Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier quelques aspects algébriques du problème de quantification par déformation. On considère d'une part la formalité dans le cas des algèbres libres et de l'algèbre de Lie so(3), et on s'intéresse d'autre part à la quantification par déformation pour des structures Hom-algébriques. Suivant le résultat de formalité de Kontsevich en 1997 pour les algèbres symétriques, on étudie dans la première partie de cette thèse les algèbres libres, qui sont un cas particulier d'algèbres enveloppantes, et on montre qu'il n'y a pas formalité en général, sauf dans les cas triviaux. On montre aussi qu'il n'y a pas formalité pour l'algèbre de Lie so(3). Les techniques utilisées sont de type homologiques. On calcule la cohomologie de ces algèbres et on procède à la construction du L-infini-quasi-isomorphisme entre l'algèbre de Lie différentielle graduée des cochaînes de Hochschild munie du crochet de Gerstenhaber et l'algèbre de la cohomologie munie du crochet de Schouten. Dans la seconde partie de ce travail, on utilise un principe de déformation par twist pour les structures Hom-algébriques, pour construire de nouvelles structures de même type, ou encore pour déformer une structure classique en une Hom-structure correspondante à l'aide d'un morphisme d'algèbres. En particulier, on applique ce procédé aux structures de Poisson et aux star-produits de Moyal-Weyl. Par ailleurs, on établit une correspondance entre les algèbres enveloppantes d'algèbres Hom-Lie possédant une structure Hom-coPoisson et les bigèbres Hom-Lie. / This thesis aims to study some algebraic aspects of the deformation quantization problem. On one hand, we consider formality for free algebras and the Lie algebra so(3), and on the other hand we study deformation quantization for Hom-algebraic structures. Following Kontsevich's formality result in 1997 for symmetric algebras, we study in the first part free algebras, which are a particular case of envelopping algebras, and show that there is no formality, except for the trivial cases. We also show that there is no formality for the Lie algebra so(3). The tools used are homological ones. We compute the cohomology of these algebras and proceed to the construction of the L-infinity-quasi-isomorphism between the differential graded Lie algebra of the Hochschild cochains endowed with the Gerstenhaber bracket and the cohomology algebra endowed with the Schouten bracket. In the second part of this work, we use a principle of deformation by twist for Hom-algebraic structures, to construct new structures of the same type, or to deform a classical structure in the corresponding Hom-structure using an algebra morphism. In particular, we apply this method to Poisson structures and Moyal-Weyl star-products. Besides, we establish a correspondance between enveloping algebras of Hom-Lie algebras endowed with a Hom-coPoisson structure and Hom-Lie bialgebras.

Workplace humour is an important component of organisational culture and social behaviour, yet this topic is under-researched and neglected within the field of organisational studies. This thesis explores the influence of organisational culture on workplace humour enactment. Key research objectives are to contribute empirical data regarding the influence of organisational culture on humour and to create a model that explains and connects significant aspects of humour and organisational culture. A further aim is to explore the element of formality within organisational culture and its impacts on humour enactment. Research was undertaken in four New Zealand companies from different industries. A mixed-method approach is used and methods include: interviews; participant observation and document collection. An assessment tool was created to compare levels of formality and/or informality in the studied organisations. Findings show that the organisational culture and levels of formality and/or informality within the culture influence humour practices through the creation of boundaries that constrain or enable humour activities. A model was created to depict the influence of organisational culture upon humour enactment. The model shows that levels of formality or informality are key cultural elements and that formality/informality levels influence the boundaries that are created for humour enactment. Specific individuals (identified as either jokers or gatekeepers) assume dichotomous roles and within these roles either challenge or constrain the humour boundaries. Organisational members perceive that humour and organisational culture have both positive and negative impacts upon workplace outcomes such as: retention; satisfaction; performance and recruitment. Humour at work is widespread and a significant component of modern working life. Humour manifests itself within workplace culture and understanding the influence of organisational culture on humour enactment is an important facet of organisational studies.

The thesis aims to investigate the influence of situational parameters on the choice of lexicogrammatical units of language producers. The main focus is placed on the register of language and individual aspects of it are introduced. The phenomenon of human language use is approached specifically from the point of view of sociolinguistics in order to prove the importance of the role of language in social interaction. The practical part of the diploma thesis is dedicated to the multiaspectual analysis of three authentic discourse samples, which differ from one another in the contexts they take place in. Based on the proportion of individual parts of speech in each of these samples, a scale of formality is finally designed in order to determine the most and the least formal of them.

Magister Artium - MA / A widespread phenomenon on dumpsites in the developing world, subsistence waste picking is also a common practice at the city-owned Coastal Park Landfill (CPL) in Muizenberg. Poor unemployed people from the townships of Capricorn, Vrygrond and Hillview, situated at the foot of the tip ―skarrel for scrap‖ every day. The word skarreling is an Afrikaans term meaning to rummage or scrabble, scuttle or scurry. Thus, if one talks of ―skarreling for scrap‖, it generally refers to poor people trying to eke out a living by looking for recyclables in the waste that can be put to personal use or turned into money. In the two decades since the transition to democracy, South Africa and the City of Cape Town (CCT) have formulated a number of framework and subordinate policies which express their commitment to sustainable development (SD). SD aims to achieve a balance between its three components, economic, environmental and social sustainability. Thus, SD is not only about increased economic efficiency and stability, while at the same time reducing pollution and handling natural resources more thoughtfully; it is also about promoting social equity by reducing poverty and empowering the poor. This study is guided by the assumption that waste pickers in developing countries play an important part in recycling efforts, and that recycling in turn is an integral component of SD, which is the guiding principle of South African policy-making. In an ideal scenario – as implicitly promised by the policies on SD – the management of solid waste should pursue the economic and environmental goals of SD by promoting recycling and should be aligned with the goal of creating sustainable livelihoods. However, the reality in the CCT is a different one. Landfill skarreling in the CCT, and particularly at CPL, is accompanied by conflict and a criminalisation of the skarrelaars. The CCT decided to phase out landfill salvaging in 2008, and subsequently has put a lot of effort into keeping skarrelaars away from its landfills. The implications of this decision – job losses for poor people and a potential increase in crime – have not been thought through. There is thus a dysfunctional triangular relationship around waste recycling in the CCT, leading to tensions between (1) the City‘s commitment to SD; (2) 5 its approach towards recycling (as part of solid waste management) in policy and practice; and (3) the livelihoods of the poor in adjacent townships. In the CCT the goals of SD are undermined by the City‘s recycling strategies, with adverse effects for the livelihoods of the people who live off skarreling. There are several causes for this disjuncture between policy and reality. The first has to do with ignorance on the side of the policymakers. They seem to be badly informed about the extent and nature of skarreling, perhaps assuming that this activity is performed only by a few people who need quick cash for drugs. The second cause can be attributed to the neoliberal macro-policies pursued in South Africa, as well as to the global competition between cities for investment. This neoliberal urbanism leads cities like Cape Town to re-imagine themselves as ―world (-class) cities‖, in which poor waste pickers are perceived as a disturbing factor. In the CCT, this goes hand in hand with an approach reminiscent of the apartheid mindset, which saw the need to control poor, black (and potentially unruly) people. The dissertation therefore focuses on the core themes of sustainable development, (urban) neoliberalism, and informality in combination with a case study of the informal waste pickers at the chosen landfill site. Writing from a political studies angle, this study is framed as a policy critique: it argues that the policies around SWM ignore South African realities, and that the SD policies and their implementation lack coherence. Moreover, the conflict between the skarrelaars and the CCT at the CPL is rooted in inadequate national and local legislation which does not acknowledge the role of informal waste pickers in SWM and aims at excluding rather than including them. If waste pickers were supported in their recycling efforts in both policy and practice, this would be a win-win situation for the state/city (economic benefits and less crime), the skarrelaars (regular employment and incomes) and the environment (less waste buried on landfills). The case study is primarily designed as a qualitative study, but also includes quantitative elements as it attempts a first quantification of the extent and nature of skarreling at the CPL site, one of only three operating dumpsites in Cape Town. The aim on the one hand is to estimate the contribution of the skarrelaars to waste reduction (and therefore to sustainability) in the City, especially since the waste they collect is not buried on the landfill, thereby prolonging the operational life span of the landfill. The other aim is to assess the role of the skarrelaars as an economic factor in the township, in particular the question of how important the incomes generated from skarreling are for their individual livelihoods and for the community as a whole.

When reading a translated book or a dubbed movie, one might come to wonder if the translation conveys the characters’ personality traits identically to that of the original, and while ‘identical’ may not be achievable, ‘equivalent’ rather may be within the scope of a translator’s capability. Translation between languages as vastly different as Swedish and Japanese, or English and Japanese are bound to face greater difficulties than for example Swedish and English. Japanese dialogue can highlight register and idiosyncratic speech patterns in particularly unique ways. This case study investigates how this is done and handled in both English and Swedish by analyzing the dialogue of the main protagonist Nakata Satoru in the novel Umibe no Kafka by Murakami Haruki. Thus, two questions arise: “What distinguishing elements of Nakata Satoru’s register and formality make his speech unique in the original Umibe no Kafuka?” and “How are the distinct characteristics in the dialogue of Nakata Satoru maintained – or lost in the Swedish and English translations of Umibe no Kafuka?”. In pursuit of an answer to these questions, the original copy of Umibe no Kafuka, the English translation (Kafka on the Shore), and the Swedish translation (Kafka på Stranden) were analyzed and all sentences spoken by Nakata in chapters 6,16 and 20 were recorded and compared to the ST – or source text. The study ultimately found that the distinct characteristics in Nakata’s speech were many times in the English and Swedish translations ignored and that Nakata’s soft spoken, understanding tone was often overlooked in order to allow for the translation to flow naturally.

Revisorer har sedan länge kopplats till professionella bedömningar men idag visar trenden allt mer på ett arbetssätt med mer användning av formalia. Även ett behov av revisorns tjänster och konsulttjänster förekommer allt mer hos klienten. Syftet med studien är att förstå hur klienten upplever revisorns användning av formalia i arbetsprocessen gentemot klienten i form av olika formella dokument för både stora som små företag. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ undersökning och abduktiv ansats då vi växlar mellan empirisk och teoretisk reflektion. Vår intervjuguide var till en början utforskande och utvecklades till att bli mer semistrukturerad. För att uppnå syftet med studien har vi genomfört elva intervjuer där vi har begränsat vårt urval till klienter som arbetar som redovisningsansvarig/chef och ekonomiansvarig/che f i södra Sverige. Eftersom revisorns tjänster erbjuds till klienten är denna studie analyserad utifrån ett klientperspektiv. Klientperspektivet hjälper oss att besvara frågor kring hur revisorer arbetar med formalia och hur dessa upplevs. Denna studie bidrar till diskussionen kring klienten som erhåller en formalia att följa, likt en förberedelselista, inför varje bokslutsmöte med revisorn. Utifrån förberedelselistan förbereder klienten dokument som efterfrågas av revisorn. Resultatet indikerar att klienter ställer sig positivt till arbetet med formalia där onödiga moment reduceras i samarbetet med revisorn och att arbetet med formalia gynnar klientens verksamhet på så sätt att verksamheten kan visa sin legitimitet gentemot sina intressenter. Vi identifierar klientens upplevelser kring revisorns användning av formalia och visar en förståelse för klientens synpunkter och värderingar vid revision. / Accountants have long been linked to professional judgements but the current situation shows an increasing trend on an approach with more use of formality. The client is in existing need of use of auditand consulting services. The study’s purpose is to contribute better understanding and analysis of how clients perceive auditors’ structural use of formalities towards them. The study is based on a qualitative survey with abductive approach as we alternate between empirical and theoretical reflection. The interviewguide has evolved to become more semi-structured. In order to achieve the purpose of the study we have completed eleven interviews which we have limited our selection to clients in southern Sweden. As the auditor’s services are offered to the client, this study is analyzed based on clients’ perspective. The clientperspective helps us to answer questions concerning how accountants are working with formalities and how these are perceived. This study contributes to discussion of clients who receives formality, similar to a preparation list, before each year-end meeting with the auditor. Based on the preparatory list, the client prepares documents requested by the auditor. It indicates that the client is in favor of working with formalities with reduced unnecessary moments under the cooperation. To work with the formalities favors the client's business so that they can prove its legitimacy to stakeholders. We are identifying client experiences of auditor’s use of formalities and presenting an understanding of client’s views and values at audit.

The presented master's thesis is concerned with the specifics of the Spanish language in the sphere of social networks. In the theoretical part, we define key concepts, while the attention is particularly aimed on previously published studies with similar topic, features of Spanish used on social networks and stylistic factors. The second part of the thesis is practical. In this part, we aim to prove that linguistic features typical for the sphere of social networks should not be perceived as mistakes or ignorance of the writers but rather as manifestations of stylistic factors.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:10:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndriaCAS_DISSERT.pdf: 1478535 bytes, checksum: 5e10433aefe8f9739608cecbcbc55629 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / The study done has as objective the comprehension of the constructed territorial spaces through the commercial perspective, because it is a social practice which enables the dynamic of the space and the appearing of territories. Related to the territory, we emphasized the interest for the idea of used territory treated by Milton Santos, because we agreed with him believing that is the use of the territory which warrants its legitimacy. Then, the spatial dimension chose concentrates itself into the district of Alecrim, localized at the east zone of Natal/RN, where it is recognized by its strong commercial dynamic which was built during years, facing some events which happened in the context of the city. However, this dynamic counts with a hard dichotomy which involves as the considered by the State formal activities, as the informal one. About the commerce of the district, it has characteristics into its activities whose make him to be considered popular, as by the existing products, as by the strong presence of informal workers that constitutes the district s landscape. The informal workers practice expresses one of the multiples constructed alternative territorialities. We believe that this fact has direct relation with the growing process of the exclusion from the formal jobs market. Still talking about the spatial dimension, this real example of the Alecrim district shows how the techniques changes, together with the capitalism process, may influence one entire spatial dynamic across years, involving many agents, since the transient people from somewhere, until the State. Shall the Geography understand the multiple forms from the space, face to the relations that occur into it and also how new territories have been built / O estudo realizado objetiva a compreens?o dos espa?os territoriais constru?dos atrav?s da perspectiva comercial, tendo em vista que ? um tipo de pr?tica social que viabiliza a din?mica do espa?o e o surgimento de territ?rios. Em rela??o ao territ?rio, enfatizamos nosso interesse pela ideia de territ?rio usado trabalhada por Milton Santos, pois concordamos com ele ao acreditarmos que ? o uso do territ?rio que garante a sua legitimidade. Para tanto, o recorte espacial escolhido concentra-se no bairro Alecrim, localizado na zona leste de Natal-RN e reconhecido pela sua forte din?mica comercial constru?da ao longo dos anos mediante alguns eventos que se deram no contexto da capital natalense. Por?m, essa dinamicidade conta com uma forte dicotomia que abarca n?o s? as atividades consideradas formais frente ao Estado, como tamb?m a grande presen?a das atividades informais. Quanto ao com?rcio do bairro, possui caracter?sticas nas suas atividades que o classificam como popular, tanto pelos produtos existentes quanto pela forte presen?a de trabalhadores informais que constituem a paisagem urbana do bairro. A pr?tica dos trabalhadores informais expressa uma das diversas territorialidades alternativas constru?das. Acreditamos que esse fato possui uma liga??o direta com o processo de crescimento da exclus?o do mercado formal de trabalho. Ainda em rela??o ao recorte espacial escolhido, esse exemplo real do bairro Alecrim nos esclarece como as mudan?as t?cnicas, juntamente com o processo do capitalismo, podem influenciar toda uma din?mica espacial ao longo dos anos, envolvendo diversos agentes, desde os transeuntes de um local at? o Estado. Cabe ? Geografia compreender as diversas formas assumidas pelo espa?o mediante as rela??es que se d?o nele e tamb?m o modo como os novos territ?rios t?m sido constru?dos

As a result of globalisation, the number of companies working globally is increasing at an unprecedented pace. Consequently, the need to communicate with people from other countries is getting bigger. In such intercultural communication, a common language must be used to interact. The language of choice is most often English, which is the business lingua franca (BELF) today. Furthermore, email has become the obvious choice of medium when interacting with foreign business associates. The present study was conducted through intensive and extensive analyses, investigating BELF emails written by 21 individuals with 14 different native languages. The data consists of 209 emails. The study follows Bjørge’s (2007) work on formality in emails written in academic settings. The aim of the study was to determine how formal the participants were in greetings and closings and whether they accommodated their language to the respondent. The results suggest that the level of formality mainly depends on the purpose of the email and, to some extent, how formal the correspondent is. The accommodation to the correspondent seems to be individual. The present study wishes to extend knowledge on email communication in BELF settings. The results are likely to be relevant for teachers and students of Business Communication and English as a Second or Foreign Language along with managers in internationally functioning companies, especially as regards what should be considered in BELF communication.

This thesis aims to find out how communication method a˙ects user experience in a formal communication with a stranger, such as a job application process. The communication methods investigated were instant messaging and email. To this end, two studies were performed. The first one based on a set of interviews with recruiters. The second one based on a questionnaire sent out to job candidates. Recruiters did not value communication method as important for the candidate to make a good first impression, but they were concerned with the need for rapid communication and needing to be constantly available when using informal communication methods. I found that candidates significantly preferred formal communication methods, results also showed that candidates felt less insecure when communicating using a formal method. Finally, we also found that younger users did not have a stronger preference for informal communication methods than older users, contrary to my expectations. / Målet med denna uppsats var att ta reda på hur kommunikationsmetod påverkar användarupplevelsen i en formell kommunikation med en främling, så som i en arbetsansökan. Kommunikationsmetoderna som undersöktes var e-post och chatt. För att ta reda på detta gjordes två studier. Den första bestod av intervjuer med rekryterare. Den andra bestod av ett frågeformulär som skickades ut till kandidater. Rekryterarna värderade inte kommunikationsmetoden i sig högt när det gällde vilket intryck de fick av en kandidat, men kommunikations-hastigheten var en viktig faktor i valet av metod. Speciellt så uppfattade de ett behov av att vara tillgänglig och kunna svara snabbt om en informell kommunikationsmetod användes, denna uppfattning delades av kandidaterna. Mina resultat visade att jobbkandidater hade en signifikant preferens för att använda formella kommunikationsmetoder, och visade sig känna sig mindre osäkra när de använde formella kommunikationsmetoder än när de använde informella metoder. Slutligen upptäckte jag att yngre användare inte visade sig föredra informella kommunikationsmetoder mer än äldre användare.