abutments in urban environmentsand to highlight the conditions, problems and possibilities as well as the socialand ecological benefits of a development of these sites.The study shows that building these sites can create safe and inclusive areas to stayin, as well as increase the perceived security of the site, especially for women. Housingthat in some way activates the site helps to create social meetings in the city. Thebuilding can also act crime preventive, partly due to an increased flow of people onthe site. The ecological benefits obtained are that urban greenery, and thus importantecosystem services, can be preserved to a greater extent as already impermeable surfacesare used in densification in urban environments instead of green areas. Greeneryand ecosystem services provide important recreational and social values for the city’sinhabitants and also benefit the presence of biodiversity.All laws, requirements and regulations that apply to planning, design and constructionof buildings in Sweden, also applies to these locations. The study finds that there areno general prohibitions or regulations that regulate the construction or non-constructionof bridge abutments. Bridge abutment-sites seem to have been forgotten or previouslynot needed to be taken into account in the densification of Swedish cities, sincethere have been other land to exploit. Another reason why the sites have not been usedis due to preconceived opinions in the construction industry. The preconceptions areoften based on assumptions beyond professional knowledge, rather than facts andexperience. In order for the places to be built, a change of attitude in operators in theconstruction industry is required.The function-types of community center, housing and temporary accommodationare all possible to construct at these sites, with the exception of housing at the bridgeplaces where noise levels and daylight emissions do not meet the requirements. Thebest-suited function-type for many urban bridge abutment-sites is a communitycenter, where a mix of functions that require both consumption and non-consumptionwould best benefit social sustainability in the area.The study shows that construction of the bridge abutment-sites is possible if parameters,as mentioned in the study, are considered and met. In order to enable such aproject, a change in attitude and solid cooperation between several operators in theindustry are required. The cooperation between authorities and operators in the constructionindustry would not only benefit the possible development of these sites, butall construction projects in Sweden.

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The work deals with the motif of a woman in the works of Jakub Deml. It starts by presenting some necessary facts and events of his life. In the main part, it tries to identify the basic archetypes of feminity in Deml's works, focusing especially on the Marian Cult, that strongly influences the transformation of living persons into supra-personal and symbolical ones. In the final analysis, the question of whether the motives of archetypal women are really dominating or whether they just mirror the poet's spiritual search and fight is adressed. Key words Eliška Wiesenebergerová, Jakub Deml, Kateřina Sweerts-Sporcková, catholic mysticism, catholic poetry, marian cult in the literature, Marie Rosa Junová, Matylka Demlová, Miriam, motif of a woman in the literature, Pavla Kytlicová, Forgotten Light

The purpose of this thesis is to probe into Goodhart’s theory of Somewheres and Anywheres in the Swedish society. Goodhart’s theory states that a population in the modern 21st century can be divided into the groups Somewhere and Anywhere. This thesis examines if the theory is viable in the Swedish society and if the categories determines the electorates feeling of being able to impact the political agenda. The method used in this thesis is semi-structured interviews with eight electorates — in a younger age bracket (19-29), and an older age bracket (52-63), in four different categories of residential areas. The result indicates that the theory is viable in Sweden and that the Somewhere-electorates feel like they cannot impact the political agenda. The Anywhere-electorates feel like they can, and is the group that has dominated the politics. This may be a explanation for the unstable politics we see in the western society, since Somewheres, according to Goodhart, is half the population, while Anywheres only make up 20-25 percent but is the group ruling politics which leads to discontent, and can be a factor leading to unstable politics.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lygia Maria Moreno Molina Henrique.pdf: 615418 bytes, checksum: c987b4fdb53a154420790f23c0ef6d1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / This work has as its central point the study of the right to protection of personal data and how this right is related to the flow of personal data, driven by dynamic new Internet economy. Reflectively, we will analyze issues relevant to the topic and to the current moment, starting with a social approach, broader and more comprehensive, which unfolded form will culminate in the development of the protection of personal data, both in international law, as in Brazil. Also, it will be object of study the use of data as a raw material for the provision of the services offered by companys.com, in order to create innovation and increase competition between them. As well as, we will demonstrate which options of control and protection of personal data the consumer / user has to protect their privacy. Conclusively, by evaluation of brazilian legislative propositions about personal data protection, we will issue a critical-reflective judgment about the failures and successes of each one front to the topics relevant to the protection of personal data / Essa dissertação tem como ponto central o estudo do direito à proteção de dados pessoais e de que modo este direito se relaciona com a circulação de dados pessoais, impulsionada pela nova e dinâmica economia da Internet. De forma reflexiva, analisaremos questões pertinentes ao tema e ao momento atual, iniciando com uma abordagem social, mais ampla e abrangente, a qual de forma desdobrada culminará na evolução da tutela de dados pessoais, tanto na legislação internacional, como na brasileira. Será ainda, objeto de estudo a utilização dos dados como matéria-prima para prestação dos serviços das empresas.com, de modo a criar inovações e acirrar a concorrência entre estas. Assim como, vamos demonstrar quais as opções de controle e tutela em relação à circulação de dados pessoais o consumidor/usuário possui a resguardar sua privacidade. De modo conclusivo, mediante a avaliação das proposituras legislativas brasileiras acerca da proteção de dados pessoais, emitiremos um juízo crítico-reflexivo sobre as falhas e êxitos de cada propositura, frente aos temas relevantes à tutela de dados pessoais

[pt] Esta tese pretende contribuir para a melhor compreensão e aplicação do denominado direito ao esquecimento na sociedade contemporânea, notadamente caracterizada pela intensa circulação de informações viabilizada pela permanente evolução tecnológica. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo foi necessário tecer considerações críticas à expressão utilizada no Brasil para identificar o direito em exame, conceituá-lo como uma forma de restrição à ilimitada divulgação de informações individuais pretéritas e desprovidas de interesse público, além de definir sua configuração jurídica de direito fundamental da personalidade decorrente da cláusula geral de tutela da dignidade humana. A partir do reconhecimento de evidentes limites para a aplicação do direito ao esquecimento e considerada a tutela da vida privada em seu viés atual, de controle sobre a circulação de informações relativas aos indivíduos, entende-se não apenas possível como também fundamental a plena tutela do direito tratado na tese. Dada a magnitude do papel atualmente desempenhado pela Internet na comunicação social, defende-se, entre outras possibilidades de aplicação do direito ao esquecimento, o direito de o indivíduo requerer a exclusão de resultados das listas de links apresentadas após uma pesquisa, em provedores de busca, utilizando-se determinadas palavras ou expressões, ainda que tal exclusão não atinja também a fonte onde a informação foi originalmente divulgada. Ademais, o exame da legislação correlata ao tema, a análise de projetos de lei sobre a matéria, bem como a pesquisa da recente jurisprudência brasileira na aplicação do direito ao esquecimento foram métodos utilizados para se chegar à sugestão de critérios que possam ser adotados na ponderação entre os interesses eventualmente conflitantes à liberdade de expressão e à tutela dos direitos da personalidade. Em síntese, informações desatualizadas e irrelevantes sob a perspectiva do interesse público, cuja disseminação possa causar comprovados e injustos danos aos direitos da personalidade, não devem ser irrestritamente divulgadas, sob pena de configuração de notória violação à dignidade humana e, acrescente-se, sem que esta defendida limitação informativa possa ser considerada como prática análoga à tão condenável censura. / [en] This thesis intends to contribute for a better understanding and application of the so-called right to be forgotten in the contemporary society, notably characterized by the intense circulation of information made possible by the ongoing technological progress. In order to develop the study, it was necessary to weave critical considerations to the term used in Brazil to identify the right under review, conceptualize it as a way to restrict the unlimited disclosure of past individual information lacking public interest, as well as define its legal configuration of fundamental right of the personality resulting from the general clause of human dignity protection. From the recognition of clear limits for the application of the right to be forgotten and considering the protection of the private life in its current bias of control over the circulation of information regarding individuals, it is noticeable that it is not only possible but also fundamental to provide for the full protection of the right addressed in the thesis. Due to the magnitude of the role that is currently performed by the Internet in social communication, the right of an individual to require the exclusion of results from the lists of links presented after a search in search providers using certain words or terms, even if such exclusion fails to also reach the source where the information was originally disclosed, is defended, among other possibilities to apply the right to be forgotten. In addition to that, the analysis of the legislation related to the subject, the assessment of draft bills on the subject, as well as the survey of the recent Brazilian jurisprudence in the application of the right to be forgotten were methods used to get to the suggestion of criteria that may be adopted when pondering the possibly conflicting interests with freedom of expression and protection of personality rights. In short, outdated and irrelevant information under the perspective of public interest, whose dissemination may cause proven and unfair damages to the rights of personality, shall not beunrestrictedly disclosed, under the penalty of configuring notorious violation to human dignity and, moreover, not allowing that defended informative limitation to be considered a practice that is similar to the so condemnable censorship.

Les plantes aromatiques font parties des richesses naturelles du patrimoine de la région Midi-Pyrénées mais apparaissent cependant de moins en moins valorisées. Dans le cadre de la recherche de nouveaux aromatisants naturels de type WONF, nous avons choisi d'adopter la voie de valorisation des plantes aromatiques médiévales de cette région car elles ont toujours fait l'objet de cueillette à l'état sauvage sans jamais être cultivées. Dans une première étape, une étude bibliographique a été réalisée, à partir d'anciens ouvrages botaniques et de bases de données scientifiques, afin d'identifier les plantes régionales traditionnellement utilisées par nos ancêtres pour leurs activités aromatisantes, culinaires ou médicinales. Nous avons sélectionné cinq plantes aromatiques : Achillea millefolium, Calamintha grandiflora, Tanacetum balsamita, Myrrhis odorata et Monarda didyma. Dans une deuxième étape, des études physico-chimiques, sensorielles et biologiques des fractions volatiles et non volatiles, obtenues après extractions des plantes médiévales sélectionnées, ont été réalisées pour juger de leurs activités aromatiques, antioxydantes et antibactériennes ainsi que de leur intérêt dans le cadre de nouvelles réglementations européennes. Les résultats de ces travaux montrent des activités odorantes, antioxydantes et antibactériennes significatives pour l'ensemble des plantes sélectionnées. Dans une troisième étape, du fait de la rareté du végétal étudié, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux voies analytiques d'évaluation rapide de la composition de l'huile essentielle native de ces plantes aromatiques ; premièrement au moyen d'un échantillonnage classique couplé à un détecteur à forte sensibilité comme la chromatographie bidimensionnelle et deuxièmement par un échantillonnage spécifique couplé à un détecteur classique pour lequel nous avons développé un appareillage novateur dénommé "Crushing Finger Device" (CFD). Ce dernier permet de mimer instrumentalement l'écrasement de la feuille entre les doigts et de piéger les composés volatils odorants émis en vue de leur analyse chromatographique ultérieure. Enfin, pour une application pré-industrielle, afin d'élargir le champ d'application de ces plantes aromatiques, des études d'infusion des plantes et d'aromatisation des huiles végétales par les huiles essentielles ont été mises en place. Durant le processus d'aromatisation de l'huile végétale, les volatils émis par la plante ou par l'huile essentielle donnent un goût et une saveur spécifique tout en délivrant une activité biologique notable. / Midi-Pyrenees region has a rich and unvalorized wild vegetal heritage, especially for aromatic plants. In the framework of the search for new natural flavorings e.g. WONF, we chose to adopt the way of valorization of the medieval aromatic plants of this region, because they have been always picked in a wild state without being ever grown. In a first step, a global bibliographical survey study based on historical books, library archived documents and computerized data banks, was made in order to identify regional plants which were used by our ancestors for their odorous, culinary or medicinal activities. We selected five aromatic plants, e.g. Achillea millefolium, Calamintha grandiflora, Tanacetum balsamita, Myrrhis odorata and Monarda didyma. In a second step, physico-chemical, sensory and biological studies of volatiles and non volatiles fractions, obtained by extractions of the selected medieval plants were carried out, to judge their aromatic, antioxidant and antibacterial activities and their interest within the framework of new european regulations. Theses results show a significant odorous, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities for all selected plants. In a third step, such plants were rare or their harvesting problematic, inducing a limited sampling. We decided to investigate two strategic approaches to perform a rapid evaluation of native essential oil, based either on a classic sampling with a specific/ultra sensitive detection such as Comprehensive GC, nor the use of a specific/high effective sampling system with a classic detection. This last methodology was based on a self designed apparatus “Crushing Finger Device” (CFD), allowing to copy the crushing of leaves between fingers and to trap the volatiles emitted to their later chromatographic analysis. Finally, in the aim to expand the use of aromatic plants, also to enlarge the assortment of oil products, a pre-industrial application were carried out. Infusion of plants and flavoring of vegetable oil by essential oil were studied. During processing of aromatized vegetable oil, volatiles from added aromatic plants or essential oil migrate to oil to give a specific aroma and a significant biological activity. Plantes aromatiques oubliées, Huile essentielle, Antioxydant, Antibactérien, Simulateur de froissement, Composés d’arômes, Achillea millefolium, Calamintha grandiflora, Tanacetum balsamita, Myrrhis odorata, Monarda didyma.

Dans ce travail de recherche, il s'agit de mettre en lumière la qualité littéraire et la personnalité de l'écrivaine Marie Thérèse León (1903-1988), exilée après la Guerre Civile espagnole avec son mari, le poète Raphaël Alberti, et de montrer la place qu’elle mérite dans la lignée des auteurs de la bien connue “Generación del 27”, parmi lesquels on compte des figures-phares de la poésie espagnole telles que Lorca, Alberti, Aleixandre, Cernuda et d'autres.Cette étude essaie de faire sortir de l’oubli Marie Thérèse León, qui a été eclipsée par la renommée de son partenaire , Raphaël Alberti, lequel avait obtenu, après la mort de Franco, sa réhabilitation en tant que poète de renom. Dans cet objectif , la thèse identifie d'abord les caractéristiques communes des auteurs canoniques du groupe 1927 et, en deuxième lieu, démontre combien Marie Thérése Léon partage les traits qui leurs sont communs ainsi que des concours de circonstances similaires. La thèse aborde également la situation des femmes intellectuelles de l'époque et met en lumière nombre d'autres femmes de lettres de la génération 1927, telles que Rosa Chacel, Ernestina Champourcin, María Zambrano, dont les œuvre respectives ont autant de valeur que celles de leurs collègues masculins.Une place particulière est accordée à l'oeuvre capitale de Marie Thérèse Léon, « Mémoire de la mélancolie », laquelle révèle au mieux la qualité littéraire et l'originalité structurelle de son auteure. Ce livre dresse, à travers sa beauté de prose poétique, non seulement le panorama espagnol précédant la Guerre Civile, mais aussi, l’expérience terrible des expatriés politiques de l’Espagne. / In this research, it is a question of claiming the literary quality and the rich personality of the writer Maria Teresa León (1903-1988), exiled after the Spanish Civil War together with her husband, the poet Rafael Alberti, and of showing her place deserved between the authors of the well known “Generación del 27”, among whom we count key figures of the spanish poetry such as Lorca, Alberti, Aleixandre, Cernuda and others.The study tries to repair the oblivion into which had fallen Maria Teresa León, darkened by the fame of his partner, Raphael Alberti, who had obtained , after the death of Franco, its rehabilitation as big poet. In this objective, the work identifies, at first, the common characteristics of the canonical authors of the group 1927, and, in the second place, demonstrates the sharing by Maria Teresa of the same common features and social circumstances.The research also approaches the situation of the intellectual women of the period, and highlights number of the other women of letters of the generation 1927, such as Rosa Chacel, Ernestina Champourcin, Zambrano, whose work has at least so much value as that of their colleagues men.A particular place is granted to the Maria Teresa León's major work, " Memory of the melancholy ", which reveals at best the literary quality and the structural originality of the author. This book raises, through the beauty of its poetic prose, not only the Spanish panorama preceding the Civil War, but also ,the terrible experience lived by the political expatriates of Spain. / Este trabajo de investigación pretende reivindicar la calidad literaria y la activa personalidad cultural de la escritora María Teresa León (1903-1988), exiliada tras la Guerra Civil, junto con su marido el poeta Rafael Alberti, y reivindicar su lugar merecido entre el grupo de los grandes creadores de la conocida «Generación de 1927 » , entre quiénes estaban las figuras fundamentales de la poesía española, Lorca, Alberti, Aleixandre, Cernuda y otros.El estudio trata de reparar el olvido que cayó sobre María Teresa León, eclipsada por la fama de su compañero, Rafael Alberti, que si pudo obtener, después de la muerte de Franco, su reconocimiento como gran poeta.Con ese objetivo, la tésis identifica, primeramente, las características comunes de los autores canónicos del grupo de 1927 y, en segundo lugar, se demuestra cómo la obra de María Teresa León comparte muchos rasgos comunes y , por supuesto, el peso de las circunstancias sociales.La tésis aborda igualmente la situacion de las mujeres intelectuales de la época y pone en relieve a algunas otras autoras de la generación del 27 como Rosa Chacel, Ernestina Champourcin, Zambrano , cuyas obras tienen por lo menos el mismo valor que las de sus colegas varones. Un lugar muy especial se dedica en este trabajo a la obra fundamental de María Teresa León, su Memoria de la melancolía, que muestra a la autora en toda su magnitud, destacando el brillo de su calidad literaria y su riqueza estructural. El libro traza , a tráves de la belleza de su prosa poética, no sólo el panorama español inmediatamente anterior a la Guerra Cívil, sino también la terrible experiencia de los expatriados españoles tras la guerra.