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Jakub Havlík, Vývoj osídlení Baktrie v období helénismu Abstract: Primarily based on the archaeological evidence, the aim of the proposed thesis is to present an image of a settlement situation in the region of Bactria (Central Asia) during the Hellenistic period. The main subject of the study is a comparison of settlement patterns of the Achaemenid and Hellenistic periods, as well as a characterization of settlement transformation, which occurred after the conquest of Alexander the Great, after almost two hundred years of Greek rule in the area. In this thesis, the individual settlement-sites are classified according to their size and their hypothetical function in the whole settlement structure. Besides the morphology of the site, their position was examined, as well as a distribution and mutual relations within the context of the natural landscape. Attention was paid to larger sites (cities, fortified settlements), and minor ones (rural settlements) and their agglomerations, as well as specific settlement forms, such as fortresses or sanctuaries. All the studied settlements are presented in form of catalogue and maps. Data analysis shows that a huge decrease in settlement structure and a break in development can be observed in relatively large part of Bactria, at the end of Achaemenid period, what...

L’étude de l’histoire ancienne de la région Cyrénaïque est importante. Cette région a vécu une longue période d'occupation grecque du 8ème au 6ème siècle av JC. suivie par les Ptolémaée (rois d’Égypte) qui ont gouverné cette région jusqu’à l’arrivée des Romains. Ces derniers l’ont administrée environ huit siècles, à partir de l’an 74 av. JC. À l’époque romaine, la Cyrénaïque était organisée en province. La province était exposée à certaines invasions, surtout celles des tribus libyennes. La richesse de la Cyrénaïque a donc attiré les regards des envahisseurs. C’est pourquoi les Romains ont effectué, après leur installation dans la province, des mesures défensives (fortifications) pour la protection et la sécurité de la Cyrénaïque. Ils ont ainsi construit tout au long des frontières de la province des forteresses, des murs, des tours de contrôle pour la surveillance. Ils ont aussi construit un réseau routier pour relier les villes de la province et construit des fortifications autour des villes. Les Romains ont par ailleurs restauré celles qui existaient déjà avant leur arrivée. Nous étudierons l’organisation militaire, c’est-à-dire l’organisation de l’armée à l’époque romaine L’armée était constituée des troupes militaires. nous appuyons sur les inscriptions.les moyens de financement qui dépendaient essentiellement des impôts. Nous L’étuderions moyens défensifs et militaires pour la protection de la province. Les moyens défensifs sont répartis en trois types : le premier comprend les forteresse ; le second la construction des routes afin de relier les villes ; le troisième moyen comprend les fortifications et les tours pour protéger les villes Cyrénaïque. / The study of the ancient history of the Cyrenaica region is important. This region has experienced a long period of Greek occupation from the 8th to the 6th century BC. Followed by Ptolemies, (Egyptian kings) who ruled this area for some time , until the arrival of the Romans. These have given approximately eight centuries , from the year 74 BC. JC . In Roman times, Cyrenaica was organized by province. The province was exposed to some invasions, especially those of the Libyan tribes. The wealth of Cyrenaica has attracted the attention of the invaders. This is why the Romans made after installation in the province, defensive measures for the protection and safety of Cyrenaica .They thus constructed along the borders of the province fortresses, walls, control towers monitoring .They also built a road network to connect the cities of the province and built fortifications around cities. The study military organization, that is to say the organization of the army at the time Roman. The army was made up of military forces, regular and local troops support. We rely on the inscriptions found on some ancient sources and basis for our research. The military organization of troops , weapons used , the means of financing depended mainly Taxes. The study defensive and military means for the protection of the province. Defensive measures are divided into three types the first includes the fortresses, churches and farms fortifies. The study of construction of roads to connect cities, and transport these provisions military. the third means comprises fortifications and towers to protect the five cities of Cyrenaica.

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<p>Основни циљ дисертације је да објасни концепт културне руте као средства за унапређење конзервације и очувања културног наслеђа, као и могућности искоришћавања културних ресурса приликом развоја туризмa. Кроз анализу специфичности простора Србије и Подунавља, односно анализи специфичности туристичких ресурса заснованих на употреби културног наслеђа и тврђава, као и утврђивању услова који утичуи на формирање туристичке понуде, дефинисана је културна рута &bdquo;Тврђаве на Дунаву&ldquo; у Србији. Истраживања у оквиру дисертације су пратила реализацију пројекта &bdquo;Тврђаве на Дунаву&ldquo; које је реализовало Министарство културе Републике Србије у периоду 2009-2010. године. С обзиром на бројност и очуваност тврђава дуж тока Дунава у Србији, сматра се да оне могу представљати веома значајан како примарни тако и комплементарни фактор у процесу развоја туристичке понуде Србије на Дунаву. Креирањем културне руте дуж тока Дунава, која би се састојала од елемената са знaчaјним пeјзaжним, културним, историјским, гeолошким или природним врeдностимa и која би укључивала рaзглeдaњe и интeрпрeтaцију тврђава као кључних атракција омогућило би се искоришћавање постојећег потенцијала тврђава на Дунаву у Србији, која би се посредством туристичке анимације и презентације могла пласирати на туристичком тржишту и представљала би велики корак у формирању туристичког производа Србије.Истраживањем су обухваћена насеља у оквиру којих се налазе тврђаве, те ја самим тим урађена и анализа инфраструктуре, социо-економских фактора, надлежних институција за заштиту споменика културе, као и институција надлежних за развој туризма, затим су спроведена истраживања ставова надлежних у овим институцијама, ставова резидентног становништва и ставова туриста у погледу тока развоја ове културне руте на Дунаву и друго. Тумачењем резултата истраживања дошло се до закључка да постоји велики интерес и реални потенцијал за формирање културне руте, као и бројни планови и пројекти за спровођење активности у смеру развоја туризма и унапређење и искоришћавање потенцијала појединих тврђава и других културних ресурса на Дунаву у Србији. Наравно, подршка међународних организација у стварању основних предуслова потребних за креирање културне руте су неопходна, тако да туристичке организације и надлежна министарства требају предузети посебне акције за пружање подршке локалним иницијативама које имају за цињ очување културног наслеђа и покретање пројеката развоја туризма на овом подручју.</p> / <p>Osnovni cilj disertacije je da objasni koncept kulturne rute kao sredstva za unapređenje konzervacije i očuvanja kulturnog nasleđa, kao i mogućnosti iskorišćavanja kulturnih resursa prilikom razvoja turizma. Kroz analizu specifičnosti prostora Srbije i Podunavlja, odnosno analizi specifičnosti turističkih resursa zasnovanih na upotrebi kulturnog nasleđa i tvrđava, kao i utvrđivanju uslova koji utičui na formiranje turističke ponude, definisana je kulturna ruta &bdquo;Tvrđave na Dunavu&ldquo; u Srbiji. Istraživanja u okviru disertacije su pratila realizaciju projekta &bdquo;Tvrđave na Dunavu&ldquo; koje je realizovalo Ministarstvo kulture Republike Srbije u periodu 2009-2010. godine. S obzirom na brojnost i očuvanost tvrđava duž toka Dunava u Srbiji, smatra se da one mogu predstavljati veoma značajan kako primarni tako i komplementarni faktor u procesu razvoja turističke ponude Srbije na Dunavu. Kreiranjem kulturne rute duž toka Dunava, koja bi se sastojala od elemenata sa značajnim pejzažnim, kulturnim, istorijskim, geološkim ili prirodnim vrednostima i koja bi uključivala razgledanje i interpretaciju tvrđava kao ključnih atrakcija omogućilo bi se iskorišćavanje postojećeg potencijala tvrđava na Dunavu u Srbiji, koja bi se posredstvom turističke animacije i prezentacije mogla plasirati na turističkom tržištu i predstavljala bi veliki korak u formiranju turističkog proizvoda Srbije.Istraživanjem su obuhvaćena naselja u okviru kojih se nalaze tvrđave, te ja samim tim urađena i analiza infrastrukture, socio-ekonomskih faktora, nadležnih institucija za zaštitu spomenika kulture, kao i institucija nadležnih za razvoj turizma, zatim su sprovedena istraživanja stavova nadležnih u ovim institucijama, stavova rezidentnog stanovništva i stavova turista u pogledu toka razvoja ove kulturne rute na Dunavu i drugo. Tumačenjem rezultata istraživanja došlo se do zaključka da postoji veliki interes i realni potencijal za formiranje kulturne rute, kao i brojni planovi i projekti za sprovođenje aktivnosti u smeru razvoja turizma i unapređenje i iskorišćavanje potencijala pojedinih tvrđava i drugih kulturnih resursa na Dunavu u Srbiji. Naravno, podrška međunarodnih organizacija u stvaranju osnovnih preduslova potrebnih za kreiranje kulturne rute su neophodna, tako da turističke organizacije i nadležna ministarstva trebaju preduzeti posebne akcije za pružanje podrške lokalnim inicijativama koje imaju za cinj očuvanje kulturnog nasleđa i pokretanje projekata razvoja turizma na ovom području.</p> / <p> The main objective of the dissertation is to explain the concept of cultural routes as a means of promoting the conservation and preservation of cultural heritage, as well as the possibility of exploiting these resources in the development of cultural tourism. Through the analysis of specific areas of Serbia and the Danube river, as well as the analysis of specific tourism resources based on the use of cultural heritage and the conditions that influence on tourism development were established, so the cultural route &bdquo;Fortresses along the Danube&rdquo; in Serbia is defined. Dissertation research was fallowing the project &bdquo;Fortresses along the Danube in Serbia&rdquo; implemented by the Ministry of Culture of Serbia in the period 2009-2010. According to the significance and preservation levels of the fortresses along the Danube in Serbia, it is considered that they may represent very significant, primary or complementary, factor in the development of the tourist offer of Serbia on the Danube. By creating a cultural route along the Danube, consisted of elements with significant landscape, cultural, historical, geological or natural resources, that would include a tour of the forts as well as quality interpretation of the key attractions, would allow the exploitation of existing potential of the fortress on the Danube in Serbia. That would enable the cultural route, through the animation and good presentation, to position itself on the tourist market and to represent a great step in the formation of the cultural tourist product of Serbia. The survey covered the towns with fortresses, and therefore the analysis of infrastructure, socio-economic factors, the institutions for the protection of cultural monuments, the institutions responsible for tourism development was made. Moreover, the relevant research studies were conducted in these institutions, as well as the survey on attitudes of the residents and tourists and their opinions regarding the cultural development of cultural route along the Danube in Srbia. The conclusions based on the research results led to confirmation of the starting opinion that there is a great interest and real potential for the formation of cultural routes in Serbia. It will follow numerous plans and projects for implementation of activities in the direction of tourism development and promotion of the utilization of some fortresses and other cultural resources in the Danube area in Serbia. Of course, the support of international organizations in creating the basic requirements for the creation of cultural routes are necessary, so that tourist organizations and relevant ministries should take the specific actions to support local initiatives that have the goal in the preservation of cultural heritage and tourism development projects in the area.</p>

This study examines how the archaeological finds from the medieval fortress Aranæs in Västergötland can confirm, change, add to, or contradict written sources regarding Aranæs and medieval fortresses in general. The study will focus on comparing medieval archaeological finds from Aranæs with written sources concerning medieval fortresses and Aranæs in order to find similarities or differences in the materials. The purpose of this essay is primarily to find out how archaeological finds can be linked to written sources to confirm potential events that may have taken place at Aranæs. This study also focuses on the role of archaeology in relation to written sources in order to study the everyday lives of our previous generations at medieval fortresses through the field of Medieval Archaeology. The primary historical written sources regarding Aranæs are the chronicle of Duke Erik and History of the Nordic peoples by Olaus Magnus which will be compared to three available archaeological reports concerning Aranæs. The various finds from Aranæs can together with written sources contribute with knowledge regarding a potential fire, military functions, care of animals, diet, religion, trade and economy, as well as remains of a previous fortress on the site.

En 1245, las tropas castellanas conquistaban Cartagena. Tras el intento alfonsí de conseguir una fuerte proyección mediterránea de Castilla, la costa murciana se convierte en un inmenso despoblado. Castilla, especialmente durante el siglo XIV, manifestó un claro desentendimiento de los asuntos mediterráneos. Sólo Cartagena, reducida a su mínima expresión urbana, sobrevive como único núcleo habitado hasta el nacimiento de Mazarrón en la segunda mitad del siglo XV.Los intereses políticos de los Reyes Católicos y la proyección de la Monarquía Hispánica en el Norte de África y el Mediterráneo occidental, recuperarán el importante papel de Cartagena y la costa murciana en el contexto geopolítico de la época. Se convirtió, en el siglo XVI, en la línea de retaguardia del gran frente abierto frente al Islam. Entonces, la costa murciana dejó de tener definitivamente un papel marginal en las maniobras políticas de la corona. / In 1245, the Castilian troops conquered Cartagena. After the attempt to achieve a strong Mediterranean projection of Castile during the reign of Alfonso X "the Wise", the coast of kingdom of Murcia becomes a vast desert. Castile, especially during the fourteenth century, has a clear misunderstanding of Mediterranean affairs. Only Cartagena, reduced to a minimum core urban, survives until the birth of Mazarrón in the second half of the fifteenth century. The political interests of the Catholic Monarchs and the projection of the Hispanic Monarchy in North Africa and the western Mediterranean, recovered the important role of Cartagena and the coast of Murcian district in the geopolitical context of the time. He became, in the sixteenth century, in rear line of the large open front face of Islam. Then, the coast of kingdom of Murcia finally stopped having a marginal role in the political maneuvers of the crown.

Durch vegetationsökologische Feldstudien wurde das Biotop- und Arteninventar verschiedener Festungsanlagen des 19. Jahrhunderts in Deutschland, Polen und Litauen untersucht. Ein Ziel der Untersuchung war die Bewertung der Standorte für eine Einbindung in den FFH Biotop-Verbund, ergänzt durch Auswertungen historischer Luftbilder sowie Sentinel2-Fernerkundungsdaten. Die Festungsanlagen neigten in den letzten Jahrzehnten zu einer Wiederbewaldung durch ausbleibende Nutzung und Pflege der Offenlandbereiche. Innerhalb weniger Jahrzehnte sind vor Ort vor allem stadtwaldähnliche Standorte entstanden. Eine Entwicklung hin zu standorttypischen Ausprägung einer HPNV oder anderer Gesellschaften, die als Biotoptypen nach Anhang I FFH-RL ausweisbar wären, ist an den untersuchten Standorten nicht beobachtet worden. Hohe Biotopqualitäten in Offenland-Standorten sowie anderen Biotoptypen sind nicht beobachtet worden. Festungen und deren Biotope sind als Novel Ecosystems ausweisbar und wären nur als solche in das Biotopverbundsystem integrierbar. Satellitenbasierte Auswertungen bilden die Kleinräumigkeit der örtlichen Biotopstrukturen –und deren Vielfalt nur bedingt ab. Fehlende Pflege und Nutzung von Festungen sowie aufkommende Waldbestände verursachen eine sukzessive Degradation und Schädigung der Bausubstanz. Eine naturschutzfachliche Begründung für das grundsätzliche Ausbleiben von Sanierung und Bausubstanzerhalt existiert nicht, auch wenn diese Standorte oftmals Habitate für Arten des Anhang IV der FFH-RL aufweisen. Im Gegensatz, die Pflege und der Erhalt des Kulturerbes „Festungsanlagen“ wird von der europäischen Naturschutz- und vor allem Kulturagenda sogar gefordert, da diese neben noch unspezifiziertem Natur- und Erholungswert auch einen intrinsischen gesamteuropäischen Kulturwert haben. Das muss bei der lokalen Raum- und Naturschutzfachplanung sowie in der regionalen Landespflege berücksichtigt werden. / The biotope and species inventory of various fortifications of the 19th century in Germany, Poland and Lithuania was examined through vegetation-ecological field studies. One aim of the study was to evaluate the locations for integration into the FFH biotope network, supplemented by evaluations of historical aerial photos and Sentinel2 remote sensing data. Investigated fortifications tended to reforest in recent decades due to the lack of use and maintenance of the open land areas. Within a few decades, urban forest-like sites have developed here at the investigated sites. A development towards site-typical expressions of PNV or other communities, which could be designated as FFH biotopes according to Annex I of the Habitats Directive, has not been observed. High biotope qualities in open land biotopes and other types were not observed Fortresses and their biotopes can be designated as Novel Ecosystems and should only be integrated as such into the biotope network. Satellite based evaluations only provide a limited picture of the small-scale nature and diversity of local biotope structures. The lack of maintenance and use of fortresses as well as emerging forest stands cause successive degradation and damage to the building fabric. There is no nature conservation justification for the fundamental lack of remediation and preservation of building fabric, even though these sites often have habitats for species listed in Annex IV of the Habitats Directive. In contrast, the care and preservation of the cultural heritage "fortifications" is even demanded by the European nature conservation and cultural agenda, as they have an intrinsic pan-European cultural value in addition to still unspecified nature and recreational value. This is even reflected by the aim of the Habitats Directive. This must be taken into account in local spatial and nature conservation planning and in regional land management.